A educa����o b��sica na regi��o metropolitana de Natal: uma an��lise da qualidade educativa e sua rela����o com o contexto familiar dos alunos

This dissertation aimed to investigate the formal learning process of children and teenagers through elementary education and, mainly, the support of family on domestic school activities as a step in the teaching-learning process. The student's family, with its cultural capital, provides an assistance which was the bias of the essay analyzes presented on this paper, using a spatial area of public elementary schools of the municipalities of the Natal metropolitan region. Such frame of Natal metropolis has been justified by the recent review of their basic education, taken by the Brazilian Ministry of Education, diagnosed in 2011, only 1% of students were in a adequate mathematics learning stage. While 62% were considered in a critical stage in this discipline. Given this issue, this dissertation offers a theoretical analysis about inherited and acquired within the family cultural capital, mainly focusing in the distances between the cultural level of the student's family and the defendant by the school. Then, presents the fundamental aspects of the issue on the urban phenomenon, focusing on social hierarchies and structures of city spaces that express differentiation, segmentation and socio-spatial segregation, and social exclusion. The emphasis on inequalities points to the development of an urban ethos, through formal schooling, which develops from social singularities. To theoretically develop the theme of Cultural Capital Family, this study sought to operationalize the concept through the interpretation of the phenomenon studied by a logical validation work hypotheses. The operation concepts systemically transformed into statistical indicators in order to measure the impact of individual, social and cultural characteristics of students elements. Finally, this dissertation found that the components evaluated, family cultural capital and housing conditions, can influence the development of skills and competencies of students in the educational sphere

Efeitos de fungicidas alternativos em folhas de Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae), potencial esp��cie para cultivo em agricultura familiar

The currently main development model on global society is driven by an economic rationality that endangers the environment and social justice. More and more, attention to this way of production and consumption is increasing, boosting research for sustainable development, with an environmental rationality that can harmonize nature preservation and welfare of all socioeconomic classes. One of the efforts on this sense is changing the sources supplying the energy demand, replacing fossil fuels for renewable and cleaner sources, such as biofuels. Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) is an oilseed crop with potential for biodiesel production, with good oil yield and chemical profile, allied to good adaptation to climates such like the northeastern semiarid lands of Brazil. With public policies fomentation, the use of this species may be an interesting alternative for family farming. In farming in general, the use of pesticides to prevent and combat diseases and plagues is common, which is not a sustainable practice. Thus, there are researched alternative, less dangerous substances. In this study, it was aimed to assess if neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (20% m/v) and Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate) have effects on safflower. It was also aimed to verify acceptance of farmers on safflower crop in Apodi, a municipality in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, in view of it being localized in the aimed region for this crop cultivation. Besides that, understanding that the farmers��� knowledge and inclination to adopt the crop is fundamental for the introduction of this species and socioeconomic growth due to its exploration. In addition, a booklet with basic information on safflower was produced. In the field experiment, the fungicides were pulverized on plants cultivated in field experimental plots, with collection of leaf samples for analysis on anatomy, cuticle, and epicuticular wax morphology, the protective layer that interfaces with the surrounding ambient. In Apodi, forty-five farmers from Potiguar Cooperative of Apiculture and Sustainable Rural Development (COOPAPI) underwent semi-structured interviews, which also addressed their assessment on currently cultivated crops and perception of pesticide uses and sustainable alternatives. After comparing using analysis of variance, it was found that there was no difference between treatments in the experiment, as well as no anatomical or morphological modifications. Safflower acceptation among farmers was wide, with 84% of interviewees believing in a perspective of good incomes. The current scenario, comprised of low crop diversity, fragile in face of droughts and plagues, can partially explain this opinion. The booklet was effective in catching people attention for the species potential. There was wide acknowledgement on the importance of alternative pesticides, justified by health security. Based on the assessed parameter in the results of this research, the treatments here utilized may be recommended as fungicides for safflower. Given the crop susceptibility to fungi in heavy rainy period, it is advised that its potential introduction on the region shall be focused on semiarid areas.

