Fuel-optimal G-MPSP Guidance for Powered Descent Phase of Soft Lunar Landing

A fuel optimal nonlinear sub-optimal guidance scheme is presented in this paper for soft landing of a lunar craft during the powered descent phase. The recently developed Generalized Model Predictive Static Programming (G-MPSP) is used to compute the required magnitude and angle of the thrust vector. Both terminal position and velocity vector are imposed as hard constraints, which ensures high position accuracy and facilitates initiation of vertical descent at the end of the powered descent phase. A key feature of the G-MPSP algorithm is that it converts the nonlinear dynamic programming problem into a low-dimensional static optimization problem (of the same dimension as the output vector). The control history update is done in closed form after computing a time-varying weighting matrix through a backward integration process. This feature makes the algorithm computationally efficient, which makes it suitable for on-board applications. The effectiveness of the proposed guidance algorithm is demonstrated through promising simulation results.

Turbulence modeling for flows around convex features giving rapid eddy distortion

Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes model performances in the stagnation and wake regions for turbulent flows with relatively large Lagrangian length scales (generally larger than the scale of geometrical features) approaching small cylinders (both square and circular) is explored. The effective cylinder (or wire) diameter based Reynolds number, ReW ≤ 2.5 × 103. The following turbulence models are considered: a mixing-length; standard Spalart and Allmaras (SA) and streamline curvature (and rotation) corrected SA (SARC); Secundov's νt-92; Secundov et al.'s two equation νt-L; Wolfshtein's k-l model; the Explicit Algebraic Stress Model (EASM) of Abid et al.; the cubic model of Craft et al.; various linear k-ε models including those with wall distance based damping functions; Menter SST, k-ω and Spalding's LVEL model. The use of differential equation distance functions (Poisson and Hamilton-Jacobi equation based) for palliative turbulence modeling purposes is explored. The performance of SA with these distance functions is also considered in the sharp convex geometry region of an airfoil trailing edge. For the cylinder, with ReW ≈ 2.5 × 103 the mixing length and k-l models give strong turbulence production in the wake region. However, in agreement with eddy viscosity estimates, the LVEL and Secundov νt-92 models show relatively little cylinder influence on turbulence. On the other hand, two equation models (as does the one equation SA) suggest the cylinder gives a strong turbulence deficit in the wake region. Also, for SA, an order or magnitude cylinder diameter decrease from ReW = 2500 to 250 surprisingly strengthens the cylinder's disruptive influence. Importantly, results for ReW ≪ 250 are virtually identical to those for ReW = 250 i.e. no matter how small the cylinder/wire its influence does not, as it should, vanish. Similar tests for the Launder-Sharma k-ε, Menter SST and k-ω show, in accordance with physical reality, the cylinder's influence diminishing albeit slowly with size. Results suggest distance functions palliate the SA model's erroneous trait and improve its predictive performance in wire wake regions. Also, results suggest that, along the stagnation line, such functions improve the SA, mixing length, k-l and LVEL results. For the airfoil, with SA, the larger Poisson distance function increases the wake region turbulence levels by just under 5%. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Influencia de las condiciones de almacenamiento y tres tipo de empaques sobre la viabilidad de la semilla de Nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)

El presente trabajo se realizó en el Programa de Recursos Genéticos Nicaragoenses (REGEN), adscrito a la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), con los objetivos de determinar el mejor empaque y las mejores condiciones de almacenamiento que permitieran prolongar el periodo de viabilidad de la semilla de nim. La semilla fue secada en condiciones ambientales y posteriormente envasadas en bolsas de algodón. bolsas plásticas protegidas con papel craft y bolsas polilaminadas y almacenadas en siete condiciooes ambientales. Las pruebas de viabilidad con Tetrazolio, germinación y contenido de humedad fueron realizadas en los 1, 7 y 14 días después de la cosecha; posteriormente se hicieron cada 14 días. Todos los datos en porcentajes fueron transformados a arcoseno y analizados como un diseño bifactorial usando análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y la prueba de separación de medias según Tukey al 5o/o de significancia. Después de 112 dlas de almacenamiento, el mejor empaque y la mejor condición de almacenamiento fueron las bolsas de algodón y elcuarto de secado, con temperatura de 15-18 •e y humedad relativa de 18%. Elperíodo de viabilidad más corto fue obtenido utilizando bolsas polilaminadas• almacenadas a 5 •c. Obteniéndose diferencia significativa entre empaques y almacenamientos. En el presente estudio también se realizó varios ensayos preliminares para mejorar la metodología de las pruebas a realizar. De esta manera, el porcentaje de germinación más alto se obtuvo en arena fina. en semillas regadas con agua reposada durante 48 horas y en semillas colectadas 12 semanas después de la floración. Finalmente, la germinación más baja fue obtenida en semillas con el endocarpio sano que en aquellas con algún tipo de daño mecánico, probablemente debido a dormancia.

