Purchasing and supply management capabilities in Finnish medium-sized enterprises

Purchasing and supply management (PSM) has become increasingly important for companies to survive in current highly competitive market. Increased outsourcing has extended the role of PSM, making external resource management and supplier relationships critical success factors in business. However, the recent research has mainly concentrated on large enterprises. Therefore the PSM issues related to medium-sized enterprises represent a significant research area. The thesis aims to explore the status and role of PSM in Finnish medium-sized firms, understand how strategic companies consider PSM to be, clarify what are the competence requirements for PSM professionals, and increase the understanding of PSM capabilities needed from the points view of individual competence and organisational capabilities. The study uses data that was collected in 2007 from purchasing executives at the director/CEO level representing a sample of 94 Finnish firms. 54 % of the respondent enterprises had a supply strategy. The total supply cost was on average 60 % of firms' turnover. Centralisation of PSM and outsourcing of logistics will increase in Finnish medium-sized enterprises. The findings point out that Finnish medium-sized enterprises had strategical features of PSM. However, Finnish firms have not concentrated on making strategies that relate to PSM. The elements that explain the existence of a supply strategy could be found in this study. It can be concluded from this study that there is an advantageous base for the development of strategic PSM, because nearly all the enterprises were of the opinion that PSM capabilities have an effect on business success. When reviewing the organisational capabilities, the five most important development elements were supplier relationships, both operational and strategic processes, time management, and personnel's competence. Training in internationalisation, strategic management, and communication could help to improve competences of PSM personnel.

Prices versus exams as strategic instruments for competing universities

In this paper we investigate the optimal choice of prices and/or exams by universities in the presence of credit constraints. We first compare the optimal behavior of a public, welfare maximizing, monopoly and a private, profit maximizing, monopoly. Then we model competition between a public and a private institution and investigate the new role of exams/prices in this environment. We find that, under certain circumstances, the public university may have an interest to raise tuition fees from minimum levels if it cares for global welfare. This will be the case provided that (i) the private institution has higher quality and uses only prices to select applicants, or (ii) the private institution has lower quality and uses also exams to select students. When this is the case, there are efficiency grounds for raising public prices

Comovement of stock price risk in strategic alliance — Case: mobile internet

The focus of this study has been comovement of stock price risk level between two companies as they form strategic alliance. Thus the main reason has been to shed more light to possible increased risk level that the stockholder confronts when a company he owns forms a strategic alliance with another company. This study has centralized to interfirm cooperation between mobile and internet companies, which have furthered the development of mobile internet. The study has been divided into theoretical and empirical part. In theoretical part the main concepts riskiness of a stock (volatility), comovement and strategic alliance have been run through. In empirical part seven strategic alliances formed by mobile internet companies have been examined. Based on this, strategic alliance seems to increase comovement of stock price risk in some degree. This comovement seems to be stronger when core businesses or operating environments of cooperating companies differ more from each other.

