947 resultados para cell wall formation
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低温贮藏是延缓园艺产品采后成熟、抑制病原菌生长和保持品质的常规方法。然而,许多园艺产品对低温(一般低于10 ºC~12 ºC)相当敏感,如果贮藏温度过低,就易产生冷害,降低其商业价值。所以研究采后园艺产品的冷害机制及如何提高其抗冷性是具有潜在经济价值的科学问题。水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯是植物产生的信号物质,有研究表明这两种物质能够缓解低温贮藏下果实的冷害程度或提高果实的抗冷性,但是相关的作用机理并不清晰。本论文以芒果、桃和黄瓜为材料,研究水杨酸甲酯或茉莉酸甲酯处理的果实在冷害或非冷害贮藏条件下的抗氧化代谢、酚类物质代谢、细胞膜完整性以及细胞壁成分和结构等方面的变化,进一步证实了水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯能够缓解果实的冷害,同时还探讨了提高抗冷性的机制。 本论文采用扫描电子显微镜研究果实表皮蜡层的变化,用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究果实细胞壁结构和成分的变化,用原子吸收分光光度计测定细胞壁钙离子的变化,用电导率仪检测果实细胞的完整性。同时测定了果实酚类物质含量、多酚氧化酶(EC 1.10.3.1)活性、过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.7)活性,并分析了果实硬度、糖和酸含量等品质指标。试验结果表明:适宜浓度的水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯均能缓解果实的冷害症状,提高果实的抗冷性。其中,水杨酸甲酯处理能够改变果实表皮蜡层结构;降低表皮脂类物质和细胞壁酚类物质积累;抑制细胞壁纤维物质的降解,调节果胶物质的溶解,保护细胞壁结构。茉莉酸甲酯处理可以保护细胞膜的完整性;调节果实的酚类物质代谢,缓解果实的酶促褐变;抑制细胞壁果胶物质和纤维物质的降解,维持细胞壁结构和果实的硬度,有利于提高果实的抗冷性和缓解果实冷害。 虽然不同的果实表现的冷害症状不完全相同,但是低温胁迫对植物组织结构(膜系统和细胞壁结构)的破坏是造成果实冷害的根本原因。提高果实抗冷性的各种调节机制归根结底是通过保护细胞正常结构而发挥作用的。水杨酸甲酯与茉莉酸甲酯处理保护了果实的组织结构,缓解了低温胁迫对果实的伤害,提高了果实的抗冷性。然而,果实自身物质成分的差异是造成冷害症状表现不同的主要原因。
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花粉管是种子植物受精过程中雄性生殖单位的载体,具有典型的极性顶端生长模式,因此成为研究细胞极性生长机理的理想模式体系。本研究以裸子植物白杄(Picea meyeri Rehd.et Wils)花粉为材料,并以对花粉萌发和花粉管生长起关键作用的Ca2+作为切入点,分析钙-钙调素在花粉萌发及花粉管极性生长中的作用,同时也为进一步探讨它们在其他植物细胞中的作用机理研究提供重要参考。 通过细胞化学定位证明,白杄花粉中含有丰富的游离钙离子和钙调素,在花粉管顶端呈现明显的梯度分布;钙调素特异拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(trifluoperazine,简称TFP)可以在钙离子存在的情况下与钙调素特异性结合,从而抑制钙-钙调素复合物对下游效应蛋白的激活。