Las misiones y visitas canónicas en los pueblos de frontera de la provincia de Buenos Aires

Dada la importancia de las misiones en los poblados bonaerenses para la evangelización y la implantación de la Iglesia en la campaña más alejada de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, el autor ofrece un estudio sobre la temática en relación con los obispos en los pueblos de campaña y la fundación de parroquias. La presentación forma parte de una investigación más amplia realizada en 2008 para la Licenciatura en Teología con especialización en Historia de la Iglesia, con el tema Entre Misas y Malones Los sacerdotes diocesanos en los pueblos de frontera con el indio en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. El artículo finaliza sintetizando algunas conclusiones generales.

Los economistas como filósofos mundanos

Resumen: Mientras que las principales figuras de la historia de la economía la concibieron como una ciencia inseparable de la filosofía y de otras ciencias humanas, en las últimas décadas se ha producido un movimiento hacia la transformación de la economía en una disciplina esencialmente técnica, con áreas de investigación estrechamente especializadas. Si bien es cierto que la especialización ha permitido realizar un gran progreso en la ciencia económica, los hechos que han ocurrido en los últimos años relacionados con la crisis financiera, sustentan los argumentos de quienes plantean la necesidad de desarrollar foros de interacción interdisciplinaria y aspirar a una visión más amplia de la economía como ciencia.

Actitudes de los adolescentes hacia personas con discapacidad : un estudio con alumnos de polimodal en la zona norte del conurbano bonaerense

Resumen: Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento acerca de las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia las personas con discapacidad, y cómo el contacto con éstas influye en la visión que se posee de la discapacidad, se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo en base a una muestra no probabilística intencional compuesta por 265 adolescentes, estudiantes de la zona norte del Conurbano Bonaerense. Los datos muestran que los estudiantes presentan una actitud favorable hacia las personas con discapacidad y que la presencia del contacto genera diferencias en la percepción e interacción hacia ellas. Asimismo, se demuestra la relevancia que tiene a la hora de la expresión de las actitudes las variables: razón y frecuencia del contacto, sexo, especialización del curso y tipo del colegio al que asisten.

A leitura do desempenho: contribuições para o aprimoramento do planejamento estratégico da Câmara dos Deputados

O artigo apresenta ações para a análise de projetos/programas corporativos na Câmara dos Deputados, conforme experiência realizada na disciplina Tópicos Especiais do Curso de Especialização em Gestão Pública Legislativa do Centro de Formação, Treinamento e Aperfeiçoamento, em 2010. A pesquisa narra os procedimentos desenvolvidos e apresenta os resultados alcançados, pretendendo contribuir para o debate sobre o planejamento estratégico da Casa Legislativa

Dinámica de las Redes Virtuales de Fabricación Global en la Industria Aeronáutica

[ES] Las redes virtuales de fabricación global (RVFGs) están formadas por empresas independientes las cuales establecen entre sí relaciones de tipo horizontal y vertical, pudiendo incluso ser competidores, donde no es necesario mantener internamente grandes recursos fabriles sino gestionar y compartir eficientemente los recursos de la red.

Las estrategias de especialización inteligente: una estrategia territorial para las regiones

[ES] A pesar de que existe un amplio reconocimiento de que los territorios necesitan desarrollar estrategias de innovación para la construcción de ventajas competitivas, hasta ahora no han sido explicitados el contenido y las particularidades del término estrategia aplicado al ámbito territorial, por lo que se ha utilizado frecuentemente con significados ambiguos.

O rito de tramitação das medidas provisórias e a questão da instalação das comissões mistas

Busca conhecer as razões pelas quais as comissões mistas não se instalam para apreciar as medidas provisórias. Para isso, foram analisados os precursores do instituto da medida provisória nas constituições republicanas no sentido de compará-los; observadas práticas políticas em detrimento às regras; verificadas manifestações das lideranças partidárias que colaboram para a instalação ou não das comissões; foram estudados casos de algumas comissões. Por último, foram analisadas propostas de emenda à Constituição na busca pela solução da questão, com a extinção ou criação de uma comissão mista permanente.

Path Planner for Intelligent Laser Surface Modification

An optimal algorithm of manufacturing path planner for intelligent laser surface modification is presented. Elements included in the optimal objective have been analyzed. A 6-D manufacture trace that satisfies the requirements of special craft and 5-axis laser processing robot system has been generated from the path planner by method of parallel section in which combinations of modification spots size with curvature of processing surfaces and modification craft parameters are considered. Related experiments have been successfully carried out with the computer integrated multifunctional laser manufacturing system.

