Effect of type of fiber, site of fermentation, and method of analysis on digestibility of soluble and insoluble fiber in rabbits

The effect of type of fiber, site of fermetation, method for quantifying insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, and their correction for intestinal mucin on fiber digestibility were examined in rabbits. Three diets differing in soluble fiber were formulated (8.5% soluble fiber, on DM basis, in the low soluble fiber [LSF] diet; 10.2% in the medium soluble fiber [MSF] diet; and 14.5% in the high soluble fiber [HSF] diet). They were obtained by replacing half of the dehydrated alfalfa in the MSF diet with a mixture of beet and apple pulp (HSF diet) or with a mix of oat hulls and soybean protein (LSF diet). Thirty rabbits with ileal T-cannulas were used to determine ileal and fecal digestibility. Cecal digestibility was determined by difference between fecal and ileal digestibility. Insoluble fiber was measured as NDF, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and in vitro insoluble fiber, whereas soluble fiber was calculated as the difference between total dietary fiber (TDF) and NDF (TDF_NDF), IDF (TDF-IDF), and in vitro insoluble fiber (TDF-in vitro insoluble fiber). The intestinal mucin content was used to correct the TDF and soluble fiber digestibility. Ileal and fecal concentration of mucin increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (P < 0.01). Once corrected for intestinal mucin, ileal and fecal digestibility of TDF and soluble fiber increased whereas cecal digestibility decreased (P < 0.01). Ileal digestibility of TDF increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (12.0 vs. 28.1%; P < 0.01), with no difference in the cecum (26.4%), resulting in a higher fecal digestibility from the LSF to the HSF diet group (P < 0.01). Ileal digestibility of insoluble fiber increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (11.3 vs. 21.0%; P < 0.01), with no difference in the cecum (13.9%) and no effect of fiber method, resulting in a higher fecal digestibility for rabbits fed the HSF diet compared with the MSF and LSF diets groups (P < 0.01).Fecal digestibility of NDF was higher compared with IDF or in vitro insoluble fiber (P < 0.01). Ileal soluble fiber digestibility was higher for the HSF than for the LSF diet group (43.6 vs. 14.5%; P < 0.01) and fiber method did not affect it. Cecal soluble fiber digestibility decreased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (72.1 vs. 49.2%; P < 0.05). The lowest cecal and fecal soluble fiber digestibility was measured using TDF-NDF (P < 0.01). In conclusion, a correction for intestinal mucin is necessary for ileal TDF and soluble fiber digestibility whereas the selection of the fiber method has a minor relevance. The inclusion of sugar beet and apple pulp increased the amount of TDF fermented in the small intestine.

Use of tomato and cucumber horticulture by-products in goat diets: effects o nrumen fermentation and microbial communities in batch and continuous cultures

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to analyse the effects of replacing dietary barley grain with wastes of tomato and cucumber fruits and a 1 : 1 tomato : cucumber mixture on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial abundance. The control (CON) substrate contained 250 g/kg of barley grain on a dry matter (DM) basis, and another 15 substrates were formulated by replacing 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 g of barley grain/kg with the same amount (DM basis) of tomato or cucumber fruits or 1 : 1 tomato : cucumber mixture. In Expt 1, all substrates were incubated in batch cultures with rumen micro-organisms from goats for 24 h. Increasing amounts of tomato, cucumber and the mixture of both fruits in the substrate increased final pH and gas production, without changes in final ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations, substrate degradability and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, indicating that there were no detrimental effects of any waste fruits on rumen fermentation. Therefore, in Expt 2 the substrates including 250 g of waste fruits (T250, C250 and M250 for tomato, cucumber and the mixture of both fruits, respectively) and the CON substrate were incubated in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters for 8 days. Total VFA production did not differ among substrates, but there were differences in VFA profile. Molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were lower and acetate : propionate ratio was greater for T250 compared with CON substrate. Fermentation of substrates containing cucumber (C250 and M250) resulted in lower proportions of acetate, isobutyrate and isovalerate and acetate : propionate ratio, but greater butyrate proportions than the CON substrate. Carbohydrate degradability and microbial N synthesis tended to be lower for substrates containing cucumber than for the CON substrate, but there were no differences between CON and T250 substrates. Abundance of total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, fungi, methanogenic archaea and protozoa were similar in fermenters fed T250 and CON substrates, but fermenters fed C250 and M250 substrates had lower abundances of R. flavefaciens, fungi and protozoa than those fed the CON substrate. Results indicated that tomato fruits could replace dietary barley grain up to 250 g/kg of substrate DM without noticeable effects on rumen fermentation and microbial populations, but the inclusion of cucumber fruits at 250 g/kg of substrate DM negatively affected some microbial populations as it tended to reduce microbial N synthesis and changed the VFA profile. More studies are needed to identify the dietary inclusion level of cucumber which produces no detrimental effects on rumen fermentation and microbial growth.

Comparison of fermentation characteristics and bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep and batch cultures of rumen microorganisms

The objective of the current study was to assess how closely batch cultures (BC) of rumen microorganisms can mimic the dietary differences in fermentation characteristics found in the rumen, and to analyse changes in bacterial diversity over the in vitro incubation period. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated sheep were fed four diets having forage : concentrate ratios (FCR) of 70 : 30 or 30 : 70, with either alfalfa hay or grass hay as forage. Rumen fluid from each sheep was used to inoculate BC containing the same diet fed to the donor sheep, and the main rumen fermentation parameters were determined after 24 h of incubation. There were differences between BC and sheep in the magnitude of most measured parameters, but BC detected differences among diets due to forage type similar to those found in sheep. In contrast, BC did not reproduce the dietary differences due to FCR found in sheep for pH, degradability of neutral detergent fibre and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. There were differences between systems in the magnitude of most determined parameters and BC showed higher pH values and NH3–N concentrations, but lower fibre degradability and VFA and lactate concentrations compared with sheep. There were significant relationships between in vivo and in vitro values for molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate, and the acetate : propionate ratio. The automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid showed that FCR had no effect on bacterial diversity either in the sheep rumen fluid used as inoculum (IN) or in BC samples. In contrast, bacterial diversity was greater with alfalfa hay diets than those with grass hay in the IN, but was unaffected by forage type in the BC. Similarity index between the bacterial communities in the inocula and those in the BC ranged from 67·2 to 74·7%, and was unaffected by diet characteristics. Bacterial diversity was lower in BC than in the inocula with 14 peaks out of a total of 181 detected in the ARISA electropherograms never appearing in BC samples, which suggests that incubation conditions in the BC may have caused a selection of some bacterial strains. However, each BC sample showed the highest similarity index with its corresponding rumen IN, which highlights the importance of using rumen fluid from donors fed a diet similar to that being incubated in BC when conducting in vitro experiments.

Efecto del tratamiento de harina de girasol con ácido mólico y calor sobre la producción de metano y fermetnación in vitro

Incubations were carried out with batch cultures of ruminal micro-organisms to study the effects of the treatment of sunflower meal (SFM) with malic acid at 150 ºC for 1 (SFM1) or 3 (SFM3) hours on in vitro fermentation. There were no differences (P>0.05) between SFM and SFM1 in the amount of gas and volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced and the disappearance of organic matter (OMD), but CH4 and NH3-N concentrations were reduced (P<0.05) by 11.3 and 14.5% with the malic treatment at 150 ºC for 1 hour, respectively. In contrast, SFM3 treatment reduced when compared to SFM gas and VFA production and OMD by 27.4, 32.5 and 49.6 (P<0.05), respectively, indicating decreased fermentability of SFM. The results indicate that combining malic acid and heat treatment (150ºC) for 1 h could be an effective means to reduce both protein degradability and CH4 production, but increasing the length of the treatment to 3 h resulted in reductions of SFM degradability and VFA production.

Efecto de la sustitución de N no proteico por proteína de soja sobre la producción de metano in vitro

Incubations were carried out with batch cultures to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) sources on in vitro fermentation by ruminal micro-organisms of two substrates of variable fermentation rate. The substrates were composed by starch and cellulose in proportions of 75:25 (starch) or 25:75 (cellulose). Three treatments were made by replacing ammonia-N (NH4Cl) with purified soyabean protein (SP) at levels of 0 (NNP), 50% (S50) and 100% (S100) of total N. Compared with NNP, S50 and S100 treatments increased CH4 production by 51.0 and 50.6% for starch and by 7.7 and 29.7% for cellulose substrates, respectively. The increases in volatile fatty acids (VFA) production were 4.4 and 6.3% for starch and 33.1 and 58.9% for cellulose substrates, respectively. These results indicate that the influence of N source on CH4 and VFA production are influenced by the characteristics of the incubated substrate.

Effects of Dietary Fibre (Pectin) and/or Increased Protein (Casein or Pea) on Satiety, Body Weight, Adiposity and Caecal Fermentation in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Funding: This work was funded by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Enzima fibrolítica exógena na alimentação de vacas em lactação

Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de doses crescentes de enzima fibrolítica exógena na alimentação de vacas leiteiras e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e nutrientes, cinética ruminal, fermentação e síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal, produção e composição do leite, perfil metabólico e balanço de energia e nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas 24 vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas, em delineamento Quadrado Latino 4x4, com 646,75 ± 77,54 kg de peso corporal, 3,02 ± 0,56 de escore de condição corporal, com 176 ± 82,27 dias em lactação e produção de leite de 33,72 ± 7,63 kg/dia, no início do estudo. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para receber os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Controle (0), composta por dieta basal sem a inclusão de enzima fibrolítica; 2) com inclusão de 8 g/vaca/dia de enzima fibrolítica; 3) com inclusão de 16 g/vaca/dia da enzima fibrolítica; 4) com inclusão de 24 g/vaca/dia da enzima fibrolítica (Fibrozyme® - Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY). A utilização de enzima fibrolítica nas dietas resultou em aumento linear no consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e da fibra em detergente neutro. Foi detectado aumento linear no consumo de partículas longas com a suplementação de enzima. Houve efeito quadrático na ruminação e na atividade mastigatória. O aumento no consumo de matéria seca refletiu no aumento linear de consumo de energia líquida e no balanço de energia líquida. Houve efeito quadrático na concentração de N-NH3 ruminal e aumento linear na quantidade de ácido acético, propiônico e butírico com o aumento da dose de enzima suplementada. Houve efeito quadrático na síntese de proteína microbiana com a inclusão de enzima fibrolítica. Não foram observadas diferenças na produção de leite e na produção de seus componentes, entretanto houve aumento linear no ganho de peso corporal com utilização de enzima fibrolítica. Houve efeito quadrático positivo na excreção via urina e efeito quadrático negativo no balanço de nitrogênio mostrando maior retenção de nitrogênio com a suplementação intermediária de enzimas fibrolíticas. Conclui-se que a enzima fibrolítica exógena é efetiva em aumentar o consumo de matéria seca e FDN e também melhorar a eficiência fermentativa de vacas leiteiras melhorando o balanço energético, entretanto não foi efetiva em aumentar a produção de leite de vacas da raça holandesa no terço médio da lactação

Dinâmica do microbioma ruminal de ovinos (Ovis aries) e sua relação com a degradação de biomassa

Considerando a dieta como um fator modulador do microbioma ruminal, neste trabalho objetivou-se investigar o impacto do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar sobre a composição e funcionalidade das espécies microbianas residentes no rúmen de carneiros (Ovis aries). Foram utilizados seis animais machos fistulados de O. aries, dos quais três foram alimentados com uma dieta composta por 70% de volumoso e 30% de concentrado (tratamento controle) e outros três animais alimentados com uma dieta similar a anterior, mas com 14% do volumoso substituído por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (tratamento bagaço). O conteúdo ruminal (líquido e fibra) foram amostrados quinzenalmente durante 60 dias. A partir dessas amostras foram acessadas a estrutura e a composição da comunidade microbiana pela extração de DNA total e amplificação das regiões V3 e V6-V7 do gene 16S rRNA bacteriano e a região intergênica fúngica (ITS2). Além disso, foram feitas análises metagenômicas e metatranscriptômicas de comunidade microbianas enriquecidas em fibra ruminal para identificar enzimas lignocelulolíticas expressas. As frações líquida e fibrosa do conteúdo ruminal de O. aries revelaram uma comunidade bacteriana dominada principalmente por Bacteroidetes e Firmicutes ao longo de todo período experimental. Dois gêneros, Prevotella e Ruminococcus representaram 20% e 4% da comunidade bacteriana ruminal, respectivamente. Para a comunidade fúngica o filo Neocallimastigomycota representou 91% das sequências e os principais gêneros deste filo foram Piromyces, Neocallimastix, Orpinomyces, Anaeromyces, Caecomyces e Cyllamyces aderidos a fibra ruminal. O gênero Caecomyces, foi significativamente mais abundante na fibra ruminal de animais que se alimentaram de bagaço de cana-de açúcar. Além disso, foi observado um aumento significativo na frequência de enzimas como, por exemplo, 1,4-α-glucano, α-galactosidase, endo 1,4-β-xilanase, β- xilosidase, xilose isomerase, celobiose fosforilase e α-N-arabinofuranosidase no tratamento com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Considerando que a recuperação de enzimas a partir de comunidades microbianas naturalmente selecionadas para a degradação de biomassa é uma estratégia promissora para superar a atual ineficiência da ação enzimática na produção industrial de biocombustíveis, os resultados deste trabalho representam a possibilidade de aumentar a capacidade de recuperação ou descoberta de enzimas a partir de ruminantes, ou ainda, a possibilidade de manipular a estrutura do microbioma do rúmen para usá-lo como fonte de inóculo enriquecido em processos industriais de degradação de biomassa.

Reuse of fermentation brines in the cucumber pickling industry /

Mode of access: Internet.

Reducing wastewater from cucumber pickling process by controlled culture fermentation / by Linda W. Little ... [et al.].

Mode of access: Internet.

The stimulatory effects of cattle rumen liquor and digested sludge supernatant on the methane fermentation /

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1965.

De la digestion et des maladies de l'estomac : suivant le systeme de la trituration & du broyement, sans l'aide des levains ou de la fermentation, dont on fait voir l'impossibilité en santé & en maladie /

Mode of access: Internet.