Temps, guerra i política en la reivindicació de territoris indígenes i nacionals: un relat gràfic de la guerra del Chaco

[cat]L'estudi vol aprofundir en les conseqüències del conflicte bèlic que enfrontà a Bolivia i Paragüai a la guerra del Chaco (1923-1935), de manera especial per a les poblacions indígenas, les quals, en els darrers anys, han començat a dur a terme una clara reivindicació per al reconeixement oficial dels seus drets territorials a partir de la revaloració de la participació dels indígenes del Chaco en aquesta guerra com també de la utilització dels recursos naturals i de les comunitats autòctones pels exèrcits enfrontats, tot tenint com a eina d'estudi el registre fotogràfic del conflicte.

La difusió del patrimoni fotogràfic a Catalunya : Anàlisi de l'Arxiu Fotogràfic de Barcelona, el Departament de Fotografia del MNAC i la Fundació Foto Colectania

Aquest estudi fa un balanç sobre la gestió actual del patrimoni fotogràfic a Catalunya, en concret de la seva difusió. Es pren com a punt de partida el recent episodi de l'Arxiu Centelles, que ha fet plantejar quin és l'estat actual dels arxius i entitats fotogràfiques de Catalunya, i quina gestió es fa dels seus fons, no només per a preservar el patrimoni fotogràfic català, sinó també per a difondre'l i fer-lo accessible als usuaris.

MICROEMULSÕES: COMPONENTES, CARACTERÍSTICAS, POTENCIALIDADES EM QUÍMICA DE ALIMENTOS E OUTRAS APLICAÇÕES

Microemulsions (MEs) are thermodynamically stable systems consisting of nanosized droplets dispersed in a solvent continuous medium (known as pseudo-phase), which is immiscible with the dispersed phase. These systems consist of water, a hydrophobic solvent called "oil," an amphiphile and often, a co-surfactant that is normally a medium chain alcohol. A large number of publications describe the importance of MEs in many branches of chemistry, and there is an intensive search for new applications. In addition, MEs have been applied in many areas, including oil extraction, removal of environmental pollutants from soils and effluents, dissolution of additives in lubricants and cutting oils, cleaning processes, dyeing and textile finishing, as nanoreactors to obtain nanoparticles of metals, semiconductors, superconductors, magnetic and photographic materials, and latex. However, only some studies indicate the potential applications of MEs in food and even fewer evaluate their chemical behavior. Potential applications of MEs in food comprise dissolution of lipophilic additives, stabilization of nutrients and biologically active compounds, using as an antimicrobial agent and to maximize the efficiency of food preservatives. This work consists of a literature review focusing on composition and physical and chemical characteristics of microemulsions. Despite the small number of studies on the subject reported in the literature, we demonstrate some potential applications of MEs in food chemistry.

Tietomallintamisen aiheuttamat muutokset ja hyödyt LVI-suunnitteluprosessissa sekä määrälaskennassa

Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan tietomallintamista eng. BIM (Building Information Modeling) LVI-suunnittelun näkökulmasta sekä esitellään tietomallintamisen vaikutuksia ja hyötyjä suunnitteluprosessiin. Tietomallintaminen mahdollistaa esimerkiksi LVI-suunnittelijan tuottaman määräluettelon 3D-mallista, jonka seurauksena eri toimijoiden väliset rajapinnat tulevat luultavasti kokemaan muutoksia. Työssä vertaillaan käsin laskettuja ja 3D-mallista tuotettuja määräluetteloita toisiinsa. Työhön sisällytetään myös urakoitsijoiden haastatteluja, joissa pyritään selvittämään heidän näkemyksiään suunnittelijan tuottamiin määrätietoihin.

