Designing features for supporting social interactions in online communities

This Master's thesis studies the development of interaction and socialization in online communities. A large number of online communities fade away even before they really get started. In many occasions the reason is that the community does not give anything new, or even if they do, the delivery does not satisfy the users. In this thesis guidelines were developed to help to see important things, which might be forgotten when developing an online community. The thesis goes through the characteristic of an online community and human behaviour related to them and also compares behaviour in the Internet and real life. In addition, usability is an important part of the online communities and thus it is also covered in this thesis. As a result of this thesis an 8-step guideline was developed to ease the design of an online community. Guidelines were also applied to two real life cases which are described as one part of this work.

Painelajittimen kulutusosien kunnossapitostrategioiden kehittäminen

Kaukaan sellutehtaalla on käytössä lukuisia painelajittimia, mutta tarkastelun kohteeksi valittiin havukuitulinjan hienolajittelun ensimmäisen portaan painelajitin. Painelajittimen kunnossapitostrategian määrittelyyn vaaditaan hyvät pohjatiedot prosessi-ilmiöistä ja näiden aiheuttamista vikaantumismekanismeista. Siksi työssä on esitelty sellun valmistusprosessi suurpiirteisesti ja keskitytty tuomaan esille kaikki lajitteluun vaikuttavat tekijät ja teoriat. Toiminnan lisäksi käydään lävitse painelajittimen rakenne sekä tarkasteltavan yksilön nykyinen varaosatilanne ja huoltohistoria. Näihin pohjatietoihin nojautuen tuodaan esille kehityskohteita kuluvien komponenttien kunnossapidon osalta sekä vertaillaan esille nousseita strategiamalleja kustannuslaskelmien avulla. Kustannuslaskelmat antavat hyvän ja konkreettisen vertailukohdan, jonka perusteella voidaan jatkossa kehittää kunnossapitostrategioita entistä kustannustehokkaampaan suuntaan. Työssä tarkastellaan kehityskohteita tuotantolaitoksen näkökulmasta, joten teknisten ratkaisuiden ja yksityiskohtien toteuttamista ei käydä erityisen tarkasti lävitse. Kandidaatintyön julkisessa versiossa hintatiedot on muutettu suuntaa antaviksi ja yrityksien arkaluontoiset asiat ja tuotetiedot on poistettu.

Saako historiasta selvää? Monikulttuuriset yläkoululaiset historian lähteillä historian taidot motiivien, seurauksien, historian tulkintojen ja lähteiden luotettavuuden arvioinneissa

The research assesses the skills of upper comprehensive school pupils in history. The focus is on locating personal motives, assessing wider reasons hidden in historical sources and evaluating source reliability. The research also questions how a wide use of multiple sources affects pupils’ holistic understanding of historical phenomena. The participants were a multicultural group of pupils. The origins of their cultures can be traced to the Balkan, the Middle East, Asia and Europe. The number of native Finnish speakers and pupils speaking Finnish as their second language was almost equal. The multicultural composition provides opportunities to assess how culturally responsive learning history from sources is. The intercultural approach to learning in a multicultural setting emphasizes equality as a precondition for learning. In order to set assignments at least to some extent match with all participants only those answers were taken into account which were produced by pupils who had studied history for a similar period of time in the Finnish comprehensive school system. Due to the small number of participants (41), the study avoids wide generalizations. Nevertheless, possible cultural blueprints in pupils’ way of thinking are noted. The first test examined the skills of pupils to find motives for emigration. The results showed that for 7th graders finding reasons is not a problematic task. However, the number of reasons noticed and justifications varied. In addition, the way the pupils explained their choices was a distinguishing factor. Some pupils interpreted source material making use of previous knowledge on the issue, while other pupils based their analysis solely on the text handed and did not try to add their own knowledge. Answers were divided into three categories: historical, explanatory and stating. Historical answers combined smoothly previously learned historical knowledge to one’s own source analysis; explanatory answers often ignored a wider frame, although they were effective when explaining e.g. historical concepts. The stating answers only noticed motives from the sources and made no attempts to explain them historically. Was the first test culturally responsive? All pupils representing different cultures tackled the first source exam successfully, but there were some signs of how historical concepts are understood in a slightly different way if the pupil’s personal history has no linkage to the concepts under scrutiny. The second test focused on the history of Native Americans. The test first required pupils to recognize whether short source extracts (5) were written by Indians or Caucasians. Based on what they had already learned from North American history, the pupils did not find it hard to distinguish between the sources. The analysis of multiphase causes and consequences of the disputes between Native Americans and white Americans caused dispersion among pupils. Using two historical sources and combining historical knowledge from both of them simultaneously was cumbersome for many. The explanations of consequences can be divided into two groups: the ones emphasizing short term consequences and those placing emphasis on long term consequences. The short term approach was mainly followed by boys in every group. The girls mainly paid attention to long term consequences. The result suggests that historical knowledge in sources is at least to some extent read through role and gender lenses. The third test required pupils to explain in their own words how the three sources given differed in their account of living conditions in Nazi Germany, which turned out to be demanding for many pupils. The pupils’ stronghold was rather the assessment of source reliability and accounts why the sources approached the same events differently. All participants wrote critical and justified comments on reliability and aspects that might have affected the content of the sources. The pupils felt that the main reasons that affected source reliability were the authors’ ethnic background, nationality and profession. The assessment showed that pupils were well aware that position in a historical situation has an impact on historical accounts, but in certain cases the victim’s account was seen as a historical truth. The account of events by a historian was chosen most often as the most reliable source, but it was often justified leniently with an indication to professionalism rather than with clear ideas of how historians conduct accounts based on sources. In brief, the last source test demonstrates that pupils have a strong idea that the ethnicity or nationalism determines how people explained events of the past. It is also an implication that pupils understand how historical knowledge is interpretative. The results also imply that history can be analyzed from a neutral perspective. One’s own membership in an ethnical or religious group does not automatically mean that a person’s cultural identity excludes historical explanations if something in them contradicts with his or her identity. The second method of extracting knowledge of pupils’ historical thinking was an essay analysis. The analysis shows that an analytical account of complicated political issues, which often include a great number of complicated political concepts, leads more likely to an inconsistent structure in the written work of pupils. The material also demonstrates that pupils have a strong tendency to take a critical stance when assessing history. Historical empathy in particular is shown if history somehow has a linkage to young people, children or minorities. Some topics can also awake strong feelings, especially among pupils with emigrant background, if there is a linkage between one’s own personal history and that of the school; and occasionally a student’s historical experience or thoughts replaced school history. Using sources during history lessons at school seems to have many advantages. It enhances the reasoning skills of pupils and their skills to assess the nature of historical knowledge. Thus one of the main aims and a great benefit of source work is to encourage pupils to express their own ideas and opinions. To conclude, when assessing the skills of adolescents in history - their work with sources, comments on history, historical knowledge and finally their historical thinking - one should be cautious and avoid cut off score evaluations. One purpose of pursuing history with sources is to encourage pupils to think independently, which is a useful tool for further identity construction. The idea that pupils have the right to conduct their own interpretations of history can be partially understood as part of a wider learning process, justification to study history comes from extrinsic reasons. The intrinsic reason is history itself; in order to understand history one should have a basic understanding of history as a specific domain of knowledge. Using sources does not mean that knowing history is of secondary importance. Only a balance between knowing the contextual history, understanding basic key concepts and working with sources is a solid base to improve pupils’ historical understanding.

Evaluating Firm-Hosted Online Communities

This thesis centers to three firm-hosted online communities which operate in the field of software development. The communities were analyzed by using a particular design framework. This thesis investigates how companies can benefit from firm-hosted online communities and how well the design principles are present in analyzed communities. The framework also gives perspective and indicators which enables the possibility to analyze and compare communities with each other. This thesis also discuss how well a design framework designed for measuring social software fits to measuring online communities of software development.

Implisiittisen volatiliteetin vaikutukset warranttien hinnoitteluun

Työssä käydään lyhyesti läpi warranttien rakenne ja hinnoittuminen. Empiirisessä osassa testataan voidaanko volatiliteettihymy havaita myös Suomessa. In the paper the structure and pricing of warrants will be introduced. In the empirical part is tested if the volatility smile can be observed in Finland.

Eksistentiaalilauseen ilmiasut edistyneiden suomenoppijoiden kirjoituksessa

Tämän tutkielman aiheena on edistyneiden suomenoppijoiden kielen eksistentiaaliset lauseet. Tutkielmassa selvitetään eksistentiaalisten lauseiden muotoon liittyvää variaatiota ja erilaisten varianttien esiintymisympäristöjä. Eksistentiaalisia lauseita tarkastellaan sekä oppijankielessä eli ns. välikielessä yleisesti että suhteessa kohdekieleen eli suomeen. Tutkielma kuuluu suomi toisena kielenä tutkimuksen piiriin ja käsittelee syntaksia. Se on osa Turun yliopiston Lauseopin arkiston alaista Edistyneiden suomenoppijoiden korpus tutkimushanketta (LAS2korpus). Tutkielmassa käytetään frekvenssi, variaatioja virheanalyysien ohella myös korpustutkimuksessa käytettäviä tutkimusmetodeja, kuten myötäesiintymien tarkastelua. Aineistona on edistyneiden suomenoppijoiden kirjoittamia tenttivastauksia, jotka kuuluvat LAS2korpukseen. Aineisto mahdollistaa osittain myös pitkittäismuutosten tarkastelun. Vertailuaineistona on ensikielenään suomea puhuvien opiskelijoiden tenttivastauksia. Esimerkki prototyyppisestä eksistentiaalisesta lauseesta on tutkimusaineistostani poimittu: ”Tavun laadulla on edelleen erittäin tärkeä merkitys suomen astevaihtelulle.” (LAS25/7) Tutkimuksessa selviää, että edistyneiden suomenoppijoiden eksistentiaaliset lauseet vastaavat yleensä sanajärjestykseltään ensikielisten suomenpuhujien sanajärjestystä, molemmissa aineistoissa 90 prosentissa eksistentiaalisista lauseista on VSsanajärjestys. Eksistentiaalilauseelle epäprototyyppiselle Svsanajärjestykselle löytyy kolme esiintymisympäristöä, jotka saattavat motivoida sanajärjestystä edistyneiden suomenoppijoiden kielessä. Näitä ovat 1) lauseen kielteisyys, 2) lauseessa oleva kontekstiin viittaava elementti ja 3) olla olemassa rakenne. Eksistentiaalisten lauseiden subjektit ovat edistyneillä suomenoppijoilla nominatiivimuotoisia ensikielisiä useammin. Tutkimusaineiston eksistentiaalisista lauseista 11 prosentissa on epäidiomaattinen sijamerkintä. Epäidiomaattisen sijamerkinnän myötäesiintymiä saattavat olla subjektilausekkeen määritteet ja kongruoiva subjekti. 5 prosentissa tutkimusaineiston eksistentiaalisista lauseista on lausetyypille epäidiomaattinen, kongruoiva subjekti. Voidaankin olettaa, että eri lausetyypit saattavat sekoittua samassa tekstilauseessa edistyneidenkin suomenoppijoiden kielessä. Sekoittuminen näkyy tyypillisesti joko 1) jonkin lauseenjäsenen epäidiomaattisena muotona, 2) epäidiomaattisena sanajärjestyksenä tai 3) jonkin lauseenjäsenen puuttumisena. Tulokset osoittavat, että eksistentiaalilausetta määrittävät kielenpiirteet eivät välttämättä läpäise oppijan koko välikieltä. Välikielelle ominainen variaatio on sitä todennäköisempää, mitä enemmän kulloinkin kyseessä oleva tapaus eroaa prototyyppisestä eksistentiaalilauseesta. Analogisen oppimisen vaikutus välikielen kielioppijärjestelmään vaikuttaa suurelta, mikä puoltaa tilastollisesti todennäköisten myötäesiintymien jatkotutkimusta. Syntaktisesti koodattu korpus mahdollistaa kieliopillisten esiintymisympäristöjen tarkastelun tavalla, johon kielellinen intuitio ei yllä.

Improving Cross Direction Basis Weight Profile in a Fourdrinier Paper Machine

The purpose of this study was to improve PM7’s basis weight CD profile in Stora Enso’s Berghuizer mill and to search mechanical defects which affect to the formation of the basis weight CD profile. In the theoretical part PM7’s structure was presented and the formation of the basis weight and caliper CD profiles was examined as well as disturbances which are affecting to the formation. The function of the control system was scrutinised for the side of CD profiles as well as the formation of the measured CD profiles. Tuning of the control system was examined through the response model and filtering. Specification of the response model and filtering was explained and how to determine 2sigma statistical number. In the end of the theoretical part ATPA hardware and a new profile browser were introduced. In the experimental part focus was in the beginning to search and remove mechanical defects which are affecting to CD profiles. The next step was to verify the reliability of the online measurements, to study the stability of the basis weight CD profile and to find out so called fingerprint, a basis weight CD profile which is unique for each paper machine. New response model and filtering value for basis weight CD profile was determined by bump tests. After a follow up period the affect of the new response model and filtering was analysed.

Osallistava markkinointiviestintä sosiaalisessa mediassa

Sosiaalinen media on viime aikoina ollut paljon esillä eri medioissa. Tämä johtuu lähinnä siitä, että erilaiset sosiaaliset yhteisöpalvelut ovat kasvattaneet huimasti suosiotaan. Suuresta suosiosta kertoo esimerkiksi yhteisöpalvelu Facebookin käyttäjämäärän nopea kasvu. Vasta vuonna 2004 perustetulla yhteisöpalvelulla on jo yli 350 miljoonaa aktiivista käyttäjää ympäri maailmaa. Huolimatta eri palveluiden käyttäjämäärien kasvusta, suurin osa yrityksistä, varsinkaan suomalaisista, ei ole vielä löytänyt tietään kyseisiin palveluihin. Yritykset eivät siis ole vielä täysin ymmärtäneet sosiaalisen median potentiaalia viestintäkanavana, vaikka sosiaalisten palveluiden käyttäjämäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta sosiaalisen median vaikutus viestintään on jo ehditty tunnistaa. Tämä kandidaatintutkielma yrittää selvittää, kuinka yritykset voisivat hyödyntää sosiaalista mediaa markkinointiviestintäkanavana. Tutkielmassa keskitytään esittelemään osallistavaa markkinointiviestintää eli uudenlaista tapaa tehdä markkinointiviestintää kuluttajille, sekä sosiaalista mediaa, uudenlaista viestintäkanavaa, jossa kuluttajat ovat läsnä. Näitä kahta uutta viestintään liittyvää käsitettä lähdetään avaamaa esimerkiksi vastaten kysymyksiin: mitä niillä tarkoitetaan, mitä ne sisältävät ja miten ne vaikuttavat yrityksien ja kuluttajien väliseen vuorovaikutukseen?

Conversioni al cattolicesimo a Roma tra Sei e Settecento. La presenza degli scandinavi nell’Ospizio dei Convertendi.

In my PhD dissertation, I have examined a group of people of Scandinavian origin received by Ospizio dei Convertendi. This group has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The Ospizio was an institute founded by the Oratorian Congregation in Rome in 1673 to provide religious instruction and material aid to both recent and aspirant converts to Roman Catholicism. My research traces the profile of converts and a typology of motives, examining different factors which influenced the conversion process. I show that the key factors were often of a social rather than a religious nature. Moreover, I have analyzed the hospice in the context of Counter-Reformation charity as well. In terms of numbers, the Scandinavians formed a somewhat marginal yet not insignificant group within the Roman hospice. Out of a total of 2203 guests received between 1673 and 1706, 4.6 % were Scandinavians: 74 Swedes (including Finland and Livonia) and 27 Danes (including Norway). They came from a rigorously Protestant region which reacted to Catholicism with severe legislative measures. Converts to Catholicism risked confiscation of their goods, expulsion or even capital punishment. Since both Sweden and Denmark were practically impenetrable to Catholicism at the time and clandestine missionary attempts often failed before they had even properly started, the Roman Catholic Church shifted its interest towards Northerners arriving in Rome, a preferred destination for young noblemen, artists and migrant craftsmen. The material related to Ospizio dei Convertendi, conserved in the Vatican archives, is a scarcely known yet unusually rich source, not only for the religious history of our continent, but also for social history and the study of migration in early modern Europe. It contains a wealth of information about members of the subordinate classes, of their travels and lives in Europe. The profile delineated in these documents is of individuals who had a wide range of different professions and different aspirations. These documents encompass a vast social spectrum that was highly mobile on a continent which by that time had become pluriconfessional. Therefore, these migrants faced the complex religious reality in their everyday life. The principal corpus of my research consists of two types of manuscript sources created for administrative and in a way also for apologetic purposes of the Roman Catholic Church. My starting point is the Primo registro generale of Ospizio dei Convertendi. This is a volume in which the following information about each guest was registered: name, nationality, city of origin, age, sex, profession, confession professed before converting, date of arrival, departure, abjuration and baptism. Typically, the convert was male, originating from Stockholm or Copenhagen, from 21 to 30 years of age. The biggest occupational groups in descending order were soldiers, noblemen, craftsmen and sailors. Thus the data reflects a multiform reality of interurban and long distance migration, ideals regarding the education of young noblemen and gentry as well as the need of European armies to hire foreign mercenaries in their various campaigns. Against this background the almost total absence of women is hardly surprising: there is only one woman in the material I have studied. The second main source, Nota degl’ospiti ricevuti e spese fatte per essi, sheds more light on the choices of the converts, their motivations and their lives outside Scandinavia before reaching Rome. This narrative material permits an analysis which completes but also goes far beyond the columns of the Institute’s general register. This material consists of reports written by Catholic priests based on an interview conducted upon each guest’s arrival. The material frequently includes information on what the converts would do following their departure from the Institute as well. These sources have a specific narrative form and contain short biographies, list reasons for converting and information about the journey from the North to the Mediterranean - a journey which in many cases took several years. Moreover, they show that certain unorthodox practices such as calling on the saints and pleading for help from them were not uncommon in the Protestant popular religion. The recording of information on conversions from Protestantism to Catholicism reflects both religious and social interest on the part of the receiving institute. The information obtained was used for the purposes of religious teaching, for finding adequate ways of inserting the convert into Italian society so that he could earn a living, and to find effective methods to convert others with a similar cultural and geographical background. The stories recorded were based on interviews with the newly-arrived, information obtained from a travel companion or fellow countrymen, or from written documents the aspirant converts carried with them. These sources illustrate, although sometimes in rather simplified ways, the circumstances and motivations which were relevant to the choice of changing one’s confession. In addition, I have examined petitions addressed to the hospice and other Roman authorities in order to get financial aid. These petitions were written by Italian scrittori, and they contain certain conventions and topoi of presenting the conversion with the purpose of improving the chances of obtaining financial aid. It is through these filters, which may seem initially almost invisible, that the remote voice of the converts reaches us. The results of the analysis are particularly interesting because they disagree with some of the principal conclusions of previous work on the subject. First, earlier research has focused almost exclusively on the conversions of noblemen, and has argued, second, that the Queen Christina of Sweden was the driving force behind their change of confession. The sources examined for this dissertation present a profile of long-distance migrants, many of them members of the subordinate classes, who were looking for ways to make their living in Europe. These people had in many cases left their country of origin several years earlier and not for religious reasons, so, crucially, we are not dealing with confessional migration in these cases. Rather, conversion was a complex process, intricately tied up with strategies of survival, integration and upward social mobility. At the same time, while these components are significant on their own right, they do not necessarily point to the absence of motivations of a more clearly religious nature.

Jäykistetyn laattarakenteen mitoittaminen suurten taipumien teorialla

Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan epälineaarisen teorian hyödyntämistä laattarakenteiden analysoinnissa ja pyritään muodostamaan yksinkertaisia mitoitusohjeita laattarakenteille. Analysointia varten laattarakenne jaetaan lohkoihin, joille mitoitussäännöt määritetään. Tarkastellaan myös lineaarisen ja epälineaarisen teorian antamien tulosten eroavai-suutta ja suurten taipumien huomioimisen aiheuttamaa hyötyä. Työn lähtökohtana on standardi SFS-EN 1993-1-7, joka antaa yksinkertaistettuja mitoitusohjeita laattarakenteiden mitoitukseen lineaarisella ja epälineaarisella teorialla. Työssä selvitetään mistä nämä mitoitusohjeet ovat peräisin. Lisäksi tarkastellaan laattalohkojen erilaisia liitoksia, jotta voidaan tehdä oletuksia laatan reunaehdoista. Tulokseksi saadaan suuntaa-antavia mitoitusohjeita, joiden soveltaminen onnistuu vain muutamille yksinkertaisille rakenteille. Mitoitusohjeiden perusteella saadaan laskettua laattalohkon jännitykset, taipuma sekä mitoitusohjeiden vaatiman jäykisteen koko. Jotta mitoitusohjeista saataisiin tarkemmat, tulisi mitoitettava rakenne pystyä määrittelemään yksityiskohtaisemmin. Vertailtaessa lineaarista ja epälineaarista laskentaa havaitaan, että huomioimalla suurten taipumien aikaansaamat kalvovoimat, laskevat laattarakenteeseen vaikuttavat taipumat ja jännitykset merkittävästikin.

Antenna Design for Contactless IC Card Applications

Contactless integrated circuit cards are one form of application of radio frequency identification. They are used in applications such as access control, identification, and payment in public transport. The contactless IC cards are passive which means that both the data and the energy are transferred to the card without contact using inductive coupling. Antenna design and optimization of the design for contactless IC cards defined by ISO/IEC14443 is studied. The basic operation principles of contactless system are presented and the structure of contactless IC card is illustrated. The structure was divided between the contactless chip and the antenna. The operation of the antenna was covered in depth and the parameters affecting to the performance of the antenna were presented. Also the different antenna technologies and connection technologies were provided. The antenna design process with the parameters and the design tools isillustrated and optimization of the design is studied. To make the design process more ideal a target of development was discovered, which was the implementation of test application. The optimization of the antenna design was presented based on the optimization criteria defined in this study. The solution for the implementation of these criteria and the effect of each criterion was found. For enhancing the performance of the antenna a focus for future study was proposed.