El diseño del suelo y la imagen de la ciudad: la calçada portuguesa

Desde el s. XVIII todas las ciudades se plantean uno de los cambios fundamentales en la estructura de su paisaje. El aumento de población y de actividad económica conlleva la desaparición de las calles térreas y su sustitución por las calles que segregan la acera, convertida en la estructura de soporte de los servicios, de la calzada como espacio de circulación rodada. En Lisboa se extiende la pavimentación de la calzad a según el 'systema Portuguez' con piedras irregulares de basalto sobre arena y ya en 1834, se configura el 'Pelouro das Calçadas' responsable de experimentar, primero, el sistema 'macadam' (c. 1839) y, posterior y paulatinamente, de introducir el asfalto. º La acera, es tratada con losas de calcáreo que, sobre todo, a partir del último tercio de siglo serán substituidas por el 'empedrado ordinario á portuguesa' en piedra calcárea. Una derivación será el 'empedrado dito de mosaico'. Experimentado por Eusebio Pinheiro Furtado en el Castillo de São Jorge (1842), va a extenderse por la ciudad, especialmente, desde la pavimentación del 'Mar Largo' en el Rossio (1848). Así, con ocasión de la ampliación de las aceras del largo de Camões, Augusto César dos Santos, Inspector da Admistração das Calçadas expresa la política de substitución del enlosado por el empedrado 'O sistema a empregar no empedramento destos passeios, deverá ser mozaico, não só pela beleza que apresenta, como por ser uma especialidade nesta cidade, beleza que se pode levar ao efeito escolhendose um padrão simples que pela sua importância não exceda os 500‐600$ o metro superficial' (Cesar dos Santos 1869). Finalmente, en 1895 la Câmara Municipal decretará el uso del 'empedrado á portuguesa' en toda nueva pavimentación y reconstrucción de las aceras. Los sitios representativos de la ciudad se cualifican artísticamente con este modo de hacer tan característico e identitario, no en vano lo podríamos entender como una de las primeras producciones de arte público en el sentido contemporáneo del término. Este sistema de pavimentación se extiende por Portugal y se internacionaliza en España, cuando Júlio César Augusto Cordeiro patenta en Madrid (1895) el 'mosaico portugués' que cristalizará en las aceras laterales del Paseo de San Juan en Barcelona (1896) -antes de la Exposición de París de 1900, de la praça de São Sebastião de Manaus, de las avenidas Rio Branco y Atlántica de Río de Janeiro- llegando a convivir con las farolas modernitas que Pere Falqués diseñó para el 'Cincd'oros' barcelonés. La calçada á portuguesa forma parte de la identidad de Lisboa y afecta a la imagen de marca de la ciudad. Sin embargo, a pesar de su valor identitario y artístico, la calçada está en peligro de muerte. El pavimento -forma entre ellos la 'calçada-forma' está en la base de algunas de las operaciones emblemáticas de construcción de la imagen de la ciudad (La Habana, 1928; Alicante, 1957; las Ramblas de Barcelona, 1969; la reforma de la Avenida Atlántica de Río por Burle Marx, 1970). Sin embargo, estas mismas operaciones demuestran que la 'forma-calçada' no responde a muchos de los requisitos de economía, seguridad o accesibilidad universal que exige la ciudad contemporánea. En el artículo planteamos analizar los motivos y razones que planean sobre la muerte anunciada de la calçada á portuguesa.

Caracterização espectroscópica de peixe do período cretáceo (Bacia do Araripe)

The study of fossils has made considerable progress over the last years as a result of the use of new experimental techniques. This paper describes the chemical composition of a fossilized fish of the Cretaceous period, from a 100 million-year-old, material originated from the Araripe Basin (northeastern Brazil). The chemical composition of the fossilized fish was analyzed by means of X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The spectroscopic study has proven that the main substances found in the fossilized fish are CaCO3 and Ca5(PO4)3(OH). A tentative mechanism to explain the fossilization process is also given.