Osaamisen johtaminen Suomen kunnissa

Kunnissa eletään muutosten aikaa, ja osaamisen johtamisella pyritään vastaamaan kehityksen mukanaan tuomiin haasteisiin. Osaamisen johtamista pidetäänkin tärkeänä asiana kuntien kehittämisessä. Viime vuosina osaamisen johtaminen on ollut voimakkaasti esillä myös yksityisellä sektorilla, jossa se on nähty tärkeänä elementtinä kilpailukyvyn kehittämisessä. Osaamisen johtaminen on toimintaa, jolla kehitetään yksilöiden ja organisaation osaamista sekä organisaation yhteistyövalmiutta. Osaamisen johtamisessa huomioidaan myös organisaatiolle asetetut strategiset tavoitteet. Tässä tutkimuksessa osaamisen johtaminen ankkuroidaan tietojohtamisen, henkilöstövoimavarojen johtamisen (HRM:n) ja oppivan organisaation viitekehyksiin. Tutkimusotteeksi on valittu kvantitatiivinen tutkimusote. Kvantitatiivinen tutkimusote mahdollistaa osaamisen johtamisen rakenteellisen analyysin ja kuvaamisen. Tutkimuksen kohderyhmänä ovat kaikki Suomen 444 kuntaa vuonna 2004. Tutkimuksen tiedonkeruu suoritettiin lomakekyselyn avulla, ja tutkimus kohdistettiin kuntien henkilöstöasioiden asiantuntijoille. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tavoitteena oli mallintaa ja kuvata osaamisen johtamista Suomen kunnissa. Tutkimusongelma liittyy kuntien osaamisen johtamisen nykytilaan ja tavoitteisiin sekä siihen, missä vaiheissa kunnat ovat osaamisen johtamisessaan. Kyselyn avulla tutkittiin myös kuntien halukkuutta kehittää osaamisen johtamistaan. Vastausten pohjalta analysoitiin lisäksi, mitkä asiat kunnissa vaikuttavat osaamisen johtamiseen. Tutkimuksen tuloksissa tulevat esille neljä erilaista kunnissa vallitsevaa osaamisen johtamisen orientaatiota: Strategiaohjattu yhteisöllinen orientaatio, Innovatiivinen orientaatio, Teknologinen orientaatio ja Strategialähtöinen järjestelmäorientaatio. Nämä neljä orientaatiota ovat tunnistettavissa myös taustakirjallisuudessa. Kunnat ryhmiteltiin orientaatioiden perusteella neljään ryhmään, jotka nimettiin seuraavasti: Innostuneet aloittelijat, Tekniset aloittelijat, Edistyneet ja Kehittyvät. Innostuneiden aloittelijoiden ryhmässä korostuu innovatiivinen orientaatio, mutta muut osaamisen johtamisen orientaatiot tulevat esille heikosti. Teknisten aloittelijoiden ryhmässä korostuu teknologinen orientaatio, mutta muut osaamisen johtamisen orientaatiot tulevat esille heikosti. Edistyneiden ryhmässä kaikki osaamisen johtamisen orientaatiot tulevat hyvin esille. Kehittyvien ryhmässä korostuvat sekä innovatiivinen että teknologinen orientaatio. Kuntien osaamisen johtamisen nykytilanne on murroksessa. Osaamisen johtaminen on suuressa osassa kunnista hyvässä vauhdissa, mutta kehitettävääkin on. Tietotekniset välineet osaamisen johtamisessa ovat hyvät useimmissa kunnissa. Tulevaisuuden osaamistarpeina pidetään erityisesti vuorovaikutustaitoja ja oman ammattialan osaamista. Kunnissa on myös huomioitu ainakin tavoitteiden tasolla tulevaisuus ja sen tuomat haasteet.

Competence Development and Capacity Building of Sawmill Enterprises in Kenya – A Human Resources Development Approach

The Kenyan forestry and sawmilling industry have been subject to a changing environment since 1999 when the industrial forest plantations were closed down. This has lowered raw material supply and it has affected and reduced the sawmill operations and the viability of the sawmill enterprises. The capacity of the 276 registered sawmills is not sufficient to fulfill sawn timber demand in Kenya. This is because of the technological degradation and lack of a qualified labor force, which were caused because of non-existent sawmilling education and further training in Kenya. Lack of competent sawmill workers has led to low raw material recovery, under utilization of resources and loss of employment. The objective of the work was to suggest models, methods and approaches for the competence and capacity development of the Kenyan sawmilling industry, sawmills and their workers. A nationwide field survey, interviews, questionnaire and literature review was used for data collection to find out the sawmills’ competence development areas and to suggest models and methods for their capacity building. The sampling frame included 22 sawmills that represented 72,5% of all the registered sawmills in Kenya. The results confirmed that the sawmills’ technological level was backwards, productivity low, raw material recovery unacceptable and workers’ professional education low. The future challenges will be how to establish the sawmills’ capacity building and workers’ competence development. Sawmilling industry development requires various actions through new development models and approaches. Activities should be started for technological development and workers’ competence development. This requires re-starting of vocational training in sawmilling and the establishment of more effective co-operation between the sawmills and their stakeholder groups. In competence development the Enterprise Competence Management Model of Nurminen (2007) can be used, whereas the best training model and approach would be a practically oriented learning at work model in which the short courses, technical assistance and extension services would be the key functions.