微摩尔浓度的TFP明显抑制白杄花粉萌发以及花粉管的生长,并导致大部分花粉管畸形生长。TFP处理后的花粉管(约80%以上)中游离钙离子梯度消失或梯度不明显,由此说明钙调素参与花粉管顶端游离钙离子梯度的维持。抑制剂处理显著影响钙调素在花粉管顶端的梯度分布模式,梯度落差明显减小。 应用鬼笔环肽标记花粉管微丝骨架表明,正常生长的花粉管中微丝骨架沿花粉管长轴平行的方向呈网络状分布,但是在花粉管顶端仅有杂乱的微丝片断分布;低浓度TFP处理之后,微丝骨架分布的方向性丧失并开始卷曲,花粉管顶端的微丝片断消失,高浓度TFP处理之后微丝骨架完全断裂,聚集成短粗的束状。FM4-64标记花粉管后发现,经TFP处理的花粉管顶端胞吞速度明显加快,最终染料集中分布在紧贴质膜下很小的区域内,同时胞吞过程加快主要表现在染料进入花粉管细胞的速度加快,而随后染料在细胞内的扩散速度并无明显变化。以酸性磷酸酶为标志的胞吐活性也显著下降。通过MitoTracker染色发现,TFP处理之后花粉管中线粒体的形态和分布都发生了显著变化;在电子显微镜下观察显示,抑制剂处理的花粉管中液泡化现象严重,线粒体膨大变形,其内嵴的结构遭到严重破坏,同时高尔基体和内质网的形态也都发生了不同程度的异常变化,另外线粒体和液泡还出现了类似于自体吞噬的现象。 在荧光显微镜下观察发现,在标准培养基中培养的花粉管经苯胺兰染色后,胼胝质分布于整根花粉管侧壁上,而顶端区域胼胝质分布却很少或不存在。但经TFP处理之后,在花粉管细胞壁的个别区域有胼胝质大量沉积,同时在花粉管中还出现能被苯胺兰特异染色的许多颗粒状物质。此时花粉管顶端细胞壁中的纤维素含量明显减少。以单克隆抗体JIM5、JIM7标记果胶质,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察发现,标准培养基中培养的花粉管,酸性果胶质分布于整根花粉管的侧壁中,但在其顶端的含量很低或不存在,与此相反,酯化果胶质只分布在花粉管的顶端;而经TFP处理的花粉管中,酸性果胶质均匀分布于花粉管细胞壁上,酯化果胶质仅出现在花粉管基部的细胞壁中。单克隆抗体LM2和LM6标记结果显示,正常生长的花粉管细胞壁中AGPs呈周期性的环状分布,TFP处理后AGPs仅仅分布在花粉管基部的细胞壁中。SDS-PAGE电泳分析显示,抑制剂处理之后花粉管细胞壁蛋白的表达也发生明显变化。由FT-IR分析进一步证实了上述两种果胶质及纤维素在花粉管顶端细胞壁中相对含量的变化趋势。 利用双向电泳技术分离花粉管全蛋白,结果发现正常生长和TFP处理后的花粉管的大部分蛋白斑点都处于pI 4-8以及分子量在14-97 KD的范围内,主要是一些中等分子量大小、微酸性和中性的蛋白类群。由软件分析显示,除其中76个蛋白外,大部分蛋白质的表达并未发生变化。将上述76个表达量发生变化的差异蛋白进行胶内酶解,并经ESI-MS/MS分析鉴定,以及质谱数据库搜索,最终鉴定出57个蛋白,其中23个表达量上调,其余34个表达量下调。根据其生物学功能可以分为碳水化合物及能量代谢、胁迫及防御反应、细胞扩展、信号转导等功能蛋白类群。经TFP处理后,花粉管中碳水化合物及能量代谢过程整体水平下降,氧化磷酸化水平减低,但是丙酮酸脱羧酶旁路代谢水平却略有上升。由此暗示,花粉管在生长停滞的环境条件下,该途径可作为能量供应的替代机制;参与转一碳单位反应的蛋白表达量普遍上调,参与细胞延展(如细胞骨架重构、细胞壁多糖合成)的蛋白表达量下调,此项研究结果与上述的细胞生物学分析结论基本一致。 综上所述,当钙调素蛋白功能受到抑制后,顶端游离钙离子浓度梯度消失同时胞质钙离子浓度显著升高;细胞代谢水平(糖酵解和三羧酸酸循环)整体下降,而可能通过丙酮酸脱羧酶旁路来维持最低限度的能量供应;同时花粉管微丝骨架发生解聚,花粉管细胞壁组成成分合成水平下降,细胞延展相关的能力减弱,最终导致花粉管生长的停滞。钙-钙调素信号存在于白杄花粉萌发和花粉管生长这一特定的细胞生物学事件中,并参与花粉管顶端游离钙离子梯度的维持和定向生长。
