Modélisation en bandes C et X de la rétrodiffusion de couverts de neige sèche : évaluation de l’apport de l’approximation quasi-cristalline pour les milieux denses.

La compréhension et la modélisation de l’interaction de l’onde électromagnétique avec la neige sont très importantes pour l’application des technologies radars à des domaines tels que l’hydrologie et la climatologie. En plus de dépendre des propriétés de la neige, le signal radar mesuré dépendra aussi des caractéristiques du capteur et du sol. La compréhension et la quantification des différents processus de diffusion du signal dans un couvert nival s’effectuent à travers les théories de diffusions de l’onde électromagnétique. La neige, dans certaines conditions, peut être considérée comme un milieu dense lorsque les particules de glace qui la composent y occupent une fraction volumique considérable. Dans un tel milieu, les processus de diffusion par les particules ne se font plus de façon indépendante, mais de façon cohérente. L’approximation quasi-cristalline pour les milieux denses est une des théories élaborées afin de prendre en compte ces processus de diffusions cohérents. Son apport a été démontré dans de nombreuses études pour des fréquences > 10 GHz où l’épaisseur optique de la neige est importante et où la diffusion de volume est prédominante. Par contre, les capteurs satellitaires radar présentement disponibles utilisent les bandes L (1-2GHz), C (4-8GHz) et X (8-12GHz), à des fréquences principalement en deçà des 10 GHz. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer l’apport du modèle de diffusion issu de l’approximation quasi-cristalline pour les milieux denses (QCA/DMRT) dans la modélisation de couverts de neige sèches en bandes C et X. L’approche utilisée consiste à comparer la modélisation de couverts de neige sèches sous QCA/DMRT à la modélisation indépendante sous l’approximation de Rayleigh. La zone d’étude consiste en deux sites localisés sur des milieux agricoles, près de Lévis au Québec. Au total 9 champs sont échantillonnés sur les deux sites afin d’effectuer la modélisation. Dans un premier temps, une analyse comparative des paramètres du transfert radiatif entre les deux modèles de diffusion a été effectuée. Pour des paramètres de cohésion inférieurs à 0,15 à des fractions volumiques entre 0,1 et 0,3, le modèle QCA/DMRT présentait des différences par rapport à Rayleigh. Un coefficient de cohésion optimal a ensuite été déterminé pour la modélisation d’un couvert nival en bandes C et X. L’optimisation de ce paramètre a permis de conclure qu’un paramètre de cohésion de 0,1 était optimal pour notre jeu de données. Cette très faible valeur de paramètre de cohésion entraîne une augmentation des coefficients de diffusion et d’extinction pour QCA/DMRT ainsi que des différences avec les paramètres de Rayleigh. Puis, une analyse de l’influence des caractéristiques du couvert nival sur les différentes contributions du signal est réalisée pour les 2 bandes C et X. En bande C, le modèle de Rayleigh permettait de considérer la neige comme étant transparente au signal à des angles d’incidence inférieurs à 35°. Vu l’augmentation de l’extinction du signal sous QCA/DMRT, le signal en provenance du sol est atténué d’au moins 5% sur l’ensemble des angles d’incidence, à de faibles fractions volumiques et fortes tailles de grains de neige, nous empêchant ainsi de considérer la transparence de la neige au signal micro-onde sous QCA/DMRT en bande C. En bande X, l’augmentation significative des coefficients de diffusion par rapport à la bande C, ne nous permet plus d’ignorer l’extinction du signal. La part occupée par la rétrodiffusion de volume peut dans certaines conditions, devenir la part prépondérante dans la rétrodiffusion totale. Pour terminer, les résultats de la modélisation de couverts de neige sous QCA/DMRT sont validés à l’aide de données RADARSAT-2 et TerraSAR-X. Les deux modèles présentaient des rétrodiffusions totales semblables qui concordaient bien avec les données RADARSAT-2 et TerraSAR-X. Pour RADARSAT-2, le RMSE du modèle QCA/DMRT est de 2,52 dB en HH et 2,92 dB en VV et pour Rayleigh il est de 2,64 dB en HH et 3,01 dB en VV. Pour ce qui est de TerraSAR-X, le RMSE du modèle QCA/DMRT allait de 1,88 dB en HH à 2,32 dB en VV et de 2,20 dB en HH à 2,71 dB en VV pour Rayleigh. Les valeurs de rétrodiffusion totales des deux modèles sont assez similaires. Par contre, les principales différences entre les deux modèles sont bien évidentes dans la répartition des différentes contributions de cette rétrodiffusion totale.