Residential Docks and Piers: Inventory of laws, regulations, and policies for the Southeastern United States

While the homes threatened by erosion and the developer illegally filling in marshlands are the projects that make the headlines, for many state regulatory programs, it’s the residential docks and piers that take up the most time. When is a dock too long? What about crossing extended property lines? And at what point does a creek have too many docks? There are no easy answers to any of the dock and pier related questions. Each state has to craft the laws and policies that are best for its natural resources and its political and legal environment. At the same time, mistakes in judgment can be costly for the organization, the homeowner, and the natural resources. At the request of the Georgia Coastal Management Program, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center compiled an inventory of dock information for four states—Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Federal laws, state laws and regulations, permitting policies, and contact information are included in a tabular format that is easy to use. (PDF contaions 18 pages)

Hacia una economía holográfica. Una revisión de la ciencia económica a partir de la ontoepistemología oriental

363 p.

Marketing of fishing gear materials and fishing gear making in parts of Kainji Lake basin

The importance of fishing gear in fishing cannot be over-emphasized; as without it fish cannot be obtained. The method used to catch fish affects the condition in which the product is landed. This means that a bad-catching method would produced bad fish to the consumer. To achieve the goal of self-sufficiency in fish production in Nigeria, there is need to address the lingering problems of fishing gear and craft technology, especially in terms of availability of materials and their cost. The sale and making of fishing gear materials are two areas of fisheries, which are yet to be exploited by the general public as forms of businesses for livelihood. The study is conducted in villages around the lower part of Kainji Lake, towards the dam, including New Bussa. It reveals that only the fishermen themselves are involved in making their own fishing gears while those involved in the selling of fishing gear materials like the sheet netting, ropes, twines, floats, sinkers etc are business men and women who may not have any experience of fishing. Also considered in the study is the art of making fishing crafts like the canoe and gourd. Very few entrepreneurs are involved and they are so skilled that each is specialized in the making of only one kind of craft or gear

Anatomical and developmental patterns of interleukin-2 gene expression in the mouse: analysis of IL-2 expressing cells and partial characterization of interactions involved in mediating IL-2 gene expression in vivo

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important mediator in the vertebrate immune system. IL-2 is a potent growth factor that mature T lymphocytes use as a proliferation signal and the production of IL-2 is crucial for the clonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells in the primary immune response. IL-2 driven proliferation is dependent on the interaction of the lymphokine with its cognate multichain receptor. IL-2 expression is induced only upon stimulation and transcriptional activation of the IL-2 gene relies extensively on the coordinate interaction of numerous inducible and constitutive trans-acting factors. Over the past several years, thousands of papers have been published regarding molecular and cellular aspects of IL-2 gene expression and IL-2 function. The vast majority of these reports describe work that has been carried out in vitro. However, considerably less is known about control of IL-2 gene expression and IL-2 function in vivo.

To gain new insight into the regulation of IL-2 gene expression in vivo, anatomical and developmental patterns of IL-2 gene expression in the mouse were established by employing in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining methodologies to tissue sections generated from normal mice and mutant animals in which T -cell development was perturbed. Results from these studies revealed several interesting aspects of IL-2 gene expression, such as (1) induction of IL-2 gene expression and protein synthesis in the thymus, the primary site of T-cell development in the body, (2) cell-type specificity of IL-2 gene expression in vivo, (3) participation of IL-2 in the extrathymic expansion of mature T cells in particular tissues, independent of an acute immune response to foreign antigen, (4) involvement of IL-2 in maintaining immunologic balance in the mucosal immune system, and (5) potential function of IL-2 in early events associated with hematopoiesis.

Extensive analysis of IL-2 mRNA accumulation and protein production in the murine thymus at various stages of development established the existence of two classes of intrathymic IL-2 producing cells. One class of intrathymic IL-2 producers was found exclusively in the fetal thymus. Cells belonging to this subset were restricted to the outermost region of the thymus. IL-2 expression in the fetal thymus was highly transient; a dramatic peak ofiL-2 mRNA accumulation was identified at day 14.5 of gestation and maximal IL-2 protein production was observed 12 hours later, after which both IL-2 mRNA and protein levels rapidly decreased. Significantly, the presence of IL-2 expressing cells in the day 14-15 fetal thymus was not contingent on the generation of T-cell receptor (TcR) positive cells. The second class of IL-2 producing cells was also detectable in the fetal thymus (cells found in this class represented a minority subset of IL-2 producers in the fetal thymus) but persist in the thymus during later stages of development and after birth. Intrathymic IL-2 producers in postnatal animals were located in the subcapsular region and cortex, indicating that these cells reside in the same areas where immature T cells are consigned. The frequency of IL-2 expressing cells in the postnatal thymus was extremely low, indicating that induction of IL-2 expression and protein synthesis are indicative of a rare activation event. Unlike the fetal class of intrathymic IL-2 producers, the presence of IL-2 producing cells in the postnatal thymus was dependent on to the generation of TcR+ cells. Subsequent examination of intrathymic IL-2 production in mutant postnatal mice unable to produce either αβ or γδ T cells showed that postnatal IL-2 producers in the thymus belong to both αβ and γδ lineages. Additionally, further studies indicated that IL-2 synthesis by immature αβ -T cells depends on the expression of bonafide TcR αβ-heterodimers. Taken altogether, IL-2 production in the postnatal thymus relies on the generation of αβ or γδ-TcR^+ cells and induction of IL-2 protein synthesis can be linked to an activation event mediated via the TcR.