Cons��rcio de c��rtamo e feij��o caupi: alternativa para a produ����o de biodiesel na agricultura familiar

The new development strategies should operate mainly in the areas of energy efficiency and sustainable agriculture. Thus, the substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels, such as biodiesel, is increasingly on the agenda. The cultivation of oilseed plants for biodiesel production must take place in integrated systems that enable best environmental benefits and are more economically significant. The objectives of this study were to assess the morphological, anatomic, and physiological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L., promising oilseed for biodiesel production) grown in monoculture and intercropping with cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.); and identify socioeconomic family farmers and verify their acceptance about safflower as an energy crop. The methodology used for the analysis of safflower growth in monoculture and intercropped with beans, were morphoanatomical and histochemical analyzes, made with samples of plants grown in the field in two cropping systems throughout the range of the life cycle of these plants. There were no changes in growth and anatomy of plants, even in the consortium, which is satisfactory to indicate the intercropping system for those crops and can be a good alternative for the family farmer, who may have safflower as a source of income without giving up planting their livelihood. To check the acceptance of safflower by farmers, interviews were made to family farmers by Canudos agrovila in Cear��-Mirim/RN. It was noticed that many of them accept the introduction of safflower as oil crop, although unaware of the species, and that, being more resistant to drought, safflower help in the stability of families who depend on the weather conditions for success their current crops. In general, it is concluded that safflower has features that allows it to be grown in consortium for biodiesel production combined with the production of food, such as cowpea, and can be used enabling better development for family farmers.

Desempenho zoot��cnico dos camar��es: Litopenaeus vannamei e Macrobrachium rosenbergii em tanques rede e aquicultura familiar na comunidade de Bebida-Velha, RN

The study aims to evaluate the performance and identify lesions of agonistic interactions of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in different densities cages (chapter 1); compare the growth performance of shrimp M. rosenbergii and Litopenaus vannamei cages (chatper 2); in addition the study aimed at identifying the knowledge and practices of a traditional community of farmers Bebida-Velha, in the city of Pureza / RN, practicing rural family and aquaculture, as well as tracing the community socioeconomic profile and evaluate the management that these farmers use in shrimp farming Macrobrachium rosenbergii (chapter 3). To perform the experiments (chapter 1 and 2) shrimp species L. vannamei and M. rosenbergii were weighed on a digital scale and transferred to cultures in cages. The cages had 1m��, with 5mm mesh between us and were closed on top with screen to avoid predators (birds, insects). The animals remained in adaptation for fifteen days before the start of data collection (each experiment). Both experiments lasted seventy days, totaling eighty-five days cultivation. During the cultures, animals were fed pelleted feed for shrimp at 10% of their biomass with 35% crude protein, offered in feed trays twice a day during the hours (7:00 am and 14:00 pm). The remnants in the tray were removed after 2h of permanence to calculate intake. To determine the performance parameters, some samples were taken every 10 days. The results of both experiments were analyzed using the STATISTIC 7.0 (2004). In Chapter 1 experiment were applied5 treatments were applied with 5 replications each: D5 - 5 animals/m2 ; D10 - 10 animals/m2 ; D15 - 15 animals/m2 ; D20 - 20 animals/m2 ; D25 - 25 animals/m2 . To this, were distributed 25 cages randomly in two masonry nurseries. The end of the experiment the lesions were verified and quantified. The chapter 2 experiment began when the shrimp reached the same age (eighty-four days) and was used the density of 25 shrimp / m2 with 4 repetitions. For the realization of chapter 3 were applied semi-structured interviews by direct approach of Bebida Velha of settlers practicing aquaculture activity, tilapia producers and community shrimp. Data were tabulated and analyzed according to the responses obtained by the participants. Therefore, the amount of damage increased with increasing stocking density. The density of 10 freshwater shrimp/m�� showed the best conditions for a better performance in cages. It can be concluded that in cages, the cultivation of species of fresh water shrimp M. rosenbergii had better zootechnical indexes than the cultivation of marine shrimp species L. 9 vannamei. It was possible to verify that the activities of which the interviewees practice guarantee a good quality of life and income for them. We find that respondents have traditional and local knowledge, and also may be interested in the cultivation of the species M. rosenbergii.