Strategic groups and performance: an empirical analysis of strategic groups in the wind energy industry in Europe

The strategic group theory provides an intermediate level of analysis between a single company and the whole industry for identifying issues about the company's competitive position and strategic choices. Strategic groups are companies within an industry with similar strategic characteristics or competing on similar bases. Strategic choices are aligned with the firms’ resources. The purpose of this study was to identify the strategic groups in the wind energy industry in Europe, and study, whether a certain group membership results in financial performance differences. Altogether 80 European wind energy companies were included in the study, which were clustered into four strategic groups according to their age and growth rate. Each group corresponds to a different strategy. The results show that the wind energy companies can be clustered according to the chosen strategic characteristics. Strategic decisions were investigated with characteristic variables. Performance variables were used in the analysis measuring profitability, liquidity and solvency of the groups. These strategic choices of the companies did not have a significant influence on the firms’ performance. The more mature and slower growing group proved to be the most successful. However, the differences between groups were generally not statistically significant. The only statistically significant difference found was in the solvency ratio between Mature Slow and Young Rapid groups. Measured with these variables, more mature and slower growing companies performed better. Therefore, a certain strategic group membership results in performance differences.

Strategian toimeenpanokeinot muuttuvissa toimintaympäristöissä

Nykyinen strategia ajattelu perustuu filosofiaan, jossa yrityksen aineeton pääoma muuttuu aineelliseksi tulokseksi organisaatioiden resursseja, kyvykkyyksiä ja osaamista hyödyntämällä. Strategisissa tuloskorteissa oppimisen ja kasvun näkökulma kuvaa, miten ihmiset, teknologia ja organisaatioilmapiiri voivat toimia yhdessä strategian toimeenpanemiseksi. Oppimisen ja kasvun tulosten paraneminen ennakoi parannusta myös sisäisiin prosesseihin, asiakasnäkökulmaan ja taloudelliseen menestykseen. Työn teoriaosuudessa luotiin laaja katsaus eri strategiakoulukuntiin, keskittyen etenkin Mintzbergin konfiguraatio strategiakoulukunnan oppeihin. Tämän pohjalta tehtiin määritys strategia ajattelulle; strategiaprosessille ja strategialle muuttuvissa toimintaympäristöissä. Strategiaprosessin kriittiset alueet, sekä strategialähtöisen organisaation periaatteet huomioon ottaen, tehtiin kirjallisuuskartoitusta strategian toimeenpanokeinoista ja käytännön tutkimus niiden käytön yleisyydestä eri organisaatioissa. Tulosten mukaisesti monet keinot ovat aktiivisessa käytössä, mutta toisaalta on nähtävissä, että erilaiset yrityskulttuurit, organisaatioiden "elämäntilanteet" ja resurssien erilaisuudet tarjoavat erilaiset mahdollisuudet strategian toimeenpanoon ja organisaation osaamisen lisäämiseen. Nopeasti muuttuva toimintaympäristö korostaa joustavaa strategian ja sen toimeenpanon tarvetta. Osaamisen kehittäminen johtaa kasvuun; sen varmistamiseksi on löydettävä omalle organisaatioille sopivat keinot jatkuvaan oppimiseen, muutoskykyisyyden ja sitä kautta kilpailukyvyn saavuttamiseen ja ylläpitämiseen.