With regard to tissue specificity of IL-2 gene expression in vivo, analysis of whole body sections obtained from normal neonatal mouse pups by in situ hybridization demonstrated that IL-2 mRNA^+ cells were found in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues with which T cells are associated, such as the thymus (as described above), dermis and gut. Tissues devoid of IL-2 mRNA^+ cells included brain, heart, lung, liver, stomach, spine, spinal cord, kidney, and bladder. Additional analysis of isolated tissues taken from older animals revealed that IL-2 expression was undetectable in bone marrow and in nonactivated spleen and lymph nodes. Thus, it appears that extrathymic IL-2 expressing cells in nonimmunologically challenged animals are relegated to particular epidermal and epithelial tissues in which characterized subsets of T cells reside and thatinduction of IL-2 gene expression associated with these tissues may be a result of T-cell activation therein.

Based on the neonatal in situ hybridization results, a detailed investigation into possible induction of IL-2 expression resulting in IL-2 protein synthesis in the skin and gut revealed that IL-2 expression is induced in the epidermis and intestine and IL-2 protein is available to drive cell proliferation of resident cells and/or participate in immune function in these tissues. Pertaining to IL-2 expression in the skin, maximal IL-2 mRNA accumulation and protein production were observed when resident Vγ_3^+ T-cell populations were expanding. At this age, both IL-2 mRNA^+ cells and IL-2 protein production were intimately associated with hair follicles. Likewise, at this age a significant number of CD3ε^+ cells were also found in association with follicles. The colocalization of IL-2 expression and CD3ε^+ cells suggests that IL-2 expression is induced when T cells are in contact with hair follicles. In contrast, neither IL-2 mRNA nor IL-2 protein were readily detected once T-cell density in the skin reached steady-state proportions. At this point, T cells were no longer found associated with hair follicles but were evenly distributed throughout the epidermis. In addition, IL-2 expression in the skin was contingent upon the presence of mature T cells therein and induction of IL-2 protein synthesis in the skin did not depend on the expression of a specific TcR on resident T cells. These newly disclosed properties of IL-2 expression in the skin indicate that IL-2 may play an additional role in controlling mature T-cell proliferation by participating in the extrathymic expansion of T cells, particularly those associated with the epidermis.

Finally, regarding IL-2 expression and protein synthesis in the gut, IL-2 producing cells were found associated with the lamina propria of neonatal animals and gut-associated IL-2 production persisted throughout life. In older animals, the frequency of IL-2 producing cells in the small intestine was not identical to that in the large intestine and this difference may reflect regional specialization of the mucosal immune system in response to enteric antigen. Similar to other instances of IL-2 gene expression in vivo, a failure to generate mature T cells also led to an abrogation of IL-2 protein production in the gut. The presence of IL-2 producing cells in the neonatal gut suggested that these cells may be generated during fetal development. Examination of the fetal gut to determine the distribution of IL-2 producing cells therein indicated that there was a tenfold increase in the number of gut-associated IL-2 producers at day 20 of gestation compared to that observed four days earlier and there was little difference between the frequency of IL-2 producing cells in prenatal versus neonatal gut. The origin of these fetally-derived IL-2 producing cells is unclear. Prior to the immigration of IL-2 inducible cells to the fetal gut and/or induction of IL-2 expression therein, IL-2 protein was observed in the fetal liver and fetal omentum, as well as the fetal thymus. Considering that induction of IL-2 protein synthesis may be an indication of future functional capability, detection of IL-2 producing cells in the fetal liver and fetal omentum raises the possibility that IL-2 producing cells in the fetal gut may be extrathymic in origin and IL-2 producing cells in these fetal tissues may not belong solely to the T lineage. Overall, these results provide increased understanding of the nature of IL-2 producing cells in the gut and how the absence of IL-2 production therein and in fetal hematopoietic tissues can result in the acute pathology observed in IL-2 deficient animals.