Ympäristöluokitusjärjestelmät talotekniikan suunnitteluprosessissa

Vihreä rakentaminen on voimakkaasti kasvava rakennusliiketoiminnan osa-alue, johon useat toimijat ovat alkaneet herätä. Suomessakin on otettu käyttöön erilaisia ympäristösuorituskyvyn mittarointijärjestelmiä, joilla pyritään varmentamaan laadukas lopputulos vihreille rakennuksille. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää vihreän rakentamisen kannattavuutta. Työn teoriaosassa käydään läpi ympäristöluokitusjärjestelmien ominaisuuksia ja eroavaisuuksia sekä LEED-ympäristöluokitusjärjestelmän sisältö ja suhde Suomen rakentamismääräyksiin. Työn empiirisessä osassa tutkitaan LEED:n talotekniselle suunnittelulle aiheuttamia vaikutuksia sekä niihin liittyvien valintojen elinkaarikustannuksia. Vaikutuksia tutkitaan suunnitteluohjeiden ja -vaatimusten tasolta, suunnittelijoiden ja haastattelujen pohjalta sekä tutkimalla case-kohdetta, jossa tavoitteena on korkeimman LEED-luokituksen saavuttaminen.

Projektilaskentamallin kehittäminen rakennusalan pk-yrityksessä

Tutkimuksen kohdeyritys on rakennusalan pk-yritys, jonka liiketoiminta perustuu kokonaan toimitusprojekteille. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää kohdeyrityksen käyttöön helppokäyttöinen projektilaskentamalli, jonka avulla voidaan ennalta tunnistaa kannattamattomat toimitusprojektit. Tutkimuksessa keskitytään projektien kustannusnäkökulmaan. Tutkimus koostuu teoreettisesta kirjallisuusselvityksestä ja empiirisestä tapaustutkimuksesta. Teoreettisen aineiston ja kohdeyrityksen tietojen perusteella rakennettiin laskentamalli, jonka toimintaa tarkasteltiin esimerkkiprojektien avulla. Työn tutkimusote on konstruktiivinen, osin myös toiminta-analyyttinen. Kehitetty laskentamalli kattaa toimitusprojektin koko elinkaaren. Tarjouslaskenta-vaiheessa sen avulla tehdään päätös projektin toteutuskelpoisuudesta. Toteutus- ja seurantavaiheessa taas sillä seurataan projektin toteutuvia lukuja. Kohdeyritys voi laskentamallin avulla tunnistaa kannattamattomia projekteja, sillä tarjoushinnat tarkistetaan täyskatteellisen kustannusarvion avulla ennen projektin toteutuspäätöstä. Määrälaskennan ja täyskatteellisen laskennan ansiosta aiheuttamisperiaatetta noudatetaan kattavammin kuin kohdeyrityksen aiemmassa käytännössä.

Finland i bilder = : Suomi kuvissa = La Finlande pittoresque : fotografier och text = kuvat ja teksti = photographies et texte I. K. Inha.

Text in Swedish, Finnish, French, German, Russian and English languages.

Riparian vegetation affected by bank erosion in the Lower São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil

Changes in the hydrological regime of the Lower São Francisco River, located in Northeastern Brazil have brought negative environmental impacts, jeopardizing the flora and fauna of a global biodiversity hotspot, due to implementation of hydroelectric power dams and surface water withdrawal for irrigation in public and private perimeters. Remnants of the riparian stratum associated to the riverbank destabilization in six fragments were studied by surveying trees, shrubs, herbs, and aquatic species. The calculation of the Factor of Safety (FS) was performed in order to understand the riverbank's stability related to soil texture and vegetation cover. An overall number of 51 botanic families distributed in 71 genera and 79 species were recorded, predominantly from the families Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fabaceae. The fragmented riparian vegetation is mostly covered by secondary species under a strong anthropogenic impact such as deforestation, mining and irrigation, with an advanced erosion process in the river margins. Strong species that withstand the waves present in the river flow are needed to reduce the constant landslides that are mainly responsible for the river sedimentation and loss of productive lands. A lack of preservation attitude among the local landholders was identified, and constitutes a continuing threat to the riparian ecosystem biodiversity.