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植物在长期的进化过程中,已经对其生存环境具备了各种适应对策。放牧影响下草原植物的生态适应策略,决定了其是否能够忍耐或者适应放牧生境从而维持自身的生存和种群的延续。研究植食性动物对植物的影响有助于制定合理的放牧制度和草地利用方式,从而为防止草原退化和恢复退化草地提供重要的理论依据;同时研究植物对放牧的响应策略,对于草原生物多样性的保护和草原生物资源的合理利用具有重要的理论和实践意义。 本文以中科院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站放牧综合试验样地中的小叶锦鸡儿为主要研究对象。通过长期不同放牧强度的放牧试验和唾液涂抹等模拟试验,从形态学、有性生殖、种子萌发和遗传多样性等方面,探讨了小叶锦鸡儿对放牧家畜(绵羊)采食的生物学响应。本研究得到以下主要结论: 1. 通过小叶锦鸡儿形态和有性生殖的实验,可以看到放牧改变了该种植物的形态和生殖特性,不同放牧强度对其影响的程度是不相同的。在啃食压力下,小叶锦鸡儿的营养、生殖和防御之间存在消长关系。随着放牧强度的增加,小叶锦鸡儿对营养器官和有性生殖器官的投资均减少,而对防御器官的投资有增加的趋势,主要体现在:个体的小型化(植株高度、叶轴长度、小叶大小)和果荚数目及成熟种子数都随着放牧强度的增加而明显减少;物理性防御器官――刺,其密度和长度都明显的增加。同时,放牧也对植物花粉的品质产生了消极影响。 2. 放牧不仅影响了植物体本身的生物学特性,而且影响了子代的生物学特性。不同放牧强度下的植株产生的种子,其萌发速率明显不同。同时放牧强度和沙埋深度对小叶锦鸡儿的出苗率均具有显著影响,随着沙埋深度增加,出苗率明显降低,0~2cm是其适宜出苗的沙埋深度;浅层沙埋处理下,轻度放牧和重度放牧的出苗率差异显著。与轻度放牧相比,重牧条件下同一沙埋深度的种子出苗时间明显推迟;在相同放牧压力下,沙埋深度也影响了出苗时间。 3. 采食活动对植物本身的形态、生殖以及子代的萌发特性都产生了影响;通过AFLP实验证明了小叶锦鸡儿在长期的放牧历史活动中已经发生了遗传多样性的变化,重度放牧强度下的植株与轻度放牧条件下的植株具有相对较远的遗传距离,也就是说,小叶锦鸡儿种群的分化与放牧强度具有密切的关系。 4. 三种不同生活型植物(灌木-小叶锦鸡儿、半灌木-冷蒿和草本-羊草)对绵羊唾液涂抹的响应不同,刈割和涂抹绵羊唾液能够增加植物的净地上生物量,并促进植株增加地上部分的光合产物投资。同时表明,简单的机械剪除不能够真正反应放牧家畜采食所产生的生物学效应。
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G蛋白参与了哺乳动物内多种细胞信号途径,但其在植物花粉萌发和花粉管发育过程中的细胞学定位、生化特性及功能研究比较滞后,有关这方面的研究报道较少。在显花植物授粉受精过程中,具顶端极性生长特性的花粉管是雄性生殖单位的载体,也是研究细胞生长分子调控机理的理想体系。与被子植物相比,裸子植物具有生长周期长,花粉管生长缓慢、易分叉等特点,具有不同于被子植物花粉发育的独特发育模式。对于裸子植物花粉萌发和花粉管生长的调控机理,目前尚不十分清楚。本文以松类植物中比较有代表性的裸子植物青杆(Piceawillsonii)和白皮松(Pinus bungeana)花粉为试材,应用免疫分析和间接免疫荧光显微镜技术,结合药理学实验和FTIR手段,研究了异三聚体G蛋白和小G蛋白在花粉管细胞中的定位、生化特性及其在花粉管发育中的调控作用。