Compactness in quasi-Banach function spaces and applications to compact embeddings of Besov-type spaces

There are two main aims of the paper. The first one is to extend the criterion for the precompactness of sets in Banach function spaces to the setting of quasi-Banach function spaces. The second one is to extend the criterion for the precompactness of sets in the Lebesgue spaces $L_p(\Rn)$, $1 \leq p < \infty$, to the so-called power quasi-Banach function spaces. These criteria are applied to establish compact embeddings of abstract Besov spaces into quasi-Banach function spaces. The results are illustrated on embeddings of Besov spaces $B^s_{p,q}(\Rn)$, $0

CREATING ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENS: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL AND QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION OF SUPERVSIOR- AND PEER-BASED INTERVENTIONS

Research suggests that supervisors and peers can help employees make sense of what is important or expected from them at work and, thereby, shape their behaviors. In this dissertation, I examine how employees’ organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB), such as helping and voice, are differentially affected by these two sources of influence over time. In particular, I compare the relative and joint effectiveness of two field interventions to enhance OCB: (a) a role clarification intervention in which supervisors are trained to set expectations for OCB for their employees and encourage them to engage in OCB and (b) a norm establishment intervention in which peers are trained to set expectations for each other and encourage each other to perform OCB. I utilize a mixed methods approach involving a quasi-field experiment to test for changes in OCB and qualitative data to explore the theoretical mechanisms over the course of three months in a large food processing plant. I find that role clarification interventions alone have immediate positive effects on OCB, whereas norm establishment interventions alone take a longer period of time to increase OCB. In addition, in the condition where both interventions were combined, norm establishment interventions weaken the effects of role clarification earlier on; however, at later stages in time, this pattern reverses as norm establishment enhances the effects of role clarification on OCB. Through these findings, I highlight how (a) organizations seeking quick increases in citizenship might be better off focusing on supervisors as sources of influence; (b) organizations need to persist with peer-focused interventions to see positive gains; and (c) despite initial hurdles with peer-focused interventions, over time, they can lead to the highest increases in OCB when combined with supervisor-focused interventions.

A tableau system for Quasi-hybrid logic

Hybrid logic is a valuable tool for specifying relational structures, at the same time that allows defining accessibility relations between states, it provides a way to nominate and make mention to what happens at each specific state. However, due to the many sources nowadays available, we may need to deal with contradictory information. This is the reason why we came with the idea of Quasi-hybrid logic, which is a paraconsistent version of hybrid logic capable of dealing with inconsistencies in the information, written as hybrid formulas. In [5] we have already developed a semantics for this paraconsistent logic. In this paper we go a step forward, namely we study its proof-theoretical aspects. We present a complete tableau system for Quasi-hybrid logic, by combining both tableaux for Quasi-classical and Hybrid logics.

Belief and Bounded Rationality

Predictive accounts of belief ascription, either following the principle of charity or Dennett's intentional stance, have proved popular recently. However, such accounts require us first to treat agents as perfectly rational agents and then revise this assumption as appropriate. I argue that such downwards revision is no easy task and that several proposed accounts are not satisfactory. I propose a way of characterising agent's belief states which shares Dennett's approach but avoids treating agents as perfectly rational, and develop a formal account in terms of fan models.

Quasi delay insensitive asynchronous circuits for low EMI

International audience

The interaction between two oppositely travelling, horizontally offset, antisymmetric quasi-geostrophic hetons

We investigate numerically the nonlinear interactions between hetons. Hetons are baroclinic structures consisting of two vortices of opposite sign lying at different depths. Hetons are long-lived. They most often translate (they can sometimes rotate) and therefore they can noticeably contribute to the transport of scalar properties in the oceans. Heton interactions can interrupt this translation and thus this transport, by inducing a reconfiguration of interacting hetons into more complex baroclinic multipoles. More specifically, we study here the general case of two hetons, which collide with an offset between their translation axes. For this purpose, we use the point vortex theory, the ellipsoidal vortex model and direct simulations in the three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic contour surgery model. More specifically, this paper shows that there are in general three regimes for the interaction. For small horizontal offsets between the hetons, their vortices recombine as same-depth dipoles which escape at an angle. The angle depends in particular on the horizontal offset. It is a right angle for no offset, and the angle is shallower for small but finite offsets. The second limiting regime is for large horizontal offsets where the two hetons remain the same hetonic structures but are deflected by the weaker mutual interaction. Finally, the intermediate regime is for moderate offsets. This is the regime where the formation of a metastable quadrupole is possible. The formation of this quadrupole greatly restrains transport. Indeed, it constrains the vortices to reside in a closed area. It is shown that the formation of such structures is enhanced by the quasi-periodic deformation of the vortices. Indeed, these structures are nearly unobtainable for singular vortices (point vortices) but may be obtained using deformable, finite-core vortices.