An analytic approach to distribution logistics strategic management

Logistics management is increasingly being recognised by many companies to be of critical concern. The logistics function includes directly or indirectly many of the new areas for achieving or maintaining competitive advantage that companies have been forced to develop due to increasing competitive pressures. The key to achieving a competitive advantage is to manage the logistics function strategically which involves determining the most cost effective method of providing the necessary customer service levels from the many combinations of operating procedures in the areas of transportation, warehousing, order processing and information systems, production, and inventory management. In this thesis, a comprehensive distribution logistics strategic management process is formed by integrating the periodic strategic planning process with a continuous strategic issues management process. Strategic planning is used for defining the basic objectives for a company and assuring co operation and synergy between the different functions of a company while strategic issues management is used on a continuous basis in order to deal with environmental and internal turbulence. The strategic planning subprocess consists of the following main phases: (1) situational analyses, (2) defining the vision and strategic goals for the logistics function, (3) determining objectives and strategies, (4) drawing up tactical action plans, and (5) evaluating the implementation of the plans and making the needed adjustments. The aim of the strategic issues management subprocess is to continuously scan the environment and the organisation for early identification of the issues having a significant impact on the logistics function using the following steps: (1) the identification of trends, (2) assessing the impact and urgency of the identified trends, (3) assigning priorities to the issues, and (4) planning responses to the, issues. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a systematic procedure for structuring any problem. AHP is based on the following three principles: decomposition, comparative judgements, and synthesis of priorities. AHP starts by decomposing a complex, multicriteria problem into a hierarchy where each level consists of a few manageable elements which are then decomposed into another set of elements. The second step is to use a measurement methodology to establish priorities among the elements within each level of the hierarchy. The third step in using AHP is to synthesise the priorities of the elements to establish the overall priorities for the decision alternatives. In this thesis, decision support systems are developed for different areas of distribution logistics strategic management by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The areas covered are: (1) logistics strategic issues management, (2) planning of logistic structure, (3) warehouse site selection, (4) inventory forecasting, (5) defining logistic action and development plans, (6) choosing a distribution logistics strategy, (7) analysing and selecting transport service providers, (8) defining the logistic vision and strategic goals, (9) benchmarking logistic performance, and (10) logistic service management. The thesis demonstrates the potential of AHP as a systematic and analytic approach to distribution logistics strategic management.

The Role of Network Competence in Internationalization of SMEs

Network competence is the ability of firms to manage their network of business relationships and to deal effectively with interactions in these relationships. The relationship between level of business relationship abilities of firms and their internationalization has been researched before, and found to be positive. However, what network competence specifically offers is an established scale with which to perform this examination quantitatively. This master’s thesis examined the role which this network competence plays in the internationalization of firms, more specifically in Finnish small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The theoretical part of the thesis consisted of examination into the nature of internationalization of SMEs, their business relationships, network competence and related concepts. The empirical part was conducted statistically with quantitative methods on data gathered from Finnish SMEs through a web-survey during 2008. Network competence was found to result in better internationalization among the examined Finnish SMEs with both subjective and objective performance measures, and firms with higher levels of network competence were found to be more likely to become international. On the other hand, speed of internationalization could not be linked to better network competence, and no clear industry-specific differences were found. The results show that by developing their network competence, Finnish SMEs can increase their chances of success and performance in their internationalization process

Imperfectly informed voters and strategic extremism

We analyze a unidimensional model of two-candidate electoral competition where voters have im- perfect information about the candidates' policy proposals, that is, voters cannot observe the exact policy proposals of the candidates but only which candidate offers the most leftist/rightist platform. We assume that candidates are purely office motivated and that one candidate enjoys a valence advan- tage over the other. We characterize the unique Sequential Equilibrium in very-weakly undominated strategies of the game. In this equilibrium the behavior of the two candidates tends to maximum extremism, due to the voters' lack of information. But it may converge or diverge depending on the size of the advantage. For small values of the advantage candidates converge to the extreme policy most preferred by the median and for large values of the advantage candidates strategies diverge: each candidate specializes in a different extreme policy. These results are robust to the introduction of a proportion of well informed voters. In this case the degree of extremism decreases when the voters become more informed.