结果如下: 应用Western Blotting技术和来自于抗哺乳动物中不同序列G蛋白O【亚基抗体,我们在白皮松花粉管中检测到一条分子量为40 kDa左右的蛋白。去污剂处理显示,该蛋白与质膜偶联。间接免疫荧光显微镜实验发现,在花粉管发育的整个时期,代表Ga蛋白的荧光均一的分布在整个质膜区域,尤其在尖端皮层区域荧光最亮,显示此处该蛋白浓度最高。无论是在正常发育的花粉管抑或是发生弯曲或扭曲生长的花粉管,均呈现同样的分布模式。随着花粉管发育,Ga蛋白表达量发生变化。在花粉管发育中期,Ga蛋白表达量比较高;随着花粉管离体培养时间的延长,Ga蛋白表达量下降。另外,在花粉刚刚萌发时,Ga蛋白表达量也比较低。 对白皮松花粉萌发进行的药理学实验显示,G蛋白调节剂 CTX和PTX对白皮松花粉管的影响呈现双阶段效应。当添加的药剂浓度小于400 ng mL-I时,无论CTX还是PTX均抑制了花粉萌发和花粉管生长,且花粉管容易破裂;而当二者浓度分别升至500 ng mL-I时,同对照相比,花粉管生长明显受到促进。这一结果不支持Ma等人在百合花粉中的研究结果。进一步应用FTIR技术分析发现,当用浓度为400 ng mL-I CTX或PTX处理花粉管时,花粉管细胞壁酚类物质增加,而纤维素、半纤维素、木聚糖等物质下降,这可能是导致此浓度处理下花粉管易破裂的原因。这些结果显示了G蛋白a亚基参与了白皮松花粉管生长,CTX和PTX可能通过下游对其敏感的功能蛋白而非Ga本身,影响着花粉管生长并调控着花粉管壁的建成。 利用来源于烟草的抗NtRacl抗体和拟南芥的抗ROPs抗体,应用WeternBlotting技术,我们在青杆花粉管中检测到分子量为23kDa的多肽。间接免疫荧光显微镜实验显示,在花粉萌发18和24小时后,Rac蛋白主要定位于花粉管尖端质膜区域,时而会延伸到顶端两侧区域,但从尖端到基部存在浓度梯度,这种分布模式多在花粉管发育的后期观察到。Rac蛋白在青杆花粉管不同发育时期的分布模式变化可能和花粉管的生长状态有关,在花粉管发育早期和中期,正是花粉管旺盛生长期,Rac蛋白的尖端定位保证了花粉管的极性生长。对Rac蛋白在花粉管的分布进行的连续切片扫描发现,Rac蛋白不但分布在质膜上,并与质膜偶联,而且在胞质中亦有分布。通过对一系列正常发育(即极性生长的花粉管)和畸形发育的花粉管进行观察发现,Rac蛋白主要分布在旺盛生长的花粉管尖端质膜或离顶端20 Vm处,在分叉的生长缓慢的分枝端分布较少。而在那些发生分叉生长的花粉管中,处于次要位置的基本停止生长的分枝端几乎没有Rac蛋白存在。在顶端发生膨大的花粉管中,Rac蛋白均匀分布在花粉管整个质膜上,丧失浓度梯度,失去极性生长。这些结果显示了Rac蛋白参与了青杆花粉管生长。 应用抗NtRacl抗体进行的间接免疫荧光显微镜定位实验,我们在正在生长的花粉管的管核中观察到明亮的荧光,显示了有Rac蛋白的存在。当精细胞在花粉粒中未移动到花粉管中时,几乎没有观察到荧光信号。随着花粉管发育,两个精细胞的位置发生变化,当其中一个较大的精细胞移动到花粉管中时,观察到明亮的荧光信号,这些结果显示了Rac蛋白可能参与了管核或精细胞在花粉管内的移动。
