994 resultados para Tg
Resumo:
本工作对三种极化非线性光学(NLO)高聚物进行了研究。1)有机染料掺杂型NLO高聚物:把分散红(DR1)和对硝基苯胺(p-NA)掺杂于无定型高聚物中,用旋涂法成膜,在掺杂高聚物Tg以上,用电晕极化法使薄膜中的染料分子取向。研究了电晕极化条件对取向效果的影响。具有高Tg的极化膜显示了好的取向稳定性;2)主链或侧链含生色基团的NLO高聚物:分散红以共价键接枝在高分子侧链或对硝基苯胺接枝在高分子主链。用UV-vis光谱法和偏振IR光谱法表征了NLO高聚物极化过程。同染料掺杂高聚物比较,主链型高聚物具有较好的取向稳定性。3)交聚型NLO高聚物:4-(2,3-二羟基丙氧基)-4'-硝基偶氮苯与六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的缩二脲进行电场极化交联反应。在较短时间内得到完全交联的NLO聚合物材料。采用变温FT-IR光谱及DSC对不同温度的交联过程进行了详细的研究。在适当的预聚温度和时间以及极化温度和电压等固化条件下,测得极化膜的d_(33)值。
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本文通过一步法合成了两大类聚氨酯互穿网络聚合物(IPN)。其中第一组分是用端羟基聚环氧氯丙烷(PECH)与异氰酸酯反应合成的具有低玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、高弹性的聚醚型聚氨酯,另一组分是高Tg、高模量的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚苯乙烯(PS)或者是这两者的共聚物(P(MMA-co-S))。对合成的IPN进行了详细、系统的研究。
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本论文综述了聚酰亚胺结构改性与杂化的研究现状与发展趋势。合成了2,2',3,3'-联苯四酸二酐(2,2',3,3'-BPDA),其单晶结构分析表明该单体具有非线性和非共平面结构,不同于其异构体3,3',4,4'-BPPA;对两个异构体的模型化合物和聚合物进行了分子模拟,表明二者沿联苯轴的旋转位垒相差10~9倍;以2,2',3,3'-BPDA为单体与不同二胺反应制得一系列新型的聚酰亚胺均聚物和共聚物,它们显示出高Tg、高耐热性和低结晶性;联苯型聚酰亚胺的溶解性因引入柔性单元、非共平面结构和采用共缩聚而得到改善,其中使用2,2',3,3'-联苯四酸二酐还可提高热稳定性。在含大量水的溶剂中制得高分子量和具有良好力学性能的聚酰亚胺,这与热酰亚胺化时的链增长过程有关。通过溶胶-凝胶、掺杂和分散等方法成功地制得聚酰亚胺-TiO_2(BaO/TiO_2, BaTiO_3)等纳米杂化材料,这些材料具有良好的耐热性、透明性和力学性能,其介电性能、导电性能和压电性能也得到明显的提高。
Resumo:
随着社会的发展,人均寿命的延长,人口老龄化已经成为我国不可回避的社会 问题。老年人在医疗卫生保健方面的花费远远超过普通人群。健康长寿老人能避 免或者延缓年龄相关疾病的发生,从而减少在卫生保健方面的花费;另外,长寿 老人的子女在年龄相关疾病方面的患病率也显著低于年龄相匹配的对照组。因 此,开展健康长寿方面的研究,一方面可以提高老年人的生活质量,另一方面可 以改善由于人口老龄化而引起的社会问题。 我国长寿老人大多零散分布在乡区,并且由于长寿老人的身体条件等原因, 给完整的收集相关数据带来困难。国内关于长寿的研究主要集中在城镇,而且由 于人群、地域、生活方式等差异我们也不能完全借鉴国外的研究成果。因此,我 们对四川和云南汉族健康长寿老人进行横断面研究,并对其长寿机理进行探索。 从亲缘关系上我们把样品分为:长寿组、血缘组和无血缘组三个组;从年龄上分 为:≤59、60-89、90-94 和≥95 四个组。在实验中,我们测定了常规体检指标, 常见促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子水平以及其调控区的单核苷酸多态性。 一般认为随着年龄增加血糖水平升高,并且高水平的 HDL-C 和高比率的 HDL-C/TC 以及低TC,TG 和LDL-C 水平有利于长寿。都江堰长寿老人血糖水平偏 低,显著低于血缘组和无血缘组以及其他年龄组;调整年龄后,都江堰≥95 岁 年龄组的血糖水平显著高于90-94 年龄组;血糖水平在性别间不存在显著差异。 都江堰长寿老人LDL-C 水平在90-94 和≥95 年龄组显著低于其他年龄组,≥95 年龄组显著低于90-94 年龄组;调整性别后,90-94 年龄组女性的LDL-C 水平显 著高于男性水平,其他年龄组在性别间差异不显著;女性≥95 年龄组显著低于 90-94 年龄组,但在男性中差异不显著。TG 和TC 水平在都江堰和红塔两地各组 中的变化趋势都存在着差异,在性别间比较发现两地各年龄组变化趋势都一致, 仅在90-94 年龄组女性都显著高于男性。HDL-C 水平和HDL-C/TC 在都江堰和红 塔两地各组中变化趋势不一致,调整性别后HDL-C/TC 在90-94 年龄组两地女性 的比率都显著大于男性。通常IL6、IL10 和TNFα 水平随着年龄增加而升高。云 南长寿老人的IL6 水平显著高于血缘组和无血缘组,性别之间的差异不显著。 IL10 水平长寿组显著高于无血缘组,TNFα 水平在各组间差异不显著,由于这两 种细胞因子在绝大多数个体中呈本底水平表达,很难分析年龄与它们水平的相关性。在这三种细胞因子调控区的常见SNPs 位点上,许多研究表明il10-1082 和 il6-174 位点和长寿存在着一定的相关性,tnfα-308 位点与长寿不存在相关性。 在我们收集的样品中il6-174 位点不存在多态性。男性个体的il10-592A 和-819T 的等位基因频率在长寿组显著高于无血缘组,在-1082 位点与长寿不存在相关性。 tnfα-238A 和-308A 等位基因频率在长寿组中显著高于无血缘组,在各组单倍型 间的差异显著,G-G 单倍型在长寿组中呈下降趋势;调整性别后,两位点的等位 基因频率在各组间的差异不显著,但单倍型在各组间差异显著,变化趋势同调整 性别前一致。 总之,四川都江堰长寿人群的血糖水平和LDL-C 水平比较低,都江堰和云南 红塔两地长寿老人的血脂水平存在着地域差异。与前人的研究结果比较,汉族人 群的IL6、IL10 和TNFα水平以及常见的启动区SNPs 位点可能存在人种差异。