Canopy openness and lai estimates in two seasonally deciduous forests on limestone outcrops in central Brazil using hemispherical photographs

Patches of seasonally dry tropical forests occur on limestone outcrops in Central Brazil surrounded by the dominant savanna vegetation. They contain valuable timber species but are threatened by farming and mining activities. The objective of this study was to describe canopy opening and light relations in two seasonally deciduous dry forests on slopes and limestone outcrops, in the Paranã valley at the northeastern region of the Goiás state, Brazil. The studied forests were in the Fazenda Sabonete in Iaciara-Go and Fazenda Forquilha in Guarani-GO. Woody plants were sampled in 25 (20 x 20 m) plots in each forest. In the Sabonete forest 40 species, 705 ind./ha-1 with a basal area of 15.78 m²/ha-1 were found, while in Forquilha there were 55 species, 956 ind./ha-1 with a basal area of 24.76 m²/ha-1. Using hemispherical photographic techniques, 25 black and white photographs were taken at each site, during the dry season, totaling 50 photographs. These were taken at the beginning of each vegetation-sampling plot. The photographs were scanned in grey tones and saved as 'Bitmap'. The canopy opening and leaf area index (LAI) were calculated using the software Winphot. The mean canopy opening was 54.0% (±9.36) for Fazenda Sabonete and 64.6% (±11.8) in Fazenda Forquilha, with both sites presenting significant differences in the opening estimates (P < 0.05). Their floristic richness and structure also differed with the more open canopy forest, Forquilha, being richer and denser, suggesting the need for further studies on species-environment relationships in these forests.

Environmental adaptation of the source of the subbasin of Rico Stream, Monte Alto - SP, Brazil

The aim of this study was to define the photographic patterns that represent the use and occupation of the landcover of the "spring" of the Rico Stream subbasin, located at Monte Alto, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil, for environmental adaptation regarding the Brazilian Forest Law. The mapping was performed using remote sensing techniques and visual interpretation of the World View image, followed by the digitalization of the net of drainage and vegetation (natural and agricultural) at the AutoCad software with documents and field work. The study area has 2141.53 ha and the results demonstrated that the main crop is sugarcane with 546.34 ha, followed by 251.22 ha of pastures, 191.71 ha of perennial crops, 57.31 ha of Eucalyptus and 49.52 ha of onion, confirming the advance of sugarcane culture in the region. The region has 375.04 ha of areas of permanent preservation (APPs), and of this area it was found that only 72.17 ha (19.24%) has arboreal vegetation or natural forest, and 302.87 ha of these areas need to be enriched and reforested with native vegetation from the region, according to the current legislation. The data of the area enable future proposals of models for environmental adaptation to the microbasin according to the current environmental legislation.

Laatu ja tuottavuus hitsaavassa verkostossa

Diplomityössä tarkastellaan laadun ja tuottavuuden parantamisen keinoja hitsaavassa verkostossa MIG/MAG-hitsauksen osalta. Työn taustalla vaikuttaa Total Welding Management -menetelmä, mikä on hitsaustoimintojen kokonaisvaltaiseen johtamiseen ja hallintaan kehitetty toimintamalli. Työn teoriaosassa käsitellään laatuajattelua ja yritysyhteistyötä hitsaavan teollisuuden yrityskentässä sekä hitsauskustannuksiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkimusosuus sisältää yritysverkoston nykytilan tarkastelun sekä kehitystoimenpiteitä kohti verkoston yhteistä toimintamallia saavuttaa tehokas ja kannattava yhteistyö. Hitsaustyön kustannukset määritetään suurelta osin suunnittelussa. Laatuun voidaan vaikuttaa merkittävästi hitsaustyötä edeltävissä toiminnoissa sekä hitsaajan työn tukemisella. Kokonaisvaltaisen hyödyn saavuttaminen hitsaustyön tuottavuuden parantamisessa vaatii kaikkien toimintojen tarkastelua sen sijaan, että tehostetaan vain hitsaamon toimintaa. Itse hitsaus voi olla vain pieni osa hitsaustoimintojen kokonaishallintaa. Toimintamallin luominen laadunvarmistukseen, suunnittelun ja valmistuksen yhteistyöhön sekä hitsaustoimintojen hallintaan mahdollistaa hitsaavan verkoston toiminnan tehostamisen sekä laadun paranemisen. Tämä saavutetaan viemällä toimintamalli osaksi jokapäiväistä työtä, lähelle valmistusta, ja ohjeistamalla, että jokainen tietää kuinka toimia. Esimerkiksi työssä tarkastellun yhden tuotteen osalta ohjeistus turhan työn vähentämiseksi tuotti 19 % tuotannon kasvun työvuoron aikana. Tilaus-toimitusketjun tuottavuuteen ja kannattavuuteen voidaan vaikuttaa merkittävästi käymällä läpi konkreettisesti valmistettavat tuotteet ja niihin liittyvät toiminnot. Diplomityössä tehtyjen tarkastelujen ja havaintojen avulla käytännön työ tulee jatkumaan yritysverkostossa tapahtuvassa kehitystyössä.