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花粉管是种子植物受精过程中的雄性生殖单位载体,具有典型的顶端极性生长特点,因此成为近年来研究植物细胞间相互识别、胞内外信号传递的模式系统。裸子植物花粉管与被子植物花粉管相比具有萌发时间长、生长缓慢等特点。一氧化氮(NO)作为一个重要的胞内信号分子,参与调节植物生长发育和多种生理过程,但是,有关NO对花粉管生长的作用机制目前尚不清楚。本研究以裸子植物白皮松(Pinus bungeana)花粉为材料,应用不同浓度的NO释放剂SNAP和SNP, NO清除剂cPTIO和哺乳动物一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NNA处理,对白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管伸长进行了细胞学研究,从而为进一步揭示NO调控裸子植物花粉管生长机理提供参考。 本论文首先研究了NO释放剂、清除剂及NOS抑制剂对白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果显示,SNAP和SNP能够促进白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管伸长,并具有浓度效用,但对其花粉管的形态特征无明显影响;cPTIO和L-NNA能够抑制白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管生长,并且具有浓度效应,同时还可使花粉管顶端膨大呈球形,并丧失花粉管的极性生长。运用NO特异探针DAF-2DA标记显示,SNAP和SNP处理可促进花粉管胞内NO产生;经cPTIO和L-NNA处理后,花粉管内荧光强度比对照花粉管明显减弱。上述结果表明,NO参与裸子植物花粉管极性生长,并且适量NO可以促进花粉管的生长。 用显微注射技术将Ca2+特异探针注射入白皮松花粉管,以检测白皮松花粉管胞内Ca2+浓度梯度。结果显示,SNAP和SNP处理后,NO荧光增加的同时,花粉管顶端Ca2+浓度梯度增加。与此相反,cPTIO和L-NNA处理后,NO荧光降低的同时,花粉管顶端Ca2+浓度梯度也相应降低。应用非损伤微测技术测定花粉管胞外Ca2+内流,结果显示,SNAP和SNP促进胞外Ca2+内流,而cPTIO和L-NNA则抑制胞外Ca2+内流。据此,我们推测,在白皮松花粉管中,NO可能通过调节胞外Ca2+内流来调节胞内Ca2+浓度梯度,然而,我们不能排除在NO信号传递过程中,胞内Ca2+库可能影响胞内Ca2+浓度梯度。 通过微丝特异探针标记的白皮松花粉管显示,SNAP和SNP可使花粉管顶端细微丝束解聚,而cPTIO和L-NNA处理后,花粉管中微丝聚合,尤其在花粉管顶端形成粗的微丝束,并一直延伸到花粉管的最顶端。结合上述Ca2+结果,我们认为,经NO处理后,白皮松花粉管微丝骨架的动态变化,可能是通过Ca2+浓度来进行调控的。通过FM4-64探针标记显示,正常生长白皮松花粉管胞吞作用主要集中在顶端和亚顶端,并且形成倒“V”形的分布模式,SNAP与SNP处理后荧光分布模式与对照花粉管类似,但达到饱和所用时间相对较短;而L-NNA处理后顶端膨大丧失极性的花粉管,荧光分布在膨大花粉管靠近质膜的区域,未见倒“V”形分布模式;经L-NNA处理后,顶端没有膨大的花粉管,荧光几乎均匀分布于整个花粉管,并且L-NNA处理后达到饱和的时间较对照长。上述结果表明,适量NO能够促进白皮松花粉管胞吞。 免疫抗体标记技术分析发现,对照花粉管的酯化果胶质和AGPs都集中在顶端,酸性果胶质分布在侧壁,胼胝质均匀分布在整个花粉管壁上。L-NNA处理后的花粉管,在其顶端出现酸性果胶和酯化果胶,以及有胼胝质积累,而AGPs则分布在花粉管的基部。运用傅里叶红外光谱技术(Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy, FTIR)技术分析白皮松花粉管顶端细胞壁成分,结果显示,SNAP处理后花粉管顶端酯化果胶增加而酸性果胶降低;与之相反,经L-NNA处理后的花粉管,其顶端酯化果胶降低而酸性果胶增加。 综上所述,在白皮松花粉管中,NO促进胞外Ca2+内流,从而维持胞内Ca2+浓度梯度,进而影响花粉管顶端微丝骨架的组装,促进囊泡运输,使花粉管顶端酯化果胶累积,最终促进花粉管的正常生长。