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Thyroid hormones (THs) play an important role in the normal development and physiological functions in fish. Environmental chemicals may adversely affect thyroid function by disturbing gene transcription. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a persistent compound, is widely distributed in the aquatic environment and wildlife. In the present study, we investigated whether PFOS could disrupt the hypothalamic– pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of PFOS (0, 100, 200 and 400 lg L 1) and gene expression patterns were examined 15 d post-fertilization. The expression of several genes in the HPT system, i.e., corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (TG), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), transthyretin (TTR), iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio1 and Dio2) and thyroid receptor (TRa and TRb), was quantitatively measured using real-time PCR. The gene expression levels of CRF and TSH were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, upon exposure to 200 and 400 lg L 1 PFOS. A significant increase in NIS and Dio1 gene expression was observed at 200 lg L 1 PFOS exposure, while TG gene expression was down-regulated at 200 and 400 lg L 1 PFOS exposure. TTR gene expression was down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Up-regulation and down-regulation of TRa and TRb gene expression, respectively, was observed upon exposure to PFOS. The whole body thyroxine (T4) content remained unchanged, whereas triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly increased, which could directly reflect disrupted thyroid hormone status after PFOS exposure. The overall results indicated that PFOS exposure could alter gene expression in the HPT axis and that mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by PFOS could occur at several steps in the synthesis, regulation, and action of thyroid hormones.
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We have measured the power dependence of the photoluminesence spectra from a set of strained InxGa1-xAs/GaAs single quantum wells. The result shows that the excitation power has important effect on the carrier recombination processes. When the power increases from 0.5 to 14 mW, the photoluminescence from the barrier becomes more intense than that from the well and the trapping efficiency decreases. At high excitation level, the ratio of the radiative recombination rate to the nonradiative recombination rate of the barrier increases ten times than that at lower excitation level, while it only doubles for the well.
Resumo:
The photoluminescence from InxG1-xAs/GaAs strained quantum wells with thickness from 30 to 160 angstrom have been studied at 77 K under hydrostatic pressure up to 60 kbar. It was found that the pressure coefficients of the exciton peaks corresponding to transitions from the first conduction subband to the heavy-hole subband increased with reduced well width, in contrast to the case of GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells. Calculations revealed that the increased barrier height with pressure was the major cause of the change in the pressure coefficients. Two peaks related to indirect transitions were observed at pressures higher than 50 kbar. They are attributed to type-I transitions from the lowest conduction-band edge, which are the strain splitted X(xy) valleys, to the heavy-hole subband in the InxGa1-xAs well.