Strategic choices and performance – an empirical analysis of largest European and North American energy companies

Energy industry has gone through major changes globally in past two decades. Liberalization of energy markets has led companies to integrate both vertically and horizontally. Growing concern on sustainable development and aims to decrease greenhouse gases in future will increase the portion of renewable energy in total energy production. Purpose of this study was to analyze using statistical methods, what impacts different strategic choices has on biggest European and North American energy companies’ performance. Results show that vertical integration, horizontal integration and use of renewable energy in production had the most impact on profitability. Increase in level of vertical integration decreased companies’ profitability, while increase in horizontal integration improved companies’ profitability. Companies that used renewable energy in production were less profitable than companies not using renewable energy.

Strategic Development of Electricity Distribution Networks – Concept and Methods

Strategic development of distribution networks plays a key role in the asset management in electricity distribution companies. Owing to the capital-intensive nature of the field and longspan operations of companies, the significance of a strategy is emphasised. A well-devised strategy combines awareness of challenges posed by the operating environment and the future targets of the distribution company. Economic regulation, ageing infrastructure, scarcity of resources and tightening supply requirements with challenges created by the climate change put a pressure on the strategy work. On the other hand, technology development related to network automation and underground cabling assists in answering these challenges. This dissertation aims at developing process knowledge and establishing a methodological framework by which key issues related to network development can be addressed. Moreover, the work develops tools by which the effects of changes in the operating environment on the distribution business can be analysed in the strategy work. To this end, the work discusses certain characteristics of the distribution business and describes the strategy process at a principle level. Further, the work defines the subtasks in the strategy process and presents the key elements in the strategy work and long-term network planning. The work delineates the factors having either a direct or indirect effect on strategic planning and development needs in the networks; in particular, outage costs constitute an important part of the economic regulation of the distribution business, reliability being thus a key driver in network planning. The dissertation describes the methodology and tools applied to cost and reliability analyses in the strategy work. The work focuses on determination of the techno-economic feasibility of different network development technologies; these feasibility surveys are linked to the economic regulation model of the distribution business, in particular from the viewpoint of reliability of electricity supply and allowed return. The work introduces the asset management system developed for research purposes and to support the strategy work, the calculation elements of the system and initial data used in the network analysis. The key elements of this asset management system are utilised in the dissertation. Finally, the study addresses the stages of strategic decision-making and compilation of investment strategies. Further, the work illustrates implementation of strategic planning in an actual distribution company environment.

De los contenidos a las competencias numéricas en la enseñanza obligatoria = From contents to numerical competence in Compulsory Secondary Education

Mathematics has formed part of all our daily lives since the most remote origins of our civilization, although on too many occasions schools have done little for this functional view of mathematics reclaiming the formal role of this discipline in detriment of its more practical and applied element. From this perspective the curriculum organized by competence arises due to the need to fill this vacuum and allow our students to function better in the constant elements of real situations which they are going to have to resolve throughout their lives. The specifying of this general view of mathematic competence in the numeric competence should allow all our students to progressively acquire numeric sense, that is, that they have the capacity to apply good quantitative ideas in real situations

'Situaciones problema' y desarrollo de la competencia motriz en educación física escolar: cuestiones didácticas = Problem situations and developing motor competence in Physical Education at school: didactic questions

From the areas of motor learning and the teaching of Physical Education we promote coherent methodological orientationswith the present curricular guide that are focused in such a way so that the student is able to act independently. In thissense we may consider the problem situations as a good example for methodological proposals. So as to determine its useand adequateness for Physical Education it is conveniente to analyse the characteristics of the motor tasks that areproposed as well as the features of the teaching intervention in such a way as to ease the adquisition and development ofthe motor competence of the students