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干旱对植物的影响和植物对干旱的反应是十分复杂的,涉及到植物的各种生理活动,由胁迫强度及时间、植物本身的遗传特性、发育阶段和生理状况以及其他环境因子共同决定。现代分子生物学和生物技术的发展深化了对植物逆境反应的研究,对植物抗旱分子反应的研究成为这个领域的热点,也引发了抗逆基因资源的争夺战。 以拟南芥等植物为实验材料的研究对深入了解植物对干旱胁迫感知和反应机制提供了重要信息, 但对植物抗旱机制的了解仍然十分匮乏。其中, 限制人们对抗旱机制深入了解的一个重要因素就是植物抗旱机制的复杂性和多样性,这种抗旱机制的复杂性决定了不是所有的机制都可通过拟南芥等植物来加以揭示。因此利用特殊生境植物来研究相关基因的表达对揭示植物对环境适应机制有着极为重要的价值。 我们实验室以复苏被子植物旋蒴苣苔(Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R Br.,牛耳草)为实验材料,开展了多方面的工作,以期从复苏植物的角度加深人们对抗旱机制的了解。目前我们实验室已成功地建立了利用cDNA微阵列技术研究牛耳草基因表达谱的体系,并比较了4562个cDNA克隆在干旱前后的表达差异, 发现434个cDNA在干旱条件下表达水平增加一倍以上。 本工作是在上述工作的基础上,对这些表达差异的cDNA克隆并测序,利用Northern blot进一步验证这些基因。序列分析表明,这434个cDNA片段实际上代表着42个基因。根据序列同源性分析表明其中36个克隆与已知功能的基因具有同源性,它们分别是细胞壁相关基因、LEA基因和糖类、抗氧化酶类的编码基因等。另外,4个克隆未能找到同源序列,这可能意味着它们是一些新基因;2个克隆虽找到同源基因但功能未知。36个克隆中有3个编码的是细胞壁相关基因,它们在干旱早期就被诱导,而编码LEA蛋白的基因在干旱中期或后期大量诱导,这说明牛耳草耐旱反应的启动是程序化的,随干旱时间的延长和程度的加强,一步步地启动相应的基因来发挥作用,多方面地对植物细胞进行保护和修复。 本实验室的前期工作表明牛耳草脱水复水过程中细胞超微结构分发生了明显变化,其中细胞壁脱水时发生折叠复水时恢复原状。鉴于细胞壁如此显著的变化及其重要作用,我们以两个细胞壁相关的基因BhGRP1和BhGLP1为对象,对其表达的时间空间特点和对不同胁迫信号的应答、编码产物的理化性质、过量表达或抑制表达的转基因植物的表现型及转基因植物对不同逆境胁迫的抗/感性状等方面的进行研究,综合分析其在耐旱反应中可能参与的代谢途径或信号途径,以期为揭示牛耳草耐旱复苏机制提供有力的佐证。 我们利用Northern blot和半定量RT-PCR对两基因进行了表达模式分析,发现BhGRP1在干旱早期被诱导,干旱后期其转录本水平下降。而BhGLP1在早期诱导后一直保持高的表达。两者在不同胁迫、激素等处理下都有不同的响应。经PSORT分析两基因编码的蛋白都具有N-端信号肽,意味着两蛋白定位于胞外基质。构建BhGRP1-GFP和BhGLP1-GFP融合蛋白进行亚细胞定位分析,质壁分离后BhGRP1-GFP的信号仅保留在细胞壁,而BhGLP1-GFP则在胞壁胞膜上都存在。过量表达BhGRP1后发现它能赋予植物更强的耐旱复苏能力及机械强度,而抑制GLP表达的植株的抗旱性明显弱于野生型,表明BhGRP1和BhGLP1与牛耳草的耐旱复苏有密切的关系。
