Le redoublement au post-primaire général public dans la région du Centre-Ouest du Burkina Faso : analyse des principales caractéristiques liées aux représentations sociales et aux modèles d’intervention éducative véhiculés par les personnels enseignants et les directions des écoles

La recension des écrits scientifiques à laquelle nous avons procédé a souligné clairement de très hautes fréquences de redoublement chez les jeunes d’âge scolaire relevant des enseignements primaire et post-primaire, dans les ex-colonies françaises d’Afrique occidentale et centrale (Burkina-Faso, Sénégal, Gabon). Au Burkina Faso, le taux moyen de redoublement observé au post-primaire a été d’environ 30 % au cours du quinquennat 2007/2008 à 2012/2013. La région du Centre-Ouest est celle qui en a enregistré le taux le plus élevé (33,1 %) sur les treize régions administratives du pays au cours de la période mentionnée, ce qui a justifié son choix dans le cadre de cette étude. L’objectif général visait à déterminer, dans le microsystème qu’est l’école au post-primaire général public, les caractéristiques des représentations sociales (RS) et des modèles d’intervention éducative (MIE) valorisés chez des enseignants et des directions d’écoles qui sont en relation avec le redoublement d’élèves habitant la région ciblée. L’étude menée est quantitative et de type descriptif. Dans le cadre de celle-ci nous avons fait usage d’une démarche d’enquête par questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon de convenance, stratifié et pondéré constitué de 199 enseignantes et enseignants, incluant un membre du personnel de direction pour chacune des institutions de provenance des sujets (N = 14 directions). Le résultat majeur est spécifique aux enseignants titulaires du CAPES (diplôme pédagogique le plus élevé) qui travaillent dans les communes urbaines où les écoles présentent un seuil élevé de redoublement (21 % et plus). Il suggère des caractéristiques qui correspondent à des profils de valorisation élevés de la représentation positive du redoublement d’une part, et de celle de l’externalité des causes du phénomène, d’autre part. Les principales caractéristiques des MIE privilégiés par ces derniers rapportent, quant à elles, une valorisation moyenne ou faible du MIE 3 (hétérostructuration coactive) et concomitamment une valorisation élevée du MIE 4 (interstructuration cognitive). Cependant, les données recueillies auprès des directions d’écoles dont la taille sous-échantillonnale demeure restreinte n’ont permis qu’une interprétation limitée hors de laquelle notre discours s’avérerait hautement spéculatif. Les enseignants et les directions d’école pourront bénéficier de l’intégration des données issues de l’étude au plan de la formation continue. Ils pourront par conséquent questionner leurs pratiques pédagogiques et leurs attitudes au regard des causes et des effets réels du redoublement sur la réussite et la persévérance scolaire des jeunes au post-primaire. Cela dans un contexte, où la scolarisation de base obligatoire de 10 ans constitue un objectif visé à l’horizon 2025 par le gouvernement du Burkina Faso dans le cadre de la réforme éducative engagée depuis 2007.

Students' attitudes and perceptions to online tutorials

The purpose of education is to facilitate learning. Online learning methods have grown substantially with students demanding increased flexibility. Many studies document positive learning outcomes, but do students understand this mode of learning? In this study a survey was conducted to determine student's att itudes and perceptions of online tutorials, because perceptions of learning environments vary.

Attitudes towards American brands and brand America

A study of 556 students at colleges and universities in Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore explored the relationship between attitude towards the United States and brand attitudes and preferences. Singaporean student attitudes towards both the US Government and US people were higher than were those of the Australian and Hong Kong students. Coke, Nike and McDonald's were among both the most-liked and disliked US brands among the international students, a finding suggesting that brands may possess both a 'lovemark' status, as described in the literature, and its opposite — 'loathemark' status — within the same demographic group. US brand preference scores did not offer support for the belief that international consumers 'vote with their pocketbooks' by refusing to purchase US brands if they have a negative attitude towards the United States. Among Hong Kong and Singaporean students, favourable attitudes towards the purchase of US brands was found to be positively related to favourability towards the US Government.

What shapes attitudes toward paying taxes? Evidence from multicultural European countries

Objectives. Considerable evidence suggests that enforcement efforts cannot fully explain the high degree of tax compliance. To resolve this puzzle of tax compliance, several researchers have argued that citizens' attitudes toward paying taxes, defined as tax morale, helps to explain the high degree of tax compliance. However, most studies have treated tax morale as a black box, without discussing which factors shape it. Additionally, the tax compliance literature provides little empirical research that investigates attitudes toward paying taxes in Europe. Methods. Thus, this article is unique in its examination of citizen tax morale within three multicultural European countries, Switzerland, Belgium, and Spain, a choice that allows far more detailed examination of the impact of culture and institutions using data sets from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey. Results. The results indicate the tendency that cultural and regional differences affect tax morale. Conclusion. The findings suggest that higher legitimacy for political institutions leads to higher tax morale.

Effects of susceptibility to normative influence and type of testimonial on attitudes toward print advertising

In two experiments, we show how a consumer’s susceptibility to normative influence (SNI) offers useful insights into the effectiveness of two types of testimonials: a typical person endorsement (Study 1) and a celebrity endorsement (Study 2). Specifically, we suggest that two variables moderate testimonial effects—SNI and product attribute information. Results show that in forming their evaluations, high-SNI consumers place a greater emphasis on the testimonial than on the attribute information. In contrast, low-SNI consumers are more influenced by attribute information. A mediation analysis shows that advertising attitudes for high-SNI consumers are mediated by testimonial thoughts, whereas the attitudes for low-SNI consumers are mediated by their attribute thoughts. Theoretical and managerial implications are presented.

The influence of ad model ethnicity and self-referencing on attitudes evidence from New Zealand

This paper examines consumers self-referencing as a mechanism for explaining ethnicity effects in advertising. Data was collected from a 2 (model ethnicity: Asian, white) x 2 (product stereotypicality: stereotypical, non-stereotypical) experiment. Measured independent variables included participant ethnicity and self-referencing. Results shows that (1) Asian exhibit greater self-referencing of Asian models than whites do; (2) self-referencing mediates ethnicity effects on attitude ( ie, attitude towards the model, attitude toward the add, brand attitude, and purchase intentions); (3) high self-referencing Asian have more favourable attitude towards the add and purchase intentions than low self referencing Asians; and (4) Asian models advertising atypical products generate more self-referencing and more favourable attitudes toward the model, A, and purchase intentions for both Asians and whites.

Willingness to trial functional foods and vitamin supplements: the role of attitudes, subjective norms, and dread of risks

Australian non-users of vitamin supplements (N = 162) and functional foods (N = 226) responded to a questionnaire examining their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), risk dread and risk familiarity, and willingness to engage in free product trials. The impact of participants’ gender and age was also examined. Attitude and subjective norms were significant determinants of non-users willingness to trial each of the health products. Participants’ dread of the risk associated with the product was also a determinant of willingness to use functional foods. The overall models predicted between 25% and 30% of the variance in people’s willingness to trial the products. The findings provided some support for the TPB in predicting people’s willingness to trial functional foods and vitamin supplements and suggested, for willingness to trial functional foods, that non-users are also influenced by their dread of the risk associated with product use.