Projektijohtamisen kehittämisellä lisäarvoa B2B- asiakkaille

Diplomityön keskeisimpinä tavoitteina kohdeyritykselle oli ymmärtää liiketoiminnan muutoksen elementtejä, arvioida projektijohtamisen kyvykkyyden vaatimuksia sekä tunnistaa kehitystarpeita projektinjohtamisen uusille toimintatavoille toimitusprojekteissa. Projektijohtamisen ja -hallinnan kehittäminen on viime vuosien aikana noussut niin yritysten kuin akateemisten yhteisöjen mielenkiinnon kohteeksi. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa laaja-alaisen ymmärryksen luomiseksi projektijohtamisen viitekehystä tarkasteltiin liiketoiminnan muutoksen, arvontuoton, ulkoistamisen ja osaamisen näkökulmista. Muodostettua viitekehystä hyödynnettiin empiirisen kyselytutkimuksen suunnittelussa ja tulosten analysoinnissa. Tuloksista keskeisimpänä todetaan, että arvontuotto projektijohtamisen palveluissa ainakin projektipäälliköiden osalta kohdistuu osaamiseen, kokemukseen ja johtamistaitoihin. Palveluliiketoimintaan suuntautuminen edellyttää tuotteiden määrittämistä prosesseiksi. Samoin projektijohtamisen kohentaminen vaatii toimintatapamuutoksia, kommunikoinnin parantamista ja kyvykkyyden nostoa. Työn tuloksena tehtiin suosituksia kohdeyritykselle, joiksi määrittyivät projektijohtamisen käytäntöjen kehittäminen, projektitoimiston perustaminen ja arvontuoton terävöittäminen liiketoimintamallin muokkauksella.

Evaluating and improving demand forecast practices for B2B and B2C sectors

Demand forecasting is one of the fundamental managerial tasks. Most companies do not know their future demands, so they have to make plans based on demand forecasts. The literature offers many methods and approaches for producing forecasts. Former literature points out that even though many forecasting methods and approaches are available, selecting a suitable approach and implementing and managing it is a complex cross-functional matter. However, it’s relatively rare that researches are focused on the differences in forecasting between consumer and industrial companies. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the potential of improving demand forecasting practices for B2B and B2C sectors in the global supply chains. Business to business (B2B) sector produces products for other manufacturing companies. On the other hand, consumer (B2C) sector provides goods for individual buyers. Usually industrial sector have a lower number of customers and closer relationships with them. The research questions of this thesis are: 1) What are the main differences and similarities in demand planning between B2B and B2C sectors? 2) How the forecast performance for industrial and consumer companies can be improved? The main methodological approach in this study is design science, where the main objective is to develop tentative solutions to real-life problems. The research data has been collected from a case company. Evaluation and improving in organizing demand forecasting can be found in three interlinked areas: 1) demand planning operational environment, 2) demand forecasting techniques, 3) demand information sharing scenarios. In this research current B2B and B2C demand practices are presented with further comparison between those two sectors. It was found that B2B and B2C sectors have significant differences in demand practices. This research partly filled the theoretical gap in understanding the difference in forecasting in consumer and industrial sectors. In all these areas, examples of managerial problems are described, and approaches for mitigating these problems are outlined.

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS IN B2B COMPANIES – The Roles of Marketing Communication Tools in the Digital Age