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本实验以小麦黄化胚芽鞘为材料首次从生化上证明细胞壁CaM的存在,并发现在小麦细胞壁中存在除CaM以外的另一种钙结合蛋白和CaM结合蛋白。主要实验结果如下: 1、根据小麦细胞壁提取液中存在具热稳定性;能与动物CaM抗体发生免疫交叉反应;依赖Ca++激活牛脑PDE及其激活受CaM抑制剂CPZ抑制等特性的物质,鉴定出在小麦细胞壁中存在CaM。 2、小麦细胞壁CaM以水溶性和离子键结合于细胞壁的两种形式存在,但主要以离子键结合于细胞壁的形式存在。每克鲜重小麦黄化胚芽鞘中,离子键结合于细胞壁的CaM占细胞壁总CaM的86.4%,细胞壁总CaM占胞内CaM的2.7%。 3、根据小麦细胞壁CaM依赖Ca++与苯基疏水结合;在紫外外吸收光谱上具有五个特征吸收峰;在有钙和缺钙情况下SDS电泳图谱上呈现不同的迁移率;对牛脑PDE的激活剂量反应和激活PDE时对Ca++的敏感性等特性,证明与胞内CaM具有相同的理化特性。 4、小麦细胞壁中存在9种CaM结合蛋白(或亚基),其中以分子量为40700的CaM结合蛋白(或亚基)含量最高。这些CaM结合蛋白中不存在过氧化物酶、ATP酶和酸性磷酸酯酶的活性。 5、小麦细胞壁中存在除CaM以外的另一种钙结合蛋白,分子量为38000。
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A Gram-positive bacterium, designated strain CW 7(T), was isolated from forest soil in Anhui Province, south-east China. Cells were strictly aerobic, motile with peritrichous flagella and rod-shaped. The strain grew optimally at 30-37 degrees C and pH 7.0-8.0. The major fatty acids of strain CW 7(T) were anteiso-C-15:0, iso-C-15:0 and anteiso-C-17:0. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 42.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain CW 7(T) belonged to a monophyletic cluster within the genus Bacillus and showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of less than 96.5% to recognized species of the genus Bacillus. The results of the polyphasic taxonomic study, including phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, showed that strain CW 7(T) represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus pallidus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CW 7(T) (=KCTC 13200(T)=CCTCC AB 207188(T)=LMG 24451(T)).