Multiscale Schemes for the BGK--Vlasov--Poisson System in the Quasi-Neutral and Fluid Limits. Stability Analysis and First Order Schemes

This paper deals with the development and the analysis of asymptotically stable and consistent schemes in the joint quasi-neutral and fluid limits for the collisional Vlasov-Poisson system. In these limits, the classical explicit schemes suffer from time step restrictions due to the small plasma period and Knudsen number. To solve this problem, we propose a new scheme stable for choices of time steps independent from the small scales dynamics and with comparable computational cost with respect to standard explicit schemes. In addition, this scheme reduces automatically to consistent discretizations of the underlying asymptotic systems. In this first work on this subject, we propose a first order in time scheme and we perform a relative linear stability analysis to deal with such problems. The framework we propose permits to extend this approach to high order schemes in the next future. We finally show the capability of the method in dealing with small scales through numerical experiments.

Emotional Theory of Rationality

In recent decades, it has been definitely established the existence of a close relationship between the emotional phenomena and rational processes, but we still do not have a unified definition, or effective models to describe any of them well. To advance our understanding of the mechanisms governing the behavior of living beings we must integrate multiple theories, experiments and models from both fields. In this paper we propose a new theoretical framework that allows integrating and understanding, from a functional point of view, the emotion-cognition duality. Our reasoning, based on evolutionary principles, add to the definition and understanding of emotion, justifying its origin, explaining its mission and dynamics, and linking it to higher cognitive processes, mainly with attention, cognition, decision-making and consciousness. According to our theory, emotions are the mechanism for brain function optimization, besides being the contingency and stimuli prioritization system. As a result of this approach, we have developed a dynamic systems-level model capable of providing plausible explanations for some psychological and behavioral phenomena, and establish a new framework for scientific definition of some fundamental psychological terms.

Unpacking insanity defence standards: an experimental study of rationality and control tests in criminal law

The present study investigated the impact of different legal standards on mock juror decisions concerning whether a defendant was guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity. Undergraduate students (N = 477) read a simulated case summary involving a murder case and were asked to make an insanity determination. The cases differed in terms of the condition of the defendant (rationality deficit or control deficit) and the legal standard given to the jurors to make the determination (Model Penal Code, McNaughten or McNaughten plus a separate control determination). The effects of these variables on the insanity determination were investigated. Jurors also completed questionnaires measuring individualism and hierarchy attitudes and perceptions of facts in the case. Results indicate that under current insanity standards jurors do not distinguish between defendants with rationality deficits and defendants with control deficits regardless of whether the legal standard requires them to do so. Even defendants who lacked control were found guilty at equal rates under a legal standard excusing rationality deficits only and a legal standard excluding control and rationality deficits. This was improved by adding a control test as a partial defence, to be determined after a rationality determination. Implications for the insanity defence in the Criminal Justice System are discussed.

Landau-Gutzwiller quasi-particles

We define Landau quasiparticles within the Gutzwiller variational theory and derive their dispersion relation for general multiband Hubbard models in the limit of large spatial dimensions D. Thereby we reproduce our previous calculations which were based on a phenomenological effective single-particle Hamiltonian. For the one-band Hubbard model we calculate the frst-order corrections in 1/D and find that the corrections to the quasiparticle dispersions are small in three dimensions. They may be largely absorbed in a rescaling of the total bandwidth, unless the system is close to half band filling. Therefore, the Gutzwiller theory in the limit of large dimensions provides quasiparticle bands which are suitable for a comparison with real, three-dimensional Fermi liquids.

Mackey topology on locally convex spaces and on locally quasi-convex groups. Similarities and historical remarks

A counterpart of the Mackey–Arens Theorem for the class of locally quasi-convex topological Abelian groups (LQC-groups) was initiated in Chasco et al. (Stud Math 132(3):257–284, 1999). Several authors have been interested in the problems posed there and have done clarifying contributions, although the main question of that source remains open. Some differences between the Mackey Theory for locally convex spaces and for locally quasi-convex groups, stem from the following fact: The supremum of all compatible locally quasi-convex topologies for a topological abelian group G may not coincide with the topology of uniform convergence on the weak quasi-convex compact subsets of the dual groupG∧. Thus, a substantial part of the classical Mackey–Arens Theorem cannot be generalized to LQC-groups. Furthermore, the mentioned fact gives rise to a grading in the property of “being a Mackey group”, as defined and thoroughly studied in Díaz Nieto and Martín-Peinador (Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 80:119–144, 2014). At present it is not known—and this is the main open question—if the supremum of all the compatible locally quasi-convex topologies on a topological group is in fact a compatible topology. In the present paper we do a sort of historical review on the Mackey Theory, and we compare it in the two settings of locally convex spaces and of locally quasi-convex groups. We point out some general questions which are still open, under the name of Problems.