Formaci??n, cultura y hermen??utica : de Hegel a Gadamer

Resumen tomado del autor. Resumen en castellano e ingl??s. Notas a pie de p??gina. Este art??culo se incluye en el monogr??fico 'Did??cticas espec??ficas'

La experiencia del PISA en Alemania : recepci??n, reformas recientes y reflexiones sobre un sistema educativo en cambio

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: 'La experiencia del PISA en Alemania'. Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

PISA y la formación general.

Monográfico con el título: 'La experiencia del PISA en Alemania'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

La problemática de los estándares de formación y sus exámenes.

Monográfico con el título: 'La experiencia del PISA en Alemania'. Existen dos investigaciones originales previas del mismo autor con los títulos: 'Bildungsstandards und ihre Überprüfung' ('Las normas educativas y su evaluación') y 'Bildungsziel, Bildungsstandards und Kompetenzmodelle. Kritik und Begründungsversuche' ('Las normas objetivas de la educación y los modelos de competencia : crítica y justificación'). Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Ley de formaci??n del profesorado de 8 de agosto de 1974

La Ley de Baviera reflejaba la atenci??n que merec??a la mejora cient??fica y pedag??gica de los profesores, sin descuidar el perfeccionamiento de los mismos en un esfuerzo porque ??sta reforma no defraudara. Constaba de seis secciones: generalidades, estudios, perfeccionamiento del profesorado, ejercicio de la actividad docente referido a los grados, normas especiales, disposiciones transitorias y finales. Comprend??a veintis??is art??culos en total m??s catorce disposiciones adicionales.

Ley-Marco para la ense??anza superior (26 de enero de 1976) : (Rep??blica Federal de Alemania)

Se transcribe la Ley-Marco para la Ense??anza Superior, aprobada el 26 de enero de 1976 en la Rep??blica Federal de Alemania. Esta Ley promulga disposiciones uniformes para el desarrollo del sistema de ense??anza superior y para la soluci??n de cuestiones sobre pol??tica universitaria. Es una Ley relativa a la ense??anza que recibe precedencia sobre las leyes de los L??nder. Esta Ley garantizaba a profesores y estudiantes la libertad de ense??ar y estudiar all?? donde lo desearan, as?? como el reconocimiento mutuo de los estudios y sus respectivos t??tulos. La Ley-Marco para la Ense??anza Superior creaba los instrumentos procesales para la resoluci??n de problemas respecto a: establecer los principios y directrices de procedimientos para llevar a cabo una reforma educativa de car??cter general, para conducir a la reorganizaci??n de los estudios existentes y tambi??n para proporcionar una reducci??n del tiempo necesario para terminar los estudios, que en aquel tiempo se consideraba demasiado largo; con la nueva regulaci??n se persegu??a la igualdad de oportunidades, conduciendo a una selecci??n m??s justa, en los estudios con restricciones de acceso inaceptables, mediante la introducci??n de un procedimiento de selecci??n especial orientado por el departamento; el personal docente de las instituciones de Ense??anza Superior podr??a cumplir de forma m??s efectiva sus responsabilidades investigadoras y docentes. La Ley-Marco para la Ense??anza Superior representaba un compromiso entre los derechos de los ciudadanos garantizados a nivel nacional y la delegaci??n de autoridad a nivel de los L??nder, en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto por la constituci??n alemana.

Conceptos, culturas y comparaciones : PISA y el doble descontento alem??n

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Right coronary artery fistula to the coronary sinus and right atrium associated with giant right coronary enlargement detected by transthoracic echocardiography

We present the case of a 54-year-old female with a previous history of lung fibrosis secondary to methotrexate used for rheumatoid arthritis who was referred to cardiology evaluation due to precordial pain. Echocardiography showed biatrial enlargement with an enlarged coronary sinus and tubular image posterior to the heart. On the coronary angiogram, the right coronary artery was enlarged, and a distal fistula was identified. The patient underwent a contrast enhanced cardiac computed tomography which demonstrated an aneurysmatic right coronary artery with a distal fistula to the right atrium and coronary sinus. As the chest pain did not recur and there was a high risk of the intervention to correct coronary fistula, the patient remained on conservative treatment.