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The Ag5 proteins are the most abundant and immunogenic proteins in the venom secretory ducts of stinging insects. An antigen 5-like protein (named tabRTS) composed of 221 amino acid residues was purified and characterized from the salivary glands of the horsefly, Tabanus yao (Diptera, Tabanidae). Its cDNA was cloned from the cDNA library of the horsefly's salivary gland. TabRTS containing the SCP domain (Sc7 family of extracellular protein domain) was found in insect antigen 5 proteins. More interestingly, there is an Arg-Thr-Ser (RTS) disintegrin motif at the C-terminus of tabRTS. The RTS motif is positioned in a loop bracketed by cysteine residues as those found in RTS-disintegrins of Crotalidae and Viperidae snake venoms, which act as angiogenesis inhibitors. Endothelial Cell Tube formation assay in vitro and chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis assay in vivo were performed as to investigate the effect of tabRTS on angiogenesis. It was found that tabRTS could significantly inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Anti-alpha(1)beta(1) monoclonal antibody could dose-dependently inhibit the anti-angiogenic activity of tabRTS. This result indicated that tabRTS possibly targets the alpha(1)beta(1) integrin to exert the anti-angiogenic activity as snake venom RTS-/KTS-disintegrins do. The current work revealed the first angiogenesis inhibitor protein containing RTS motif from invertebrates, a possible novel type of RTS-disintegrin. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that profitably affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and /or activation of one or a limited number of bacteria in the intestine that can enhance host health status. Immunoster (IS) and Immunowall (IW) are prebiotics and immunostimulants derived from the outer cell wall of brewers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These substances contain MOS and �-glucans. After a four-week acclimatization period to rearing conditions and basal diet, 450 farmed great sturgeon juveniles weighing 95.58 ± 9.38 g were randomly distributed into 15 fiberglass tanks (2 × 2 × 0.53 m) in five treatments (Control, IS 1%, IW 1%, IS 3%, and IW 3%) in three replicates (completely randomized design) and kept at a density of 30 fish per tank for a period of 8 weeks at water temperature 20.55 ± 5.11ºC, dissolved oxygen 6.73 ± 0.35 mg L-1 and pH 7.92 ± 0.09. IS and IW were added at two levels of 1% and 3% to the basal diet in place of cellulose, except the control. At the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the trial, carcass analysis was done to determine the moisture, protein, fat, ash, and total carbohydrate. Also, blood samples were collected to measure hematological, biochemical and immune indices. At the end of the trial, final weight, final length, body weight increase (BWI), specific growth rate (SGR), average daily growth (ADG), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and condition factor (CF) in fish fed on IS and IW in both levels 1% and 3% showed some differences. These differences were significant in IS 3% and IW 1% and 3% compared with the control (P<0.05). HSI showed no significant difference (P>0.05) and survival rate was 100% in all treatments. Crude protein of carcass in fish fed on IS and IW at 1% and 3% showed an increase in comparison with the control. There was significant difference between IS 3% and the control in crude protein of carcass (P<0.05). Fish fed on IS and IW at 1% and 3% showed various results in hematological and biochemical factors. It was observed significant difference in MCV between IW 1% and IS 3% compared with the control (P<0.05). Although there was an increase in values of hematocrit, hemoglobin (except IS 1%), WBC (except IW 3%), MCH, neutrophil, total protein, albumin (except IS 3%), K+, and lysozyme in fish fed on IS and IW compared with the control, it was no significant (P>0.05). The maximum count of WBC and the highest value of Ca2+ were seen in IW 1%. The maximum count of lymphocyte, the highest values of total protein, albumin and IgM were recorded in IW 3%. IS 1% had the maximum count of neutrophil and the highest concentration of lysozyme. Based on obtained results, it can be declared that IS and IW at two levels of 1% and 3% can enhance growth performance and feed efficiency and also improve some hematological, biochemical, and immune indices in farmed great sturgeon juveniles.
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The physical-chemical characteristics of any aquatic ecosystem include pH, conductivity, and temperature, water transparency, nutrient and the chlorophyll-a levels. Physical and chemical factors of any ecosystem determine the type and quality of flora present in it and these forms the basis on which the system operates. The elements required in largest amounts for plant productions are carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon, which is important for diatoms as a major component of the cell wall. Nutrients may limit algal productivity in the tropics despite the high temperature there allowing rapid nutrient recycling. Nutrients most likely to be limiting African lakes are nitrogen (Talling & Talling 1965; Moss 1969; Lehman & Branstrator 1993, 1994) and phosphorus (Melack.et al l982; Kalff 1983) while silicon may limit diatom growth (Hecky & Kilham 1988). The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of physical-chemical characteristics on the distribution and abundance of organisms in the major aquatic ecosystems.
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This paper presents a method for the linear analysis of the stiffness and strength of open and closed cell lattices with arbitrary topology. The method hinges on a multiscale approach that separates the analysis of the lattice in two scales. