Como educar en la diversidad afectivo-sexual en los centros escolares : orientaciones prácticas para la ESO.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Incluye anexos para realizar las actividades de las unidades didácticas

Los roles sociales y el género en las canciones populares.

Resumen tomado del autor. Resumen en castelllano e inglés

El desarrollo de la identidad sexual en los varones : línea de actuación en el tercer milenio.

Monográfico con el título: 'El reto de la educación de mujeres y varones'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Identificación del niño con los roles sociales paternos y desarrollo de la personalidad en la familia.

Explicar los diferentes efectos que resultan para el individuo si prevalece una norma de predominio patriarcal o si ésta se reemplaza por el compañerismo igualitarios entre marido y mujer, en cuyo caso la presión ejercida sobre el niño será diferente. Estudio sobre el papel que desempeña cada miembro de la familia con respecto a los demás miembros, necesario para analizar a la familia como institución que responde a unas necesidades sociales cada vez más cambiantes y complicadas. El trabajo se divide en seis capítulos. Comienza con una breve explicación sobre la transmisión de modelos en la educación familiar y las contradicciones que pueden resultar en dicha transmisión. A continuación el autor nos introduce en el tema del aprendizaje social en la familia, cómo se identifica el niño con los modelos paternos, qué consecuencias tiene esa identificación y cómo influye en la personalidad y en el ambiente familiar un hogar democrático o un hogar controlado. El tercer capítulo está dedicado al niño en referencia a los deseos inconscientes de sus padres, cómo influyen por un lado el padre, por otro lado la madre y por otro la pareja. Continua con un análisis del modelo de familia parsoniana y la teoría de Talcott Parson sobre la familia. En este capítulo explica la estructura social de la familia, las funciones y la socialización del niño y del joven por la familia parsoniana y concluye con los roles masculinos y femeninos en la familia. El siguiente capítulo describe el cambio del rol femenino en la sociedad y el la familia, como ha pasado la mujer de la subordinación a la emancipación. Para ello el autor analiza la evolución desde el rol tradicional de la mujer en la sociedad y en la familia hasta el nuevo papel de la mujer en nuestra sociedad. El último capítulo esta dedicado a lo que el autor denomina crisis familiar o emergencia de un nuevo tipo de familia. Aquí explica posibles alternativas para nuevos modelos de familia como la unión libre, la familia comunal o la familia con doble carrera. Estudio teórico. 1) Hoy en día, todas las ciencias que tienen por objeto el estudio de la conducta humana afirman necesariamente, aunque por medio de diferentes teorías, la influencia ejercida por la familia en la transmisión de los valores, las normas y las actitudes de la cultura en la que se inserta, durante el proceso de socialización en la personalidad virgen del niño. 2) En relación con la educación familiar podemos entender el concepto de rol como un lazo entre la estructura social y el comportamiento del niño. El niño identificándose con los padres imita y aprende unos roles significativos que será llamado a desempeñar en la edad adulta. 3) En el transcurso de su entrenamiento de socialización, el niño aprenderá a ejercer algún control sobre sus impulsos agresivos, de dependencia y sexuales, para modificarlos y expresarlos sólo de maneras aceptables. 4) De la identificación del niño con los roles paternos se derivan dos consecuencias trascendentales que condicionarán el desarrollo de la personalidad y son fundamentalmente la tipificación sexual y el desarrollo de la conciencia o superyo. 5) La conducta y la personalidad del niño se manifestarán de formas opuestas en relación al ambiente de permisividad o de control que determinen la relación padres-hijos. 6) El aspecto más significativo de la teoría de Parsons es que la familia segrega a los individuos por el sexo, así el padre y la madre ejercen unos roles sociales diferenciados en función del sexo. La mujer el rol expresivo y el hombre el rol instrumental. Esto trae consigo unas consecuencias psicológicas distintas para el hombre y la mujer. 7) La personalidad femenina resulta más perjudicada que la masculina de la segregación por el sexo. La educación en la familia parsoniana tiene diferentes expectativas para el niño y para la niña. Mientras que al niño le encamina para el ejercicio de una profesión que le reporte un status en la sociedad, a la niña se la encamina como algo natural hacia la profesión de esposa-madre-ama de casa. 8) A medida que la mujer se ha ido emancipando económicamente mediante el desempeño de una profesión, ha ido cambiando su papel en la familia, desempeñando parte de sus tradicionales tareas otras instituciones sociales. 9) Queda demostrado que la familia parsoniana resulta ya anacrónica en la realidad social actual y no puede decirse que este tipo de familia socialice al niño y al joven en los valores de modernidad y de igualdad entre sexos, clases sociales, naciones y etnias.

Adquisición de la identidad y rol sexual e implicaciones educativas.

Analizar la adquisición del rol sexual y de género así como sus implicaciones educativas. Presentar una información clara acerca de las diferencias y semejanzas biológicas según el sexo. Proporcionar un conocimiento de los estereotipos de género que la sociedad presenta como características del hombre y de la mujer. Fomentar una conciencia crítica y una actitud flexible hacia los roles de género. Orientar los elementos de aprendizaje: material, actividades, etc. hacia la igualdad entre los sexos.

Explicit and implicit assessment of gender roles

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

La divisi??n sexual del trabajo docente : procesos discursivos y realidades sobrevenidas

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: "La formaci??n del profesorado desde distintas miradas: inclusi??n, g??nero y evaluaci??n".

Variance in male reproductive success and sexual size dimorphism in pinnipeds: testing an assumption of sexual selection theory

The theory of evolution by sexual selection for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) postulates that SSD primarily reflects the adaptation of males and females to their different reproductive roles. For example, competition among males for access to females increases male body size because larger males are better able to maintain dominant status than smaller males. Larger dominant males sire most offspring while smaller subordinate males are unsuccessful, leading to skew in reproductive success. Therefore, species with male-biased SSD are predicted to have greater variance in male reproductive success than those in which both sexes are similar in size. We tested this prediction among the Pinnipedia, a mammalian group with a great variation in SSD. From a literature review, we identified genetic estimates of male reproductive success for 10 pinniped taxa (eight unique species and two subspecies of a ninth species) that range from seals with similarly sized males and females to species in which males are more than four times as large as females. We found no support for a positive relationship between variance in reproductive success and SSD among pinnipeds after excluding the elephant seals Mirounga leonina and Mirounga angustirostris, which we discuss as distinctive cases. Several explanations for these results are presented, including the revival of one of Darwin's original ideas. Darwin proposed that natural selection may explain SSD based on differences in energetic requirements between sexes and the potential for sexual niche segregation. Males may develop larger bodies to exploit resources that remain unavailable to females due to the energetic constraints imposed on female mammals by gestation and lactation. The importance of this alternative explanation remains to be tested.

A constituição da identidade em crianças vítimas de abuso sexual

Subject s identity is constituted in the relation with the other, which is characterized by dialeticity, and is configured as an identification and/or recognize movement, and strangeness and/or distance. In social interactions, people with whom subject relates himself assign meanings to him and, from these, the subject will ressignify, producing sense about himself. In other words, is through these interactions that subjects organizes themselves, recognize what is yours, and acquire the sense about themselves. It can be highlighted, too, the social-historic context s importance in the self-constitution process, whereas, from this, the subject produces particular forms of perception about reality charged with cultural meaning. Thus, the self-conception, the manners of thinking, of being, of relates, of take position against experiences, coming from values internalization, roles and related, are permeated by the manner witch the others relates themselves with the subject. However, when the relation with the other happens to be in a violent way, like in children sexual abuse, there are implications in the subjects constitution, whereas violates his physical and psychological integrities, as well as the rights of dignity, respect and even healthy physical, psychological and sexual developments. Therefore, this work aims to investigate how the identity process is constituted in children victims of sexual abuse. As specific aims the research proposes: 1) to characterize the relations between child and abuser, before and after the abuse act; 2) to identify images that the subjects, abuse victims, have about themselves and; 3) to identify the features of subject s relation with their own body. Toward this aims, procedures involving drawings, painting, collage, photography, activities with cardboard, colored pens, glue and tissue snips. The research took place at the Social Assistance Specialized Reference Center, where there is the treatment of children who suffered of rights violation, which includes sexual abuse. The research subjects were 3 girl children, between 6 and 10 years old, victims of sexual abuse. The corpus analyses was done through Thematic Content Analysis, structured in three meaning nucleus: 1) self-reference without the explicit attendance of other s discourse; 2) self-reference with the explicit attendance of other s discourse; 3) The other abuser. The analysis indicates that children, research subjects, have deteriorated images about themselves, about their bodies, which is consistent with the studies in the children and adolescents sexual violence field. In the other hand, were identified, too, self-references with positive values in the cases with mention about their way-of-being, which can be read as important to subject s development. About the other s discourse towards the subjects, were identified positive observations and found that these can contribute to subject s self-image reorganization. The contribution of negative comments, on the other hand, was showed in a more clear and incisive form in subject s constitution. There is, yet, an overvaluation of the other s discourse, so the meanings attributed toward them by the other are internalized, overshadowing the self-appreciation. To conclude, it can be highlighted that the need of psychological accompaniment of the children victims of sexual abuse, based on the possibility of this trauma experience elaboration, trying to overcome, as well as can be expected that this research s results contributes to the practices of professionals who work with subjects who have their rights violated

Compreendendo a dinâmica familiar de adolescentes expostos a violência sexual intrafamiliar

Violence in adolescence, specifically sexual violence, is a topic of great relevance. Not only in Brazil but the world has witnessed the increase of sexual violence, becoming the most prevalent morbid occurrence in adolescence. Draws attention to the phenomenon of sexual violence against children and adolescents not only the fact that most of the victims are assaulted in their own home environment, but also the type of relationship between victim and aggressor. Thus, based on systemic approach, this study aimed to compose eend family dynamics of adolescent victims of sexual intra-familial. Participants were seven teenagers and their parents, users and beneficiaries of services offered by CREAS - Reference Center for Specialized Social Assistance in a municipality of Mato Grosso do Sul. The instruments used were the Test of Drawing in Colour of the Family (FCDT) and a questionnaire about the pictures taken and family interactions. The results indicated the difficulty in differentiating family roles, especially regarding the differentiation of the mother and daughter, a fact that seemed to be the motivator for the impoverishment of individuation in groups. Also noted the presence of conflict between the familiar figures probably originated from this abusive situation. In this context, the studied families showed communication difficulties between family members, hindering the integration between them, as well as the existence of an authoritarian leadership and strict rules performed by the father figure. These results may support preventive and therapeutic actions to situations of sexual violence against children and adolescents. Thus, it is suggested that psychological counseling for the study participants and other stakeholders with a view to reducing damage and recovery of quality of life for all family members, as well as the need for further studies in the area in question.

Sexual dimorphism dominates divergent host plant use in stick insect trophic morphology

Background: Clear examples of ecological speciation exist, often involving divergence in trophic morphology. However, substantial variation also exists in how far the ecological speciation process proceeds, potentially linked to the number of ecological axes, traits, or genes subject to divergent selection. In addition, recent studies highlight how differentiation might occur between the sexes, rather than between populations. We examine variation in trophic morphology in two host-plant ecotypes of walking-stick insects (Timema cristinae), known to have diverged in morphological traits related to crypsis and predator avoidance, and to have reached an intermediate point in the ecological speciation process. Here we test how host plant use, sex, and rearing environment affect variation in trophic morphology in this species using traditional multivariate, novel kernel density based and Bayesian morphometric analyses. Results: Contrary to expectations, we find limited host-associated divergence in mandible shape. Instead, the main predictor of shape variation is sex, with secondary roles of population of origin and rearing environment. Conclusion: Our results show that trophic morphology does not strongly contribute to host-adapted ecotype divergence in T. cristinae and that traits can respond to complex selection regimes by diverging along different intraspecific lines, thereby impeding progress toward speciation.

Conocimiento que poseen los adolescentes de 13 a 19 años con respecto a los riesgos de la relación sexual precoz

La adolescencia es una etapa muy vulnerable desde el punto de vista económico, sanitario, bío-síco-social y en especial de los cuidados reproductivos. A medida que se convierten en adultos, los adolescentes buscan información relativa a la vida sexual a través de distintas fuentes: padres, compañeros, profesores, revistas y medios de información, la que suele ser errónea, incompleta o engañosa. Sobre éstas bases y bajo la presión de los medios masivos de comunicación, que ligan habitualmente las publicidades de productos al éxito-sexualidad; la mayoría de los jóvenes suelen asumir la relación con el otro, como una relación básicamente genital sin comprender que la relación debe estar basada en la educación sexual. Esto implica un cambio de actitud y generación de nuevos estilos de vida. La educación sexual, por diversos motivos aún no se aborda, en los ámbitos educativos. En las últimas tres décadas se manifiesta un gran cambio de actitud en los adolescentes con respecto a su relación con los padres, influenciados por los medios de comunicación, el incremento de los conocimientos científicos, el cambio de roles en la sociedad, la inserción laboral de la mujer, el reconocimiento de los derechos de la mujer y su mayor nivel educativo, entre otros. El equipo de salud desempeña un papel preponderante en este periodo de crecimiento y desarrollo, para fortalecer el vínculo, difundir valores y transmitir mensajes positivos, porque educar sexualmente al adolescente en el hogar, en la escuela, en la comunidad, es crear en él una actitud nueva, responsable y creadora. El presente trabajo tienen como objetivo investigar qué nivel de conocimiento y fuente de información poseen los adolescentes, entre los 13 a 19 años, del Bª Paraguay, Buena Nueva, Mendoza, con respecto a los riesgos de la relación sexual precoz.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase of the corn leaf pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus is involved in conidiation, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity: Diverse roles for mitogen-activated protein kinase homologs in foliar pathogens

Fungal pathogens perceive and respond to molecules from the plant, triggering pathogenic development. Transduction of these signals may use heterotrimeric G proteins, and it is thought that protein phosphorylation cascades are also important. We have isolated a mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog from the corn pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus to test its role as a component of the transduction pathways. The new gene, CHK1, has a deduced amino acid sequence 90% identical to Pmk1 of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and 59% identical to Fus3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A series of chk1 deletion mutants has poorly developed aerial hyphae, autolysis, and no conidia. No pseudothecia are formed when a cross between two Δchk1 mutants is attempted. The ability of Δchk1 mutants to infect corn plants is reduced severely. The growth pattern of hyphae on a glass surface is strikingly altered from that of the wild type, forming coils or loops, but no appressoria. This set of phenotypes overlaps only partially with that of pmk1 mutants, the homologous gene of the rice blast fungus. In particular, sexual and asexual sporulation both require Chk1 function in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, in contrast to Pmk1, but perhaps more similar to yeast, where Fus3 transmits the mating signal. Chk1 is required for efficient colonization of leaf tissue, which can be compared with filamentous invasive growth of yeast, modulated through another closely related mitogen-activated protein kinase, Kss1. Ubiquitous signaling elements thus are used in diverse ways in different plant pathogens, perhaps the result of coevolution of the transducers and their targets.

A locus for female discrimination behavior causing sexual isolation in Drosophila

The genetic basis of sexual isolation that contributes to speciation is one of the unsolved questions in evolutionary biology. Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila pallidosa are closely related, and postmating isolation has not developed between them. However, females of both species discriminate their mating partners, and this discrimination contributes to strong sexual isolation between them. By using surgical treatments, we demonstrate that male courtship songs play a dominant role in female mate discrimination. The absence of the song of D. pallidosa dramatically increased interspecies mating with D. ananassae females but reduced intraspecies mating with D. pallidosa females. Furthermore, genetic analysis and chromosomal introgression by repeated backcrosses to D. pallidosa males identified possible loci that control female discrimination in each species. These loci were mapped on distinct positions near the Delta locus on the middle of the left arm of the second chromosome. Because the mate discrimination we studied is well developed and is the only known mechanism that prevents gene flow between them, these loci may have played crucial roles in the evolution of reproductive isolation, and therefore, in the speciation process between these two species.

Crossing Blurred Lines: A Training Program to Train Teachers in Appropriate Sexual Boundaries

Boundaries between students and teachers were once clearly defined. Students only interacted with their teachers at school. Currently, however, boundaries are becoming increasingly unclear. As technology advances, students have more venues to interact with their teachers. In addition, teachers are asked to take on more roles in their students' lives. A significant number of teachers and students engage in inappropriate relationships and the possible damage to students is high. Unfortunately, current training programs do not adequately address how teachers can maintain appropriate boundaries with their charges. This paper outlines a proposal for a new training program to fill this gap. This program utilizes training techniques that have been shown to be useful for adult learners as it helps teachers establish and maintain boundaries as well as incorporating elements of effective prevention programs.