A inser����o da fam��lia no processo socioeducativo de adolescentes em priva����o de liberdade

This master thesis has the main goal investigate how families are inserted in the socioeducational process of teenagers who are undergoing social measures of liberty deprivation. The specific objectives are: to characterize the family��s living together of adolescents deprived of their freedom and their families, from the actions and routines of the socio-educational system; to assess the professional working links in the context of socio-education, in order to care and strengthening families of the adolescents; to investigate how families evaluate the operation of socio-educational process in which adolescents are met. Method: to achieve the proposed objectives, data collection occurred in complementary steps: the first phase took place from visits to socioeducational units of liberty deprivation of RN, and dialogues with professionals working in socio-education. Subsequently, action research stage was carried out, from the insertion of the researcher in the extension project Family and the struggle for the effectiveness of the National Socio Service System, that aimed to strengthen monitoring the adolescents socio-education by their families, and had as methodology the conversation circles and thematic workshops. Lastly, were performed reading and analysis of the references to the family in the Individual Care Plans (PIAs) for adolescents. The information gathered was recorded in field diaries and subjected to thematic content analysis. This research was guided by the Marxist theoretical framework, structured on the understanding of the involvement of adolescents with illegal acts as a development and expression of the social question. From this theoretical framework, the prevailing view in the capitalist society of adolescents in conflict with the law as individuals who are treated by means of repression and segregation and the weakness of social policies is questioned, both in the execution of their own socioeducational measures as the articulation of network services for adolescent protection and strengthening your family. Results: in relation to the operation of the socioeducational system in RN in general, it was observed a state of unhealthy physical spaces and institutional practices that violate human rights, idleness and lack of access to social rights, and criminalization and institutionalization of poor young people and their families. With regard to family��s living together, it was noticed great distance between principles and guidelines recommended by the SINASE, about acquaintanceship and family strengthening, and every day practices of socio-education in RN: serious violations were observed that undermine the family��s living together, as the distance between the socio-educational units of deprivation of liberty and the cities where families live; absence, irregularity and poor conditions in carrying out the family visits; lack of conjugal visits; restricted and unarticulated actions for the care and strengthening of the families of adolescents, most of whom live in poverty or extreme poverty. Finally, it was found a number of blamefully and punishments to the family, including practices such as inward inspection (visual inspection while naked and squant), plus a series of violence and omissions care that sick family members and weaken the links between adolescents and their families.

O agrominerador familiar ���Por detr��s da Serra��� de Parelhas, Serid�� do Rio Grande do Norte

Unfavorable climatic conditions to family farming associated to the legal difficulty of retirement for workers who work exclusively in mining are indications provided by previous papers on this topic and guiding of such joint activities in a group that we have decided to call ���agromineradores���, who are located ���Behind de mountain��� of Princess at Parelhas, Serid�� do RN. However, in addition to these aspects, the research provides comprehensive analysis and thorough examination of other factors that link these families to such labor association. The theories of Habitus, field and trajectory from Pierre Bourdieu as well as the concept of institutions from Geoffrey Hodgson are central in this paper to explain the inclusion of these part-time farmers in an institutional environment shaped by social structures that influence in the choices of individual and collective behavior and leading to the relevance of the power structures within and outside the family, along with the role of public policies directed to family farmers and miners. The data analyzed showed that there is a crystallized structure that manifests themselves for years in this field, proving the link that exists between these agents and institutions that surround them in the composition of behaviors and routinizing of practices.

Plant diversity influencing structure and functioning of Caatinga vegetation

O estudo dos efeitos que a diversidade de esp��cies pode causar nos processos ecossist��micos tem crescido vertiginosamente nas ��ltimas duas d��cadas. Diversos trabalhos experimentais realizados no mundo todo t��m demonstrado que uma maior diversidade de plantas contribui para o aumento da produtividade de ecossistemas terrestres. Al��m disso, esse efeito pode influenciar processos em diversos n��veis tr��ficos, contribuindo assim para a estabilidade dos processos ecossist��micos a longo prazo. Paralelamente com os estudos do efeito da diversidade, muita aten����o tem sido dada para desvendar o papel das caracter��sticas funcionais das esp��cies no funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Isto porque as caracter��sticas funcionais das esp��cies t��m se mostrado importantes "pe��as" no entendimento dos efeitos que esp��cies individuais podem exercer nos ecossistemas e suas respostas ao ambiente. Nesta tese de doutorado eu explorei algumas lacunas de conhecimento dentro dessa ��rea em crescente desenvolvimento conhecida na literatura ecol��gica como "biodiversidade e funcionamento dos ecossistemas". No primeiro cap��tulo, eu busquei evid��ncias para mecanismos que podem explicar a rela����o positiva entre diversidade e funcionamento com foco em cinco mecanismos relacionados ��s intera����es entre plantas, tendo como par��metro de funcionamento a produtividade prim��ria. No segundo cap��tulo, eu utilizei t��cnicas para a estimativa de padr��es de diversidade em escalas biogeogr��ficas e bases de dados de sat��lites com longa dura����o para desvendar se a biodiversidade em escalas macroecol��gicas promove a estabilidade da produtividade dos ambientes terrestres no semi��rido brasileiro. Por fim, o objetivo do terceiro cap��tulo foi entender como a perda da cobertura vegetal origin��ria do uso da terra por comunidades tradicionais no semi��rido brasileiro influenciaria os processos de intera����es entre plantas e o papel das caracter��sticas funcionais das esp��cies nessas intera����es. Acredito que a contribui����o individual de cada cap��tulo preenche lacunas de conhecimento importantes dessa ��rea da Ecologia que ainda se encontra em expans��o.

O produtor familiar na pecu��ria leiteira : limites e potencialidades

The technological change is nowadays, comprehended as a playing field which involves cultural and economic processes of appreciation and depreciation of the social aspects of family unit. The exclusion of small producers from the activity is used as an argument to characterize that in the contemporary intercapitalist competition, the family ways of production take up restrict social positions of a technical progress and of a cultural and economic appreciation. The state, a coparcener of the modernization process, has its relevance as a financing agent, a technical capacitor, an infrastructure propitiator, that is, through macro and microeconomic policies which can create sustainable conditions to permit, mainly, not only the family producer to be inserted in the activity, but, above all, to remain in it. This way, this study aims to identify and analyze the family producer, through its limits and potentialities, with a thesis that this would be the main agent responsible for boosting the Brazilian milk production in quantity and quality. Therefore, results were compared obtained from a field survey with data collection via semi-structured open interviews in a sample of 108 producers effectively respondents, namely: 59 family farmers with active DAP (research focus) and 49 employers producers the municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas - MG. Technological indices were used to identify the developmental stage of the producers, thus allowing a comparative study between them. The field research covered all rural municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas ��� MG and, the result found that the majority of family farmers presented lower rates than technological employers producers. However, it allowed us to state also that the producer family and assisted by public policies, can be the agent of transformation of dairy farming.

Interna����o involunt��ria e o abuso de subst��ncias psicoativas - o pathos familiar

The use and abuse of Psychoactive Substances (PAS) in contemporaneity corresponds to a social issue and a public health issue. Few social phenomena entail more costs with justice and health, family difficulties, and appearances in the media than the PAS abuse comsumption. The government power has been facing this situation allocating investments and developing public policies. Despite the current Mental Health Policy, based on the principles of Psychiatric Reform that prioritizes outpatient services, the number of investments from various government spheres and families requests for admissions continue increasing. This study aimed to understand the pathos experienced by an individual toward the involuntary internment of a family member who is an abusive user of PAS. The research also aimed to investigate what led that individual to choose this type of treatment. The Psychoanalysis was the theoretical basis of this work, and the exercise of the psychoanalytic method, from the collection of bibliographic references up to the interpretation of the semi-structured interview, conducted in depth, was intended. The findings of this research gave us the oportunity of thinking about how the social callings to the family were made, especially in regard of atention and care with their family members who are user of PAS and how it affects this family individual. It also allowed to discuss how the public policies that preconize involuntary internment, affectivity, prohibitionist and mono-disciplinarity ��� that cross the State in the attention given to this issue ��� are formulated and implemented. The interview analysis showed us how happen the agencying of pathos, the libidinal aspects of joy and guilt, the desire to punish and atonement, working in family relations and in caring relations, especially in the decision for involuntary internment. The survey also made possible to understand how a mother, facing the chaotic scene of public health, helpless, finds in the involuntary internment a way to reverberate her affections.