Planejamento estatístico de experimentos como uma ferramenta para otimização das condições de biossorção de Cu(II) em batelada utilizando-se casca de nozes pecã como biossorvente

In order to reduce the total number of experiments for achieving the highest amount of adsorbed Cu2+ (qmax) using pecan nutshells (Carya illinoensis) as biosorbent, a full 2(4) factorial design with two central points was carried out (mass of biosorbent- m, pH, initial metallic ion concentration- C0, time of contact- t). In order to continue the optimization of the system, a central composite surface analysis design with two factors and five central points was carried out. The maximum amount of Cu2+ taken up by the pecan nutshells was 20 mg g-1. These results were confirmed by determining a Cu2+ isotherm using the best conditions attained by the statistical design of experiments.

Constituintes químicos da ascídia didemnum psammatodes (sluiter, 1895) coletada na costa cearense

Chemical investigation of the methanolic extract of the ascidian Didemnum psammatodes has led to the identification of the nucleosides 2'-deoxyuridine (1), thymidine (2), 2'-deoxyinosine (3) and 2'-deoxyguanosine (4), the steroids cholestanol, cholestanone and stigmasterol in mixture and batyl alcohol plus two analogs, 1-heptadecyloxy-2,3-propanediol and 1-nonadecyloxy-2,3-propanediol in mixture. Their structures were proposed by NMR, MS and comparison with literature data and GC-MS analysis.

Estudo de coprólito da bacia sedimentar do Araripe por meios de espectroscopia FT-IR e difração de Raios-X

Coprolites are fossilized faeces that constitute an important source of palaeobiological informations. This paper describes the characterization of some coprolite materials originated from the Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation (Araripe Basin, south of Ceará State in Brazil) by means of two techniques: X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). This characterization allowed us to determine the main composition of the coprolites, of the nodulus (where the coprolites were extracted) and of the sediment (where the nodulus was found) suggesting that the material was produced by a carnivorous fish of the Lower Cretaceous.

Smart cities : Un enfoque práctico sobre una metrópolis y auditoría en Lima (Perú)

Análisis del origen del concepto de smart cities que deriva de la gestión y ahorro energético, comparación de ejemplos de smart cities actuales y realización de un caso práctico sobre Lima analizando exhaustivamente qué componentes tenemos según las diferentes métricas e indicadores y qué componentes faltarían para poder ser una ciudad "smart".

Nivel de mercurio en cabello de ninos peruanos expuestos en una zona minera de Arequipa y de la ciudad de Lima

Objetivo: El propósito del estudio fue comparar los niveles de mercurio en cabello en dos muestras de ninos peruanos provenientes de dos zonas geográficas distintas: una zona rural minera y una zona urbana. Material y métodos: La zona minera correspondió al poblado de Mollehuaca (Arequipa), de donde se obtuvieron 52 muestras de cabello; la zona urbana no expuesta a minería correspondió al distrito de Los Olivos (Lima), de donde se obtuvieron 40 muestras. Se determinó el nivel de mercurio con la técnica estandarizada de plasma de inducción acoplado con un espectrómetro de masas (ICP-MS). Resultados: En la zona rural, en promedio, se obtuvo un nivel de mercurio de 7,47 ppb±26,9. En la zona urbana, el nivel de mercurio alcanzó un promedio de 2,47 ppb±1,28. No se encontraron diferencias significatives en el nivel de mercurio según edad o género. Conclusión: Se concluye que el grupo expuesto a minería aurífera informal y de zona rural presentó niveles de mercurio en cabello en promedio mayores a los del grupo de zona urbana, pero esta diferencia no fue significativa (p=0,188, α=0,05).

Preparação e utilização de uma argila esmectítica organofílica como adsorvente de fenol

The main goal of this research was the preparation and use of a organophilic smectitic clay able to promoting the adsorption of phenol. In this work was used a natural clay called Chocolate, from Campina Grande - PB (Brazil). The natural clay was treated with a solution of sodium carbonate. After this the sodium clay was treated with quaternary ammonium salt. The adsorptive study was conducted by different values of pH and temperature. The results showed a better performance in adsorptive at pH 7 and temperature 30 ºC, with removal of more than 80% of phenol.

