Long-term nutrient load management and lake restoration: Case of Säkylän Pyhäjärvi (SW Finland)

Eutrophication caused by anthropogenic nutrient pollution has become one of the most severe threats to water bodies. Nutrients enter water bodies from atmospheric precipitation, industrial and domestic wastewaters and surface runoff from agricultural and forest areas. As point pollution has been significantly reduced in developed countries in recent decades, agricultural non-point sources have been increasingly identified as the largest source of nutrient loading in water bodies. In this study, Lake Säkylän Pyhäjärvi and its catchment are studied as an example of a long-term, voluntary-based, co-operative model of lake and catchment management. Lake Pyhäjärvi is located in the centre of an intensive agricultural area in southwestern Finland. More than 20 professional fishermen operate in the lake area, and the lake is used as a drinking water source and for various recreational activities. Lake Pyhäjärvi is a good example of a large and shallow lake that suffers from eutrophication and is subject to measures to improve this undesired state under changing conditions. Climate change is one of the most important challenges faced by Lake Pyhäjärvi and other water bodies. The results show that climatic variation affects the amounts of runoff and nutrient loading and their timing during the year. The findings from the study area concerning warm winters and their influences on nutrient loading are in accordance with the IPCC scenarios of future climate change. In addition to nutrient reduction measures, the restoration of food chains (biomanipulation) is a key method in water quality management. The food-web structure in Lake Pyhäjärvi has, however, become disturbed due to mild winters, short ice cover and low fish catch. Ice cover that enables winter seining is extremely important to the water quality and ecosystem of Lake Pyhäjärvi, as the vendace stock is one of the key factors affecting the food web and the state of the lake. New methods for the reduction of nutrient loading and the treatment of runoff waters from agriculture, such as sand filters, were tested in field conditions. The results confirm that the filter technique is an applicable method for nutrient reduction, but further development is needed. The ability of sand filters to absorb nutrients can be improved with nutrient binding compounds, such as lime. Long-term hydrological, chemical and biological research and monitoring data on Lake Pyhäjärvi and its catchment provide a basis for water protection measures and improve our understanding of the complicated physical, chemical and biological interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic realms. In addition to measurements carried out in field conditions, Lake Pyhäjärvi and its catchment were studied using various modelling methods. In the calibration and validation of models, long-term and wide-ranging time series data proved to be valuable. Collaboration between researchers, modellers and local water managers further improves the reliability and usefulness of models. Lake Pyhäjärvi and its catchment can also be regarded as a good research laboratory from the point of view of the Baltic Sea. The main problem in both of them is eutrophication caused by excess nutrients, and nutrient loading has to be reduced – especially from agriculture. Mitigation measures are also similar in both cases.

Some reformulations for the quadratic assignment problem

Kombinatorisk optimering handlar om att hitta en bra eller rent av den bästa möjliga lösningen från ett känt antal lösningar eller kombinationer. Ofta är antalet lösningar så enormt att en genomgång av alla olika lösningar inte är möjlig. En av huvudorsakerna till att det forskas inom kombinatorisk optimering är att liknande frågeställningar eller problem uppkommer inom så många olika områden. Påståendet stämmer speciellt bra för kvadratiska tilldelningsproblem(eng. Quadratic Assignment Problem). Sådana problem uppstår då man försöker beskriva en stor mängd tillämpade frågeställningar. Vilken gate skall väljas för flygen på större flygplatser för att minimera den totala väg människorna behöver gå och bagaget förflyttas? Var skall olika avdelningar på en fabrik placeras för att minimera materialförflyttningar mellan avdelningarna? Hur ser ett optimalt tangentbord ut för olika språk? Var skall komponenterna placeras på ett kretskort? De här är alla frågor som kan besvaras genom att lösa kvadratiska tilldelningsproblem. Kvadratiska tilldelningsproblem är dock mycket svåra att lösa. Det beror på att problemet i den standardform det matematiskt formuleras i huvudsak består av produkter av binära variabler. I denna avhandling har problemet omformulerats till en linjär diskret form som innehåller färre variabler. Med omformuleringen har bland annat flera tidigare olösta kvadratiska tilldelningsproblem kunnat lösas till globalt optimum, den bästa möjliga lösningen, för första gången någonsin.