Weaving Futures. Family Transnationalism in the migration from Dominican Republic and Brazil to Spain

This article explores forms of migrant families��� reorganization within a (new) global economic crisis and the hardening of migration control in Europe; based on the cases of Dominican and Brazilian migration to Spain.Our goal is not to characterize the wholeness of strategies from these collectives, instead visualize its heterogeneity. Displacement of Dominican and Brazilian population to Spain shares the role of women as the first link of migration chains. In both cases women are the economic support of transnational families and they lead reunification's processes. Nevertheless, differences in the time spent in the destination country, migratory status, origin (rural-urban), level of education, class and labor insertion in destination country, affect differently, the planning and start up of migration projects, the organization of care and family reunification strategies. These findings question the predominant place granted to national origin in the study of international migration.

The gendered effects of family migration law: contextual interpretation as a possible judicial remedy

At all normative levels, family migration law can disproportionally and negatively affect immigrant women���s rights in this field, producing gendered effects. In some cases, such effects are related to the normative and judicial imposition of unviable family-related models (e.g., the ��good mother �� the one-breadwinner family, or a rigid distinction between productive and reproductive work). In other cases, they are due to family migration law���s overlooking of the specific needs and difficulties of immigrant women, within their families and in the broader context of their host countries��� social and normative framework.To effectively expose and correct this gender bias, in this article I propose an alternative view of immigrant women���s right to family life, as a cluster of rights and entitlements rather than as a mono-dimensional right. As a theoretical approach, this construction is better equipped to capture the complex experiences of immigrant women in the European legal space, and to shed light on the gendered effects generated not by individual norms but by the interaction of norms that are traditionally assigned to separated legal domains (e.g., immigration law and criminal law). As a judicial strategy, this understanding is capable of prompting a consideration by domestic and supranational courts of immigrant women not as isolated individuals, but as ���individuals in context���. I shall define this type of approach as ���contextual interpretation���, understood as the consideration of immigrant women in the broader contexts of their families, their host societies and the normative frameworks applicable to them. Performed in a gendersensitive manner, a contextual judicial interpretation has the potential to neutralize the gendered effects of certain family migration norms. To illustrate these points, I will discuss selected judicial examples offered by the European Court on Human Rights, as well as from domestic jurisdictions of countries with a particularly high incidence of immigrant women (Italy and Spain).

Facultad por Facultad. Origen familiar y empleo de los licenciados en CCSS y Humanidades de la UCM en el a��o 2003

Muchos estudios encuentran un efecto del origen social sobre la ocupaci��n y el salario incluso tras controlar la educaci��n. Este efecto, que suele ser peque��o, puede ser un artificio resultante del deficiente control de la educaci��n. Este trabajo examina la importancia de controlar en detalle la educaci��n desagregando las carreras universitarias. Estudiamos el clasismo del mercado de trabajo para una promoci��n de titulados en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) en los seis a��os entre su graduaci��n en 1997 y 2003. Esta es la fecha de la encuesta gracias a la cual podemos medir la influencia del status social de los padres sobre las oportunidades de empleo de los hijos no con t��tulo universitario en general, sino con el mismo t��tulo universitario. Encontramos que la influencia del origen social sobre la clase profesional y los ingresos disminuye mucho cuando se controlan las titulaciones, y que no se observa en la mayor parte de ellas, pero s�� en algunas, en concreto Pol��ticas y Sociolog��a y Econ��micas. Esta concreci��n allana el camino para investigar las v��as por las que esta influencia se produce.