Marketing communications has gone through significant changes during the last decades and new online tools have been leading this change for the last decade. Now, in the digital age, if wanting to be successful companies need to experiment new things and seize the opportunities online provides and adapt to the new environment. However, during this time the marketing communication mix and the meanings given to the various components of it have not changed dramatically, and personal selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, advertising and public relations activities are still regarded as important tools in the marketing communications mix. The purpose of this study was to examine business-to-business marketing communications and the tools used by companies in their marketing communications efforts in the digital age and in a global environment. The research questions dealt with the marketing communication tools and their roles as well as the role of online marketing communication and the way it has shaped the field of b2b marketing communications. In order to answer these questions, qualitative approach was chosen and the data was collected by theme interviews with six representatives of Finnish global companies from the b2b sector being interviewed. The theoretical framework covers the general field of b2b marketing communications and its main elements. The online environment as well as the concept of a global marketplace and integrated approach to marketing communication activities is also discussed. The theory was supported by the interviews regarding the activities and roles of the marketing communication tools and both theory as well as the interviews found personal selling to be a vital tool. However, the importance of online has grown and online marketing activities have risen right next to personal selling. The use of analytics and marketing automation was found to be of great interest in the interviews and they were seen as a growing domain in b2b marketing communications. The importance of targeted and personalised messages from relevant medias was a repeating theme as was the customer-centric approach in marketing communication activities. Also, offline and online tools and channels were seen as something that should be treated together as an entity rather than as separate activities. Relevant content created according to the needs of the customer with the gathered data from analytics were seen as the future of b2b marketing communications. Online has added its input to the more traditionally perceived tools and they are executed within the framework of the digital age. Nevertheless, even though online has increased its presence in the b2b marketing communications mix, the more traditionally perceived marketing communication tools, especially personal selling, have not lost their meaning or place in the b2b marketing communication mix.

How to increase brand quality perception with audiovisual content? : Exploring the role of emotions in B2C and B2B contexts

This study discusses how audiovisual content can influence brand quality perceptions. The purpose of this study is to explore how audiovisual content creation can increase brand quality perceptions. This research problem is addressed with three sub questions, which aim at clarifying the role of emotions between content marketing and brand quality perception, explaining how different functions of audiovisual content can increase brand quality perception, and by identifying and comparing the key differences in content creation in business-to-consumer and business-to-businesscontexts. The theoretical background of the study is in brand personality, consumer emotions, consumerbrand relationships, content marketing and B2B branding literature. The empirical research part includes a single-case study. The case company was a Swiss startup that wished to build a highquality brand for both B2C and B2B segments. The empirical data was collected in September 2014. Eight interviews were conducted; seven with target segment representatives and one with an existing customer of the case company. The empirical findings were analyzed with thematic analysis and finally a 5-stage framework was created based on the findings of the research, offering a guideline for high-quality content creation. This study finds that emotions play an important role in brand quality perceptions. Psychological processes, emotion, cognition and conation, influence the engagement process of the target segment which ultimately can lead to activation and electronic word-of-mouth. Brand quality perception is the result of the overall emotion of the brand. The overall emotion derives from brand personality, brand concept, product attributes and utilitarian benefits of the brand. The entertaining and educational functions of the audiovisual content can target and evoke these emotional processes, and result in increased quality perceptions. In the B2B context, emotions are found to play a relatively smaller role in the quality perception processes. However, the significance of emotions cannot be ignored, since they can emphasize the value for the buying organization, and build on the trust and loyalty among the potential customers. The final framework presents five stages of content creation that ultimately improve brand quality perceptions. These stages help marketers to design and implement their content and evoke positive emotions in their target segment as part of a quality-based marketing strategy. Further research is warranted to quantitatively test the generalizability of the framework. Further research is also suggested to make the framework adaptable to different stages of the brand life cycle.

Towards a contextual understanding of B2B salespeople's selling competencies – An exploratory study among purchasing decision-makers of internationally-oriented technology firms

ABSTRACT Towards a contextual understanding of B2B salespeople’s selling competencies − an exploratory study among purchasing decision-makers of internationally-oriented technology firms The characteristics of modern selling can be classified as follows: customer retention and loyalty targets, database and knowledge management, customer relationship management, marketing activities, problem solving and system selling, and satisfying needs and creating value. For salespeople to be successful in this environment, they need a wide range of competencies. Salespeople’s selling skills are well documented in seller side literature through quantitative methods, but the knowledge, skills and competencies from the buyer’s perspective are under-researched. The existing research on selling competencies should be broadened and updated through a qualitative research perspective due to the dynamic nature and the contextual dependence of selling competencies. The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of the professional salesperson’s selling competencies from the industrial purchasing decision- makers’ viewpoint within the relationship selling context. In this study, competencies are defined as sales-related knowledge and skills. The scope of the study includes goods, materials and services managed by a company’s purchasing function and used by an organization on a daily basis. The abductive approach and ‘systematic combining’ have been applied as a research strategy. In this research, data were generated through semi- structured, person-to-person interviews and open-ended questions. The study was conducted among purchasing decision-makers in the technology industry in Finland. The branches consisted of the electronics and electro-technical industries and the mechanical engineering and metals industries. A total of 30 companies and one purchasing decision-maker from each company were purposively chosen for the sampling. The sample covers different company sizes based on their revenues, their differing structures – varying from public to family companies –that represent domestic and international ownerships. Before analyzing the data, they were organized by the purchasing orientations of the buyers: the buying, procurement or supply management orientation. Thematic analysis was chosen as the analysis method. After analyzing the data, the results were contrasted with the theory. There was a continuous interaction between the empirical data and the theory. Based on the findings, a total of 19 major knowledge and skills were identified from the buyers’ perspective. The specific knowledge and skills from the viewpoint of customers’ prevalent purchasing orientations were divided into two categories, generic and contextual. The generic knowledge and skills apply to all purchasing orientations, and the contextual knowledge and skills depend on customers’ prevalent purchasing orientations. Generic knowledge and skills relate to price setting, negotiation, communication and interaction skills, while contextual ones relate to knowledge brokering, ability to present solutions and relationship skills. Buying-oriented buyers value salespeople who are ‘action oriented experts, however at a bit of an arm’s length’, procurement buyers value salespeople who are ‘experts deeply dedicated to the customer and fostering the relationship’ and supply management buyers value salespeople who are ‘corporate-oriented experts’. In addition, the buyer’s perceptions on knowledge and selling skills differ from the seller’s ones. The buyer side emphasizes managing the subject matter, consisting of the expertise, understanding the customers’ business and needs, creating a customized solution and creating value, reliability and an ability to build long-term relationships, while the seller side emphasizes communica- tion, interaction and salesmanship skills. The study integrates the selling skills of the current three-component model− technical knowledge, salesmanship skills, interpersonal skills− and relationship skills and purchasing orientations, into a selling competency model. The findings deepen and update the content of these knowledges and skills in the B2B setting and create new insights into them from the buyer’s perspective, and thus the study increases contextual understanding of selling competencies. It generates new knowledge of the salesperson’s competencies for the relationship selling and personal selling and sales management literature. It also adds knowledge of the buying orientations to the buying behavior literature. The findings challenge sales management to perceive salespeople’s selling skills both from a contingency and competence perspective. The study has several managerial implications: it increases understanding of what the critical selling knowledge and skills from the buyer’s point of view are, understanding of how salespeople effectively implement the relationship marketing concept, sales management’s knowledge of how to manage the sales process more effectively and efficiently, and the knowledge of how sales management should develop a salesperson’s selling competencies when managing and developing the sales force. Keywords: selling competencies, knowledge, selling skills, relationship skills, purchasing orientations, B2B selling, abductive approach, technology firms

B2B-yritysten maineenhallinnan käytänteet sosiaalisessa mediassa

Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin neljän suomalaisen pörssilistatun kansainvälisesti toimivan B2B-yrityksen maineenhallintaa sosiaalisessa mediassa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää miksi, mistä lähtökohdista ja miten suomalaiset B2B-yritykset hallitsevat mainettaan sosiaalisessa mediassa. Yritysten maineenhallinta rajattiin koskemaan yrityksen ulkoisen viestinnän keinoja, joilla yritykset pyrkivät vaikuttamaan maineeseensa. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena, vertailevana tapaustutkimuksena. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoiduilla teemahaastatteluilla tapausyritysten viestinnän johto- ja asiantuntijatehtävissä työskenteleviltä henkilöiltä. Tutkimus osoitti, että hyvä maine on yrityksille tärkeää aineetonta pääomaa ja sitä voi ja tulee johtaa sekä hallita sosiaalisessa mediassa. B2B-yritykset hallitsevat mainettaan sosiaalisessa mediassa monitoroimalla sosiaalisen media keskusteluja tavoitteenaan suojella yritystä mainekriiseiltä ja tuottamalla tavoitemainekuvansa mukaista sisältöä rakentaakseen itsestään kuvaa vastuullisena ja innovatiivisena yrityksenä sekä hyvänä kumppanina. B2B-yritysten maineenhallinnan käytänteiksi tutkimuksessa tunnistettiin sosiaalisen median monitorointi, keskusteleminen ja sisällöntuotanto, mittaaminen, kriisinhallinta sekä yhteistyönhallinta.

Systematic mapping study on integration of B2B customers in ERP

Business-to-business terminology is relatively new as a business concept, so is the enterprise resource planning system in information technology. Research, implementation and integration of these two concept has been observed for last two decades in this paper. One of the major success point for growth in business-to-business environment is the availability of internal and partner data. Enterprise resource planning system facilitates storing, analysis of such data and enables different business process automation, forecasting and numerous value creating activity. In order to achieve such functionality for B2B customers, integrating them within ERP is very useful. This paper aims at understanding and suggesting such integration through investigating related documentation of similar integration scenarios, infrastructure, models and architectures. The investigation of the topic of this paper has been made using systematic mapping study of related papers and listing and suggesting necessary ingredients that enables such integration. Furthermore, this paper also suggests possibilities to overcome challenges integration experts might face during the integration phase and opens doors to future research scope in the related fields.

The relationship between b2b branding and industrial buying in the digital era: evidence from Finnish gas industry

The aim of this study is to understand the importance of b2b brands in different phases of the industrial buying process in the digital era. The research problem is approached by examining a b2b supplier brand in the context of gas supplier selection. The data was collected by interviewing individuals from ten different companies. The findings contribute to previous theory by showing that as industrial buying behaviour is eventually individual behaviour, brands can influence decision making. The relevance of a brand depends on individual’s personality and preferences. Digital media cannot be ignored in managing brand image as buyers are present in the online environment. The results reveal that traditional personal selling is, nevertheless, in a key role in brand image building and is a source of added value. The salesperson influences buyers’ perceived associations of a brand and gives the brand a face.

Markkinointisuunnitelma B2B-konsulttiyritykselle

Kandidaatintyössä luodaan markkinointisuunnitelma Asset Vision Oy:lle. Työssä vastataan tutkimuskysymykseen sekä kahteen alakysymykseen: miten B2B-yritys voi lähestyä potentiaalisia asiakkaitaan, keitä ovat Asset Visionin potentiaaliset asiakkaat ja mitä keinoja yrityksellä on niiden saavuttamiseksi. Työ on rajattu Asset Visionin markkinointisuunnitelman luomiseen sekä sen soveltuvuuden tarkasteluun yritysten välisillä markkinoilla toimivan konsulttiyrityksen markkinoinnissa. Työn teoriaosiossa tarkastellaan kirjallisuuden avulla erilaisia markkinointisuunnitelman luomisessa tarvittavia teoriaviitekehyksiä markkinointialan kirjallisuutta sekä tieteellisiä artikkeleita hyödyntäen. Empiriaosiossa luodaan markkinointisuunnitelma Asset Vision Oy:lle. Asset Visionin tulee viestiä markkinoinnissaan lisäarvon luontia painottamalla markkinoinnissaan kilpailuetujaan laatua ja asiantuntijuutta. Yrityksen on oltava itse aloitteellinen ottamalla yhteyttä potentiaalisiin asiakkaisiin ja markkinoimalla myymiään palveluita. Suunnitelma soveltuu pienin täydennyksin käytettäväksi Asset Visionin markkinoinnissa. Lisäksi sitä voidaan käyttää lähtökohtana luotaessa markkinointisuunnitelmaa yritysten välisillä markkinoilla toimivalle konsulttiyritykselle. Tällaisen yrityksen on viestittävä markkinoinnissaan lisäarvon tuottamista asiakkaalle kilpailuetujen avulla.

How to reach more potential global b2b customers to Finnish high tech company websites

This thesis examines the optimization of a website in terms of creating website visibility and interesting and attractive online information, with the aim of finding ways how the case company can increase the number of online visitors for the websites, who would even-tually contact the case company, and become customers. The theoretical part concentrates on website visibility, academic knowledge about search engine optimization, integrated marketing communications, website effectiveness and influence tactics (mostly non-coercive) in an online b2b buying context. The empirical part included an experiment of two weeks on the case website. Search engine optimization requires the most relevant key terms and keywords to be selected and carefully implemented to meta descriptions of the most informational pages. The information visible to visitors on these pages was also opti-mized to make it interesting and purposeful for the targeted audience. The most suitable influence tactics were implemented to certain pages to attract the website visitors to con-tact the case company. The results suggest that relevant key terms in meta descriptions do improve, or maintain the same high, ranking a page has on search engine result pages, but this is not directly connected to the amount of visitors to the website. The number of visi-tors does not either affect the amount of customer contacts the company received during the experiment period.

Markkinointiautomaation hyödyntäminen arvon luonnissa B2B-asiakkaalle

Internetin yleistymisen myötä asiakkaat ovat pystyneet vertailemaan tuotteita ja jakamaan kokemuksia monipuolisemmin ja helpommin useamman ihmisen kanssa, mikä on johtanut asiakaskilpailukentän kiristymiseen. Tämän vuoksi suhdemarkkinointi on kasvattanut merkitystään erityisesti B2B-liiketoiminnassa, sillä sen on todettu olevan yksi parhaista keinoista pitää asiakkaat itsellään. Suhdemarkkinoinnissa viimekätinen lopputulema ei ole pelkkä palvelu vaan asiakaskokemus ja arvon kokeminen. Samaan aikaan useat itsenäiset ostajat vaativat yrityksen kanssa relevanttia, persoonallista keskustelua, joka tukee heidän omaa hetkeään ostoprosessissa. Jos yritykset eivät tätä tarjoa, asiakkaat luultavasti lopettavat viestinnän vastaanottamisen. Yritysten ongelmaksi syntyy miten usealle asiakkaalle pystytään pitämään yllä samanaikaisesti relevanttia keskustelua, joka johtaisi arvon luomiseen. Tutkielman tarkoitus on tarkastella markkinointiautomaatiota ja sen roolia ja käyttökelpoisuutta B2B-asiakasarvonluonnissa Tutkimus on rakennettu käyttäen teoreettisena taustana/viitekehyksenä CRM- ja asiakasarvokäsitteellistyksiä sekä markkinointiautomaation osalta markkinoinnin muutosta, asiakastiedonhallintaa ja markkinointiautomaatiota yleisemmin, joiden avulla rakennetaan myös markkinointiautomaation strategista näkökulmaa. Markkinointiautomaation taktisempi näkökulma käsitellään syvällisemmin tutkimuksen empiirisessä osiossa. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena. Tutkimus rakentuu käsittelemällä markkinointiautomaation eri osa-alueita hyödyntämällä markkinointiautomaatiojärjestelmää, jonka toimintoja kuvaamalla yksityiskohtaisesti syntyi aineisto. Aineisto on rakennettu myös selventämään lukijalle markkinointiautomaation toimintoja, sillä sitä ei ole vielä laajasti tieteellisesti tutkittu. Tapaustutkimus kirjoitetaan auki aloittamalla aineiston esittelyllä, josta seuraa analyysi mitä, miten ja miksi arvon osa-alueita tietyissä markkinointiautomaation osa-alueessa toteutuu. Markkinointiautomaatio tarjoaa mahdollisuuksia arvon luontiin ja arvon yhteisluontiin asiakkaan kanssa monipuolisesti sen eri osissa ja niiden yhteistoiminnalla. Markkinointiautomaation vahvuus arvon luojana on asiakkaista oppiminen, markkinoinnin räätälöinti eri asiakkaille samanaikaisesti ja asiakassuhteen kehittäminen. Markkinointiautomaatiolla pystytään luomaan arvoa lyhyellä aikavälillä, mutta pidemmällä aikavälillä tarvitaan myös muiden liiketoimintaosa-alueiden panostusta, ts. markkinointiautomaatio ei yksinään riitä. Markkinointiautomaatio oikein toteutettuna tarjoaa parempia mahdollisuuksia tuotekehittelylle ja palveluiden parantamiselle sekä auttaa luomaan ostoon valmiita asiakkaita ja laskemaan markkinoinnin kustannuksia.