E-PORT. Improving efficiency of Finnish port community by intelligent systems Final report of the Mobile Port project

The management of port-related supply chains is challenging due to the complex and heterogeneous operations of the ports with several actors and processes. That is why the importance of information sharing is emphasised in the ports. However, the information exchange between different port-related actors is often cumbersome and it still involves a lot of manual work and paper. Major ports and port-related actors usually have advanced information systems in daily use but these systems are seldom interoperable with each other, which prevents economies of scale to be reached. Smaller ports and companies might not be equipped with electronic data transmission at all. This is the final report of the Mobile port (MOPO) project, which has sought ways to improve the management and control of port-related sea and inland traffic with the aid of ICT technologies. The project has studied port community systems (PCS) used worldwide, evaluated the suitability of a PCS for the Finnish port operating environment and created a pilot solution of a Finnish PCS in the port of HaminaKotka. Further, the dry port concept and its influences on the transportation system have been explored. The Mobile Port project comprised of several literature reviews, interviews of over 50 port-related logistics and/or ICT professionals, two different kinds of simulation models as well as designing and implementing of the pilot solution of the Finnish PCS. The results of these multiple studies are summarised in this report. Furthermore, recommendations for future actions and the topics for further studies are addressed in the report. The study revealed that the information sharing in a typical Finnish port-related supply chain contains several bottlenecks that cause delays in shipments and waste resources. The study showed that many of these bottlenecks could be solved by building a port community system for the Finnish port community. Almost 30 different kinds of potential services or service entities of a Finnish PCS were found out during the study. The basic requirements, structure, interfaces and operation model of the Finnish PCS were also defined in the study. On the basis of the results of the study, a pilot solution of the Finnish PCS was implemented in the port of HaminaKotka. The pilot solution includes a Portconnect portal for the Finnish port community system (available at https://www.portconnect.fi) and two pilot applications, which are a service for handling the information flows concerning the movements of railway wagons and a service for handling the information flows between Finnish ports and Finland-Russian border. The study also showed that port community systems can be used to improve the environmental aspects of logistics in two different ways: 1) PCSs can bring direct environmental benefits and 2) PCSs can be used as an environmental tool in a port community. On the basis of the study, the development of the Finnish port community system should be continued by surveying other potential applications for the Finnish PCS. It is also important to study if there is need and resources to extend the Finnish PCS to operate in several ports or even on a national level. In the long run, it could be reasonable to clarify whether there would be possibilities to connect the Finnish PCS as a part of Baltic Sea wide, European-wide or even worldwide maritime and port-related network in order to get the best benefit from the system

I volontari italiani nelle Waffen-SS. Il pensiero politico, la formazione culturale e le motivazioni al volontariato. Una storia orale

