Contaminação ambiental por pesticidas: análise metodológica

Este trabalho teve como objectivo pesquisar os pesticidas que são mais usados em Portugal, os métodos de análise mais frequentemente utilizados na determinação de pesticidas, a contaminação ambiental por pesticidas e como minimizar o impacto ambiental provocado pelo uso indiscriminado de pesticidas. Os pesticidas usados variam de acordo com as diferentes características das regiões de Portugal e os grupos de pesticidas mais usados são: organofosforados, derivados de anilina, derivados triazinicos, tiocarbamatos, derivados do ácido fenoxiacético, derivados de acetamida, benzotiadiazole, derivados de ureia e azol. A determinação destes grupos é usualmente feita usando métodos cromatográficos, uma vez que estes métodos permitem a separação de misturas complexas. A contaminação ambiental por pesticidas pode ser provocada por diversos factores, contudo esta contaminação pode ser minimizada se estes forem usados de forma racional e de um modo sustentável conforme o descrito na directiva 2009/128/CE de 21 de Outubro.

A violência doméstica na Região Autónoma dos Açores : estudo sócio-criminal

A presente edição resulta integralmente do projecto realizado entre Janeiro de 2009 e Fevereiro de 2010 pelo Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade dos Açores e intitulado Estudo Sócio-criminal sobre a Violência Doméstica na Região autónoma dos Açores. Tratou-se de uma investigação financiada pelo Ministério da Administração Interna, através da Direcção-Geral de Administração Interna, que teve como objectivo geral actualizar e aprofundar o quadro de referência do conhecimento sobre a violência doméstica na Região Autónoma dos Açores. O excepcional trabalho desenvolvido pela equipa de investigadores coordenados pelas Professoras Gilberta Rocha e Piedade Lalanda veio a materializar-se num relatório final, cuja dimensão, como se antecipara, é insusceptível de publicação alargada. Assim, desde logo se admitiu que esse relatório de pesquisa deveria ficar disponível em formato digital, para consulta através da web (no sítio da DGAI e da própria Universidade), e que uma versão mais sintética, bilingue (em Português e Inglês), seria objecto de publicação em papel e posterior disseminação junto da comunidade científica e técnica, bem como junto das Forças de Segurança. Para efeitos desta publicação solicitou-se ao Doutor António Manuel Marques, da Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, a tarefa de sistematizar o excepcional estudo elaborado pelo Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade dos Açores, e de colaborar, conjuntamente com a DGAI, na edição da respectiva versão bilingue. Cabe agradecer a todos os que deram o seu melhor para a realização, quer da pesquisa, quer da presente edição, numa lógica de trabalho cola­borativo que importa estimular.

Aspectos da validação de escalas de avaliação do funcionamento do aluno

Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados decorrentes do processo de validação de duas Escalas de avaliação do funcionamento do aluno do ensino básico. Trata-se de Escalas de auto-relato, para uso do professor. Ambas as Escalas são definidas por diferentes dimensões que, no seu conjunto, procuram dar informação sobre o modo como o aluno explora os conteúdos programáticos, organiza o trabalho escolar e se relaciona com os outros, em especial com os pares. Os resultados que se apresentam procuram traduzir a consistência interna de cada uma das dimensões, assim como o comportamento de variáveis sociodemográficas e escolares por dimensão.

Estudo preliminar de escalas de avaliação do funcionamento do aluno

X Congresso Internacional Galego-Português de Psicopedagogia, realizado nos dias 9, 10 e 11 de Setembro de 2009, na Universidade do Minho (Campus de Gualtar).

Entrepreneurship Education : The role of the Higher Education Institutions in the Entrepreneurial Attitudes of the Students

8th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. 18-20 November, 2015, Seville, Spain.

Perfis de estudantes no contexto do empreendedorismo : Análise de correspondências múltiplas e análise de clusters

XXIII Jornadas de Classificação e Análise de Dados (JOCLAD 2016), 31 de março a 2 de abril de 2016, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal (Comunicação).

Difficulties in the Learning of Statistics by the Students of the Primary Education

The present study, covering students from public schools and a private school on the island of São Miguel (Azores, Portugal), aims to meet the difficulties of the students of the 3rd and 4th years of the primary education in solving tasks involving construction, reading and interpreting tables and statistical graphs, in the context of Organization and Data Handling (ODH). We present the main results obtained from statistical methods, among which we highlight some non-parametric hypothesis tests and the Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA), given the nature of the variables included in the questionnaire (mostly nominal and ordinal variables).

Clustering an interval data set : are the main partitions similar to a priori partition?

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Avaliação das perceções dos estudantes do 1º ano em relação à praxe académica

XXIII Jornadas de Classificação e Análise de Dados (JOCLAD 2016), 31 de março a 2 de abril de 2016, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.

Electroanalytical determination of oxadiazon and characterization of its base-catalyzed ring-opening products

The electrochemical behavior of the hydrolysis products of oxadiazon was studied by cyclic and square-wave voltammetry using a glassy carbon electrode. Maximum currents were obtained at pH 12.8 in an aqueous electrolyte solution containing 30% ethanol and the current did not decrease with time showing that there was little adsorption of the reaction products on the electrode surface. The hydrolysis products of oxadiazon were identi®ed, after isolation and puri®cation, as 1-trimethylacetyl-2-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-2-ethoxycarbonylhydrazine (Oxa1) and 1-trimethylacetyl-2-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl) hydrazine (Oxa2) with redox potentials 0.6Vand 70.1V (vs. Ag=AgCl), respectively. Based on the electrochemical behavior of 1-trimethylacetyl-2-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl) hydrazine (Oxa2) a simple electroanalytical procedure was developed for the determination of oxadiazon in commercial products used in the treatment of rice crops in Portugal that contain oxadiazon as the active ingredient. The detection limit was 161074 M, the mean content and relative standard deviation obtained for seven samples of two different commercial products by the electrochemical method were 28.4 0.8% (Ronstar) and 1.9 0.2% (Ronstar GR), and the recoveries were 100.3 5.4% and 101.1 5.3 %, respectively.

Electrochemical oxidation of propanil and related N-substituted amides

The electrochemical behaviour of propanil and related N-substituted amides (acetanilide and N,N-diphenylacetamide) was studied by cyclic and square wave voltammetry using a glassy carbon electrode. Propanil has been found to have chemical stability under the established analytical conditions and showed an oxidation peak at +1.27V versus Ag/AgCl at pH 7.5. N,N-diphenylacetamide has a higher oxidation potential than the other compounds of +1.49V versus Ag/AgCl. Acetanilide oxidation occurred at a potential similar to that of propanil, +1.24V versus Ag/AgCl. These results are in agreement with the substitution pattern of the nitrogen atom of the amide. A degradation product of propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), was also studied, and showed an oxidation peak at +0.66V versus Ag/AgCl. A simple and specific quantitative electroanalytical method is described for the analysis of propanil in commercial products that contain propanil as the active ingredient, used in the treatment of rice crops in Portugal.

Screening of carbamates and ureas in fresh and processed tomato samples using micowave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography

An analytical method, based on microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with diode array detection, for the determination of six carbamate and three urea pesticides in fresh and processed tomato samples is described. Significant parameters affecting extraction efficiency were optimized. Under optimum microwave-assisted extraction conditions (20mL acetonitrile, for 10 minutes, at 60º C), pesticides were extracted with recoveries ranging from 57.6 to 102% (RSDs<7%). Quantification limits between 6.5 and 39.6 µg=kg were obtained. A total number of 28 different fresh tomato samples and 6 processed tomato products were analysed. Confirmation of suspicious samples was performed by LC-MS.

Development of an FIA system with amperometric detection for determination of bentazone in estuarine waters

On the basis of its electrochemical behaviour a new flow-injection analysis (FIA) method with amperometric detection has been developed for quantification of the herbicide bentazone (BTZ) in estuarine waters. Standard solutions and samples (200 µL) were injected into a water carrier stream and both pH and ionic strength were automatically adjusted inside the manifold. Optimization of critical FIA conditions indicated that the best analytical results were obtained at an oxidation potential of 1.10 V, pH 4.5, and an overall flow-rate of 2.4 mL min–1. Analysis of real samples was performed by means of calibration curves over the concentration range 2.5x10–6 to 5.0x10–5 mol L–1, and results were compared with those obtained by use of an independent method (HPLC). The accuracy of the amperometric determinations was ascertained; errors relative to the comparison method were below 4% and sampling rates were approximately 100 samples h–1. The repeatability of the proposed method was calculated by assessing the relative standard deviation (%) of ten consecutive determinations of one sample; the value obtained was 2.1%.

Electroanalytical study of the pesticide asulam

The electrochemical behaviour of the herbicide Asulam was studied by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. Asulam may be irreversibly oxidised at a glassy carbon electrode. Maximum currents were obtained at pH=1.9 in aqueous electrolyte solution. Based on the electrochemical behaviour of Asulam, two analytical methodologies were developed for its determination in water samples, using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and flow injection analysis (FIA) coupled with an amperometric detector. Limits of detection of 7.1x10-6 mol L-1 and 1.2x10-8 mol L-1 for SWV and FIA respectively, were achieved. Repeatability was calculated by assessing the relative standard deviation (%) for 10 consecutive determinations of one sample. The found values were 2.1% for SWV and 5.0% for FIA. Validation of the results provided by SWV and FIA methodologies was performed by comparison with results from an HPLC-DAD technique. Good relative deviations were found (<5%). Recovery trials were performed to assess the accuracy of the results and the obtained values were between 84% and 107% for both methods.

Subacute effects of the thiodicarb pesticide on target organs of male wistar rats: biochemical, histological, and flow cytometry studies

Thiodicarb, a carbamate pesticide widely used on crops, may pose several environmental and health concerns. This study aimed to explore its toxicological profile on male rats using hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and flow cytometry markers. Exposed animals were dosed daily at 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg/body weight (group A, B, and C, respectively) during 30 d. No significant changes were observed in hematological parameters among all groups. After 10 d, a decrease of total cholesterol levels was noted in rats exposed to 40 mg/kg. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity increased (group A at 20 d; groups A and B at 30 d) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (group B at 30 d) activity significantly reduced. At 30 d a decrease of some of the other evaluated parameters was observed with total cholesterol and urea levels in group A as well as total protein and creatinine levels in groups A and B. Histological results demonstrated multi-organ dose-related damage in thiodicarb-exposed animals, evidenced as hemorrhagic and diffuse vacuolation in hepatic tissue; renal histology showed disorganized glomeruli and tubular cell degeneration; spleen was ruptured with white pulp and clusters of iron deposits within red pulp; significant cellular loss was noted at the cortex of thymus; and degenerative changes were observed within testis. The histopathologic alterations were most prominent in the high-dose group. Concerning flow cytometry studies, an increase of lymphocyte number, especially T lymphocytes, was seen in blood samples from animals exposed to the highest dose. Taken together, these results indicate marked systemic organ toxicity in rats after subacute exposure to thiodicarb.