Comparing species and measures of landscape structure as indicators of conservation importance

P>1. The use of indicators to identify areas of conservation importance has been challenged on several grounds, but nonetheless retains appeal as no more parsimonious approach exists. Among the many variants, two indicator strategies stand out: the use of indicator species and the use of metrics of landscape structure. While the first has been thoroughly studied, the same cannot be said about the latter. We aimed to contrast the relative efficacy of species-based and landscape-based indicators by: (i) comparing their ability to reflect changes in community integrity at regional and landscape spatial scales, (ii) assessing their sensitivity to changes in data resolution, and (iii) quantifying the degree to which indicators that are generated in one landscape or at one spatial scale can be transferred to additional landscapes or scales. 2. We used data from more than 7000 bird captures in 65 sites from six 10 000-ha landscapes with different proportions of forest cover in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Indicator species and landscape-based indicators were tested in terms of how effective they were in reflecting changes in community integrity, defined as deviations in bird community composition from control areas. 3. At the regional scale, indicator species provided more robust depictions of community integrity than landscape-based indicators. At the landscape scale, however, landscape-based indicators performed more effectively, more consistently and were also more transferable among landscapes. The effectiveness of high resolution landscape-based indicators was reduced by just 12% when these were used to explain patterns of community integrity in independent data sets. By contrast, the effectiveness of species-based indicators was reduced by 33%. 4. Synthesis and applications. The use of indicator species proved to be effective; however their results were variable and sensitive to changes in scale and resolution, and their application requires extensive and time-consuming field work. Landscape-based indicators were not only effective but were also much less context-dependent. The use of landscape-based indicators may allow the rapid identification of priority areas for conservation and restoration, and indicate which restoration strategies should be pursued, using remotely sensed imagery. We suggest that landscape-based indicators might often be a better, simpler, and cheaper strategy for informing decisions in conservation.

Effects of species turnover on reserve site selection in a fragmented landscape

Changes in species composition is an important process in many ecosystems but rarely considered in systematic reserve site selection. To test the influence of temporal variability in species composition on the establishment of a reserve network, we compared network configurations based on species data of small mammals and frogs sampled during two consecutive years in a fragmented Atlantic Forest landscape (SE Brazil). Site selection with simulated annealing was carried out with the datasets of each single year and after merging the datasets of both years. Site selection resulted in remarkably divergent network configurations. Differences are reflected in both the identity of the selected fragments and in the amount of flexibility and irreplaceability in network configuration. Networks selected when data for both years were merged did not include all sites that were irreplaceable in one of the 2 years. Results of species number estimation revealed that significant changes in the composition of the species community occurred. Hence, temporal variability of community composition should be routinely tested and considered in systematic reserve site selection in dynamic systems.

Microhabitat Selection of three Forest Understory Birds in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

When assessing fragmentation effects on species, not only habitat preferences on the landscape scale, but also microhabitat selection is an important factor to consider, as microhabitat is also affected by habitat disturbance, but nevertheless essential for species for foraging, nesting and sheltering. In the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil we examined microhabitat selection of six Pyriglena leucoptera (white-shouldered fire-eye), 10 Sclerurus scansor (rufous-breasted leaftosser), and 30 Chiroxiphia caudata (blue manakin). We radio-tracked the individuals between May 2004 and February 2005 to gain home ranges based on individual fixed kernels. Vegetation structures in core plots and fringe plots were compared. In C. caudata, we additionally assessed the influence of behavioural traits on microhabitat selection. Further, we compared microhabitat structures in the fragmented forest with those in the contiguous, and contrasted the results with the birds` preferences. Pyriglena leucoptera preferred liana tangles that were more common in the fragmented forest, whereas S. scansor preferred woody debris, open forest floor (up to 0.5 m), and a thin closed leaf litter cover which all occurred significantly more often in the contiguous forest. Significant differences were detected in C. caudata for vegetation densities in the different strata; the distance of core plots to the nearest lek site was significantly influenced by sex and age. However, core sites of C. caudata in fragmented and contiguous forests showed no significant differences in structure. Exploring microhabitat selection and behavior may greatly support the understanding of habitat selection of species and their susceptibility to fragmentation on the landscape scale.

Landscape perception by forest understory birds in the Atlantic Rainforest: black-and-white versus shades of grey

Even among forest specialists, species-specific responses to anthropogenic forest fragmentation may vary considerably. Some appear to be confined to forest interiors, and perceive a fragmented landscape as a mosaic of suitable fragments and hostile matrix. Others, however, are able to make use of matrix habitats and perceive the landscape in shades of grey rather than black-and-white. We analysed data of 42 Chiroxiphia caudata (Blue Manakin), 10 Pyriglena leucoptera (White-shouldered Fire-eye) and 19 Sclerurus scansor (Rufous-breasted Leaftosser) radio-tracked in the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil between 2003 and 2005. We illustrate how habitat preferences may determine how species respond to or perceive the landscape structure. We compared available with used habitat to develop a species-specific preference index for each of six habitat classes. All three species preferred old forest, but relative use of other classes differed significantly. S. scansor perceived great contrast between old forest and matrix, whereas the other two species perceived greater habitat continuity. For conservation planning, our study offers three important messages: (1) some forest specialist species are able to persist in highly fragmented landscapes; (2) some forest species may be able to make use of different anthropogenic habitat types to various degrees; whereas (3) others are restricted to the remaining forest fragments. Our study suggests species most confined to forest interiors to be considered as potential umbrella species for landscape-scale conservation planning.