Mannen som objekt och problem : Heikki Waris och betydelsen av kön i vetenskaplig socialpolitik, ca 1930-1970

I avhandlingen analyseras betydelsen av kön i den vetenskapliga socialpolitiken vid 1900-talets mitt, i synnerhet med fokus på Heikki Waris (1901–1989) produktion. Waris var Finlands första professor i socialpolitik, som efter andra världskriget etablerades som ett akademiskt ämne vid de finländska universiteten, och Waris blev känd som en av tidens främsta auktoriteter på den finländska socialpolitiken. Vid en tid då välfärdsstaten etablerades och samhället genomgick en snabb moderniseringsprocess, fokuserade den socialpolitiska forskningen på problem och frågor som främst ansågs beröra den manliga delen av befolkningen, såsom alkoholkonsumtion och relationer inom det industriella arbetet. Detta trots att de nordiska staterna senare skulle bli kända som så kallade kvinnovänliga välfärdsstater, där frågor om kvinnors position och jämställdhet beaktades. I avhandlingen belyses hur de texter Waris skrev, samt den forskning som han initierade, skapade ideal baserade på sundhet, ekonomiskt ansvarstagande, aktivitet och medvetenhet samt hur dessa ideal var kopplade till män och manlighet. Förutom att visa hur ideal konstruerades, studeras även de olika formerna och funktionerna av kön i den socialpolitiska litteraturen. Behandlades kön endast som demografisk kategori eller fanns det ett djupare intresse för mäns och kvinnors positioner och roller? Vilka förhållanden ville Waris och de andra socialpolitikerna belysa med att lyfta fram frågor om kön i sina texter? Waris var även en auktoritet på den snabba moderniseringsprocess som Finland hade genomgått sedan industrialiseringen vid 1800-talets slut. I avhandlingen argumenteras för att män och kvinnor på varierande sätt blev symboler för samhällelig förändring. ------------------------ Väitöskirjassa tutkitaan sukupuolen merkitystä sosiaalipolitiikan tutkimuksessa 1900-luvun puolivälissä. Lähtökohtana on Heikki Wariksen (1901–1989) tieteellinen tuotanto. Waris toimi Suomen ensimmäisenä sosiaalipolitiikan professorina ja kehitti sosiaalipolitiikkaa akateemisena aiheena Suomessa toisen maailmansodan jälkeen. Waris tunnettiin yhtenä aikansa merkittävimpänä suomalaisen sosiaalipolitiikan asiantuntijana. Hyvinvointivaltion rakentumisaikana sosiaalipolitiikan tutkimus keskittyi miehiin liittyviin ongelmiin ja kysymyksiin, kuten alkoholin kulutukseen. Väitöskirjassa osoitetaan miten Wariksen teksteissä, ja Wariksen ohjaamissa väitöskirjoissa rakennettiin terveellisyydelle, elättäjyydelle, aktiivisuudelle sekä tietoisuudelle pohjautuva ihanne, joka oli kytketty miehiin ja miehuuteen. Lisäksi tutkitaan sukupuolen muotoja ja funktioita sosiaalipoliittisessa kirjallisuudessa. Oliko sukupuoli pelkkä väestöllinen kategoria vai osoittivatko sosiaalipolitiikan tutkijat syvällisempää mielenkiintoa miesten ja naisten asemaa sekä rooleja kohtaan? Mitkä asiat huomioitiin sukupuolen avulla? Waris oli myös industrialismin aiheuttaman yhteiskuntamuutoksen asiantuntija. Väitöskirjassa osoitetaan miten miehiä ja naisia käsiteltiin eri tavalla muutoksen symboleina.

Matrix Mind : on managerial reframing in multidimensional problem solving

Det är inte ovanligt att man i organisationer ställs inför problem som inte kan hanteras inom befintlig organisationsstruktur. Skälen kan vara att frågorna har många – ibland konflikterande – dimensioner och perspektiv som samtidigt måste beaktas. I den här avhandlingen studeras vilka tankemönster och föreställningar som fanns när grupper av chefer försökte lösa komplexa problem, som inte hade en naturlig organisatorisk hemvist och hur de omsatte dessa tankemönster i handling. Vad kännetecknade det ledarskap som utövades under problemlösningsprocessen? Avhandlingens empiri hämtas från ledarutvecklingsprogram i två internationellt verksamma företag i Sverige, och omfattar 14 verkliga affärsproblem i dessa företag och den process varigenom de löstes. De 14 seminarierna utgör exempel på hur mångdimensionella frågeställningar framgångsrikt hanteras utanför den befintliga organisationsstrukturen. Studien ger, genom att adressera frågor kring tankesätt och ledningsprocesser, en djupare förståelse för förutsättningarna för detta, och lyfter särskilt fram betydelsen av ett ledarskap som inbegriper begreppen intervention, förmåga och omtolkning. Som ett samlat begrepp introduceras bilden att utöva ledarskapet utifrån ett matrix mind. Att påverka strukturer (i vid mening) och därigenom de förmågor som utvecklas, är del i detta ledarskap. Det sker genom interventioner (ingrepp som påverkar relationer i t ex en grupp) och baserades i den aktuella empirin på uppfattningar om värdet av problematisering, erfarenhetsutbyte och av ett språk, som både beskriver och anger inriktning för aktiviteter. Interventioner i strukturer (och till dem knutna processer) beskriver dock bara delvis detta ledarskap. Att leda med ett matrix mind innefattar också ett nyfiket och kreativt förhållningssätt, och att utifrån detta leda omtolkning av problem. I empirin finns flera exempel på detta. Avhandlingen avser att ge ett bidrag inom såväl organisations- som ledarskapsteori.

Railways, Airports and Sea Container Operators as Publicly Listed Companies – Financial Performance and Shareholder Value Creation Perspective

Logistics infrastructure and transportation services have been the liability of countries and governments for decades, or these have been under strict regulation policies. One of the first branches opened for competition in EU as well as in other continents, has been air transports (operators, like passenger and freight) and road transports. These have resulted on lower costs, better connectivity and in most of the cases higher service quality. However, quite large amount of other logistics related activities are still directly (or indirectly) under governmental influence, e.g. railway infrastructure, road infrastructure, railway operations, airports, and sea ports. Due to the globalization, governmental influence is not that necessary in this sector, since transportation needs have increased with much more significant phase as compared to economic growth. Also freight transportation needs do not correlate with passenger side, due to the reason that only small number of areas in the world have specialized in the production of particular goods. Therefore, in number of cases public-private partnership, or even privately owned companies operating in these sub-branches have been identified as beneficial for countries, customers and further economic growth. The objective of this research work is to shed more light on these kinds of experiments, especially in the relatively unknown sub-branches of logistics like railways, airports and sea container transports. In this research work we have selected companies having public listed status in some stock exchange, and have needed amount of financial scale to be considered as serious company rather than start-up phase venture. Our research results show that railways and airports usually need high fixed investments, but have showed in the last five years generally good financial performance, both in terms of profitability and cash flow. In contrary to common belief of prosperity in globally growing container transports, sea vessel operators of containers have not shown that impressive financial performance. Generally margins in this business are thin, and profitability has been sacrificed in front of high growth – this also concerns cash flow performance, which has been lower too. However, as we examine these three logistics sub-branches through shareholder value development angle during time period of 2002-2007, we were surprised to find out that all of these three have outperformed general stock market indexes in this period. More surprising is the result that financially a bit less performing sea container transportation sector shows highest shareholder value gain in the examination period. Thus, it should be remembered that provided analysis shows only limited picture, since e.g. dividends were not taken into consideration in this research work. Therefore, e.g. US railway operators have disadvantage to other in the analysis, since they have been able to provide dividends for shareholders in long period of time. Based on this research work we argue that investment on transportation/logistics sector seems to be safe alternative, which yields with relatively low risk high gain. Although global economy would face smaller growth period, this sector seems to provide opportunities in more demanding situation as well.

Container logistic innovations in forest-energy sector: Markets, future service concepts and technical improvements

The report presents the results of the commercialization project called the Container logistic services for forest bioenergy. The project promotes new business that is emerging around overall container logistic services in the bioenergy sector. The results assess the European markets of the container logistics for biomass, enablers for new business creation and required service bundles for the concept. We also demonstrate the customer value of the container logistic services for different market segments. The concept analysis is based on concept mapping, quality function deployment process (QFD) and business network analysis. The business network analysis assesses key shareholders and their mutual connections. The performance of the roadside chipping chain is analysed by the logistic cost simulation, RFID system demonstration and freezing tests. The EU has set the renewable energy target to 20 % in 2020 of which Biomass could account for two-thirds. In the Europe, the production of wood fuels was 132.9 million solid-m3 in 2012 and production of wood chips and particles was 69.0 million solidm3. The wood-based chips and particle flows are suitable for container transportation providing market of 180.6 million loose- m3 which mean 4.5 million container loads per year. The intermodal logistics of trucks and trains are promising for the composite containers because the biomass does not freeze onto the inner surfaces in the unloading situations. The overall service concept includes several packages: container rental, container maintenance, terminal services, RFID-tracking service, and simulation and ERP-integration service. The container rental and maintenance would provide transportation entrepreneurs a way to increase the capacity without high investment costs. The RFID-concept would lead to better work planning improving profitability throughout the logistic chain and simulation supports fuel supply optimization.

Intelligent mapping of stresses in a hydraulic crane

Continuous loading and unloading can cause breakdown of cranes. In seeking solution to this problem, the use of an intelligent control system for improving the fatigue life of cranes in the control of mechatronics has been under study since 1994. This research focuses on the use of neural networks as possibilities of developing algorithm to map stresses on a crane. The intelligent algorithm was designed to be a part of the system of a crane, the design process started with solid works, ANSYS and co-simulation using MSc Adams software which was incorporated in MATLAB-Simulink and finally MATLAB neural network (NN) for the optimization process. The flexibility of the boom accounted for the accuracy of the maximum stress results in the ADAMS model. The flexibility created in ANSYS produced more accurate results compared to the flexibility model in ADAMS/View using discrete link. The compatibility between.ADAMS and ANSYS softwares was paramount in the efficiency and the accuracy of the results. Von Mises stresses analysis was more suitable for this thesis work because the hydraulic boom was made from construction steel FE-510 of steel grade S355 with yield strength of 355MPa. Von Mises theory was good for further analysis due to ductility of the material and the repeated tensile and shear loading. Neural network predictions for the maximum stresses were then compared with the co-simulation results for accuracy, and the comparison showed that the results obtained from neural network model were sufficiently accurate in predicting the maximum stresses on the boom than co-simulation.

Prosessilaitteen teräsrakenteen optimointi

Diplomityön tarkoituksena oli optimoida puukentän nosturin teräsrakenteiden kustannuksia ja selvittää halvemman valmistusmaan vaikutus nosturin kokonaiskustannukseen. Tavoitteena oli saada 15 % kokonaiskustannussäästö. Työn alussa perehdytään optimoitavan nosturin rakenteeseen ja mahdollisiin rakenteen optimoitaviin osiin. Teräsrakenteen optimointi alkoi kustannusrakenteen tarkalla selvittämisellä. Näin saatiin kuva nosturin kokonaiskustannuksesta ja mahdollisista säästökohteista. Uusien ideoiden kehittämisessä käytettiin hyväksi osatoimintojen pisteytystä ja ideamatriisia. Ideamatriisin lopputuloksena uudet rakenteet tarkastettiin nosturin kuormituksien suhteen ja valittiin kustannusten kannalta paras ratkaisu. Teräsrakenteeseen tehtiin muutoksia myös merirahdin konttien asettamien rajaehtojen mukaan. Kiinassa valmistettavalle teräsrakenteelle tehtiin rahtisuunnitelma, jossa selvitettiin optimaalinen rahtimuoto ja tarvittavien konttien lukumäärä. Tarjouskilpailun avulla saatiin halvin kuljetushinta valmistavalta tehtaalta työmaalle. Lopuksi nosturin optimoidun teräsrakenteen kustannuksia verrattiin työn alussa selvitettyyn kustannusrakenteeseen. Työn lopputuloksena päästiin 12 % potentiaaliseen kustannussäästöön, joka jäi kolme prosenttiyksikköä kustannussäästötavoitteesta.

Situationsfaktorer i sexuellt utnyttjande av barn inverkar på psykosexuella problem : en metaanalys

Pro graduavhanlingens svenska sammanfattning

Merikonttien testilaitteiston suunnittelu

Merikonttien käyttöön rahtiliikenteessä liittyy niiden fyysisen kunnon säännöllinen tarkastaminen. Konttien tarkastaminen nykyisillä tavoilla on koettu vievän liikaa aikaa ja rahaa. Ratkaisuna tähän konttien tarkastaminen pyritään mekanisoimaan kehittämällä testilaitteisto, jolla kontin voi tarkastaa nopeasti ja edullisesti. Tässä diplomityössä perehdytään kyseiseltä laitteistolta vaadittaviin mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin ja laitteiston suunnitteluun. Työn alussa selvitetään laitteistolta vaadittavat mekaaniset ominaisuudet. Tämän jälkeen siirrytään ideoimaan mahdollisia ratkaisuja vaadittavien ominaisuuksien toteuttamiseksi. Valittujen ideoiden pohjalta suunnitellaan testilaitteisto ja tehdään siitä valmistuspiirustukset. Työssä suoritetaan myös koemittaukset jo olemassa oleville testilaitteistojen prototyypeille ja arvioidaan näiden suorituskykyä.

Ethical research as the target of animal extremism: an international problem

Animal extremism has been increasing worldwide; frequently researchers are the targets of actions by groups with extreme animal rights agendas. Sometimes this targeting is violent and may involve assaults on family members or destruction of property. In this article, we summarize recent events and suggest steps that researchers can take to educate the public on the value of animal research both for people and animals

The nature and role of trust in temporary virtual problem-solving teams

The objective of this study is to increase understanding of the nature and role of trust in temporary virtual problem-solving teams engaged in real-life co-creation activities, while much of previous research has been conducted in student settings. The different forms and bases of trust, possible trust barriers and trust building actions, and perceived role of trust in knowledge sharing and collaboration are analyzed. The study is conducted as a qualitative case study in case company. Data includes interviews from 24 people: 13 from 3 different project teams that were going on during the study, 8 from already finalized project teams, and 3 founders of case company. Additional data consists of communication archives from three current teams. The results indicate that there were both knowledge-based and swift trust present, former being based on work-related personal experiences about leaders or other team members, and latter especially on references, disposition to trust and institution-based factors such as norms and rules, as well as leader and expert action. The findings suggest that possible barriers of trust might be related to lack of adaptation to virtual work, unclear roles and safety issues, and nature of virtual communication. Actions that could be applied to enhance trust are for example active behavior in discussions, work-related introductions communicating competence, managerial actions and face-to-face interaction. Finally, results also suggest that trust has a focal role as an enabler of action and knowledge sharing, and coordinator of effective collaboration and performance in temporary virtual problem-solving teams.

Evaluation of temperatures in a refrigerated container for chilled and frozen food transport

The objective of this work was to monitor the operational conditions of the transport of chilled and frozen foods during delivery within cities and to evaluate the impact of the door openings on the alteration of the internal temperature of the refrigerated environment. Several temperature and pressure sensors were used in a refrigerated container with two compartments and they were installed in the refrigeration system unit and on the internal and external surfaces of the container. After the monitoring tests, it was verified that door openings during deliveries resulted in a disturbance that raised the internal temperature of the refrigerated container above values recommended for adequate conservation of the products transported. Moreover, increasing the number of door openings promoted a cumulative effect on the internal temperature, mainly in the chilled food compartment of the container. It was concluded that the refrigeration system unit presented serious limitations with regard to the maintenance of the container's internal temperature during the actual distribution routine, since it does not possess enough instantaneous capacity to restore the temperature set-point between deliveries.