My doctoral dissertation examines the experiences of the Italian volunteers in the Waffen-SS troops using in-depth interviews with former volunteers as the main primary source. This phenomenon, even if significant in size (depending on the source, some 15 000-20 000 Italian men volunteered in the Waffen-SS), has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The available literature on the Italian volunteers, mainly written by military history enthusiast journalists and methodologically weak, concentrates mainly on the combat operations and military organization, and offers a rather stereotypical profile of the volunteers. My dissertation does not aim to reconstruct the military history of the different divisions of the Waffen-SS in which Italian volunteers operated but instead to examine the subjective, private and intimate experience of the volunteers in order to understand the motivations, attitudes, beliefs and cultural and family background, as well as their political ideas. The main objective of my doctoral dissertation is to discover the ideological precepts of the volunteers’ political credo. As the last phase of fascism and its ideology, often defined as the “Germanisation” or “Nazification” of fascism, is still the object of wide academic debate, a better understanding of the volunteers’ ideology also contributes to deepening overall knowledge of the nature of this last phase. The theoretical frame of my dissertation lies in oral history, in particular in the postmodernist approach to oral history, through which I reconstruct the volunteers’ ideology. In-depth interviews with former volunteers are the main primary source, but multiple data collection methods have been adopted. Phone interviews and correspondence with the volunteers have also been considered as primary sources. In addition to interviews and correspondence, family archives consisting of diaries, correspondence with the volunteers’ relatives and photographic material have also been collected and examined. An ethnographic observation of the volunteers’ domestic spaces has been conducted during the in-depth interviews, and photo self-elicitation techniques have been used in cases where the volunteers were willing to share their photographs. An exhaustive portrait of the ideological structure of the volunteers has been obtained, as well as of the cultural and social origins of the values that contributed to the rise and adoption of this ideology. Further, the volunteers’ motivations to enlist have been clearly reconstructed, together with their cultural, political, social and military backgrounds. The results of the research are particularly relevant both for comprehension of the Italian phenomenon of volunteering in the Waffen-SS and for the reconstruction of the ideological dynamics of the last phase of fascism. The volunteers’ political and ideological system, which can be defined as the Italian SS-fascist ideology, disagrees strongly with the vaguely described ideological profile offered by previous studies that describe volunteers as generically “super-fascist”. The research also offers the opportunity for a deeper understanding of the final fascist ideological trajectory, currently defined, not without a certain level of approximation, as the “Germanisation” or “Nazification” of fascist ideology.

Experimental validation of a 3-D vision-based measurement system applied to robot calibration

One of the problems that slows the development of off-line programming is the low static and dynamic positioning accuracy of robots. Robot calibration improves the positioning accuracy and can also be used as a diagnostic tool in robot production and maintenance. A large number of robot measurement systems are now available commercially. Yet, there is a dearth of systems that are portable, accurate and low cost. In this work a measurement system that can fill this gap in local calibration is presented. The measurement system consists of a single CCD camera mounted on the robot tool flange with a wide angle lens, and uses space resection models to measure the end-effector pose relative to a world coordinate system, considering radial distortions. Scale factors and image center are obtained with innovative techniques, making use of a multiview approach. The target plate consists of a grid of white dots impressed on a black photographic paper, and mounted on the sides of a 90-degree angle plate. Results show that the achieved average accuracy varies from 0.2mm to 0.4mm, at distances from the target from 600mm to 1000mm respectively, with different camera orientations.

Forest cover and its change in Unguja Island, Zanzibar

Tropical forests are sources of many ecosystem services, but these forests are vanishing rapidly. The situation is severe in Sub-Saharan Africa and especially in Tanzania. The causes of change are multidimensional and strongly interdependent, and only understanding them comprehensively helps to change the ongoing unsustainable trends of forest decline. Ongoing forest changes, their spatiality and connection to humans and environment can be studied with the methods of Land Change Science. The knowledge produced with these methods helps to make arguments about the actors, actions and causes that are behind the forest decline. In this study of Unguja Island in Zanzibar the focus is in the current forest cover and its changes between 1996 and 2009. The cover and changes are measured with often used remote sensing methods of automated land cover classification and post-classification comparison from medium resolution satellite images. Kernel Density Estimation is used to determine the clusters of change, sub-area –analysis provides information about the differences between regions, while distance and regression analyses connect changes to environmental factors. These analyses do not only explain the happened changes, but also allow building quantitative and spatial future scenarios. Similar study has not been made for Unguja and therefore it provides new information, which is beneficial for the whole society. The results show that 572 km2 of Unguja is still forested, but 0,82–1,19% of these forests are disappearing annually. Besides deforestation also vertical degradation and spatial changes are significant problems. Deforestation is most severe in the communal indigenous forests, but also agroforests are decreasing. Spatially deforestation concentrates to the areas close to the coastline, population and Zanzibar Town. Biophysical factors on the other hand do not seem to influence the ongoing deforestation process. If the current trend continues there should be approximately 485 km2 of forests remaining in 2025. Solutions to these deforestation problems should be looked from sustainable land use management, surveying and protection of the forests in risk areas and spatially targeted self-sustainable tree planting schemes.