La Critique (Paris. 1895)

Variante(s) de titre : Le Critique et bulletin des arts

Determinação de constituintes químicos em madeira de eucalipto por Pi-CG/EM e calibração multivariada: comparação entre redes neurais artificiais e máquinas de vetor suporte

Multivariate models were developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Least Square - Support Vector Machines (LS-SVM) for estimating lignin siringyl/guaiacyl ratio and the contents of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin in eucalyptus wood by pyrolysis associated to gaseous chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results obtained by two calibration methods were in agreement with those of reference methods. However a comparison indicated that the LS-SVM model presented better predictive capacity for the cellulose and lignin contents, while the ANN model presented was more adequate for estimating the hemicelluloses content and lignin siringyl/guaiacyl ratio.

Antioxidant activities of isolated compounds from stems of Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla

This work describes the phytochemical study of stems of Mimosa invisa (Mimosaceae) and the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of isolated compounds. Cromatografic techniques were employed to isolate salicifoliol, pinoresinol, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranosyl, quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranosyl lupeol, β-amyrin, sitosterol, p-hydroxy coumaric acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde (vanillin), 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid and 4',6,7- trimethoxy flavonol. The latter had been previously described but the spectrometric data shown indicated the structure required review. The antioxidant activity of the compounds was evaluated by the DPPH test and capability of NBT reduction by superoxide radicals. Quercetin glycosides showed lower antioxidant potential than quercetin and, salicifoliol was found to be more active than pinoresinol.

Desenvolvimento e validação de método analítico para quantificação do fármaco bevacizumabe por cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência

In this study, an analytical method was developed and validated for quantitation of the drug bevacizumab (Avastin®) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC column was a BioSuite 250® HR SEC, 300 x 7.8 mm x 5 µm (Waters, USA). The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The results revealed that the method was specific, precise, accurate, robust and linear (r² = 0.998) from 5 to 75 µg mL-1. Therefore, this method can be used in drug release studies or in quality control ampoules of the drug.

Internalização de farmoquímicos e medicamentos para doenças tropicais negligenciadas: proposta de interação entre Governo - Universidade - Empresa

History shows that public health actions to combat epidemics are most effective when there is constant synergy of both government and society, exemplified by prevention actions in the fight against dengue fever, H1N1 influenza etc. Private-public-partnerships (PPP) can also provide more dynamic and consistent results in production through interaction among Government, University and Enterprise actors. This article puts forward proposals to tackle the problem of neglected tropical diseases via the formation of a Management Council using Etzkowitz's Triple Helix concept to attenuate this public health issue in Brazil.

Atividade anticolinesterásica e perfil químico de uma fração cromatográfica ativa do extrato etanólico das flores Bellis perennis L. (Asteraceae)

This work describes the isolation of an active flavonoid fraction and identification of isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-(6''-acetyl)-galactopyranoside from flowers of B. perennis, and also the evaluation of anticholinesterase (AChE) activity of ethanolic extract from flowers (EEF) and the active fraction. The chemical structure of the flavonoid was defined on the basis of spectroscopic ¹H NMR, IR and UV data. EEF or flavonoid reduces AChE activity in vivo, while flavonoid also reduces AChE activity in vitro, showing a value of 1.49 mM for 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), suggesting potential use as an insecticide or in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

Composição química e atividade anticolinesterásica de uma fração ativa do extrato de folhas de Citrus limon (L.) Burm

This paper describes the chemical composition and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of an active chromatographic fraction of the EtOAc extract of Citrus limon leaves. The composition of the active fraction presented a mixture of two coumarins, 5,8-dimethoxy-psoralen and 5,7- dimethoxycoumarin, identified by ¹H and ¹³C NMR data analysis, including DEPT, COSY, HMBC and HSQC experiments. It was also demonstrated that this mixture presents qualitative and quantitative AChE inhibition. In vitro studies indicated a CE50 value of 340 µg/mL with 95% of confidence. In vivo studies (10 and 25 mg/kg) revealed inhibition of 30.09 and 30.06% of AChE activity in relation to neostigmine, respectively.