Avalia����o do Processo Sucess��rio em Empresas de Gest��o Familiar

As mudan��as e o aumento da concorr��ncia em todos os segmentos econ��micos t��m exigido das empresas um grau de profissionaliza����o cada vez maior. As empresas familiares, al��m desse desafio frente ao mercado, ainda se deparam com dificuldades intr��nsecas ��s suas caracter��sticas, como a dificuldade em separar o que �� fam��lia, empresa e patrim��nio. Portanto, �� necess��rio se preparar para continuar no mercado e desenvolver um plano de sucess��o para as pr��ximas gera����es. O objetivo geral deste trabalho �� propor um instrumento de avalia����o do processo sucess��rio em empresas familiares. Dentre os objetivos espec��ficos, encontram-se identificar itens de maturidade no processo sucess��rio, oferecer diretrizes estrat��gicas para promover a sucess��o em empresas familiares e avaliar a aplicabilidade do instrumento de pesquisa. Para a empresa estar preparada para a sucess��o, ela n��o pode tratar somente o assunto isoladamente. Portanto, os temas estrat��gia, planejamento estrat��gico, distin����o entre fam��lia, propriedade e gest��o, governan��a corporativa e maturidade, tamb��m s��o aprofundados ao longo da revis��o de literatura. Por meio de um estudo de caso com abordagem explorat��ria, o trabalho foi desenvolvido tendo-se como base modelos dispon��veis na literatura para avalia����o de maturidade. Antes da aplica����o, o instrumento foi submetido �� avalia����o por cinco especialistas em empresas familiares. Como resultado, foi poss��vel propor uma avalia����o para o processo sucess��rio, identificando itens de maturidade e oferecendo diretrizes estrat��gicas para promover a sucess��o em empresas familiares. Conclui-se que a avalia����o do processo sucess��rio pode contribuir para a empresa identificar seus pontos fortes, minimizando dificuldades e superando obst��culos para sua sobreviv��ncia no mercado ao longo das gera����es. / The advance of competition in all of the economy markets has being demanding companies to have professional businesses, in an increasing way. The family business, beyond this challenge, still faces particular difficulties, such as the difference among family, business and ownership. So, it is a necessity for them being ready for their continuity in the market and developing a succession plan for the next generations. The main objective of this work is to propose an evaluation instrument for succession process. Specific objectives are to identify maturity items in the succession process, offer strategic directions to promote succession in family businesses and evaluate the usage of the research instrument. To get ready for succession, the company can not work just this subject. Therefore, it includes topics like: strategy, strategic planning, difference among family, business and ownership, corporate governance, and maturity are reviewed along the literature. Using a case study research method with an exploratory approach, it was developed based on maturity models available in the literature for maturity evaluation. Prior to the application, the research instrument was applied to five specialists in family businesses. As a result, it was possible to propose an evaluation model for succession, identifying maturity items and offering strategic perspectives to promote the succession process in family businesses. As conclusion, the succession evaluation could contribute for the company identifies its strengths, minimizing difficulties and overcoming obstacles for survival throughout generations.

Mapeando fundamentos do Constructo Neuromarketing com profissionais de empresa de publicidade

This study aims to acknowledge the domain level and influence of the neuromarketing construct. This is done considering professionals at advertising agencies in Brazil. The presence of concepts related to this new approach is very little divulged, and there are little analysis performed on this area. Thus, the research is of qualitative and exploratory nature and used as primary fonts books, articles related to marketing, neuroscience, and psychology as well as secondary fonts. A profound interview was realized aiming the main advertising agencies in Brazil. The public was composed by managers responsible for planning. A content analysis was performed afterwards. The advances related to the brain science have permitted the development of technological innovation. These go primarily towards knowledge and unconscious experiences of consumers, which are responsible for the impulse of decision making and consumer behavior. These issues are related to Neuromarketing, that in turn, uses techniques such as FMRI, PET and FDOT. These scan the consumer s brain and produces imagines on the neuron s structures and functioning. This is seen while activities such as mental tasks for the visualization of brands, images or products, watching videos and commercials are performed. It is observed that the agencies are constantly in search of new technologies and are aware of the limitations of the current research instruments. On the other hand, they are not totally familiar with concepts related to neuromarketing. In relation to the neuroimage techniques it is pointed out by the research that there is full unawareness, but some agencies seem to visualize positive impacts with the use of these techniques for the evaluation of films and in ways that permit to know the consumer better. It is also seen that neuroimage is perceived as a technique amongst others, but its application is not real, there are some barriers in the market and in the agencies itself. These barriers as well as some questioning allied to the scarce knowledge of neuromarketing, make it not possible to be put into practice in the advertising market. It is also observed that even though there is greater use of neuromarketing; there would not be any meaningful changes in functioning and structuring of these agencies. The use of the neuro-image machines should be done in research institutes and centers of big companies. Results show that the level of domain of the neuromarketing construct in the Brazilian advertising agencies is only a theoretical one. Little is known of this subject and the neurological studies and absolutely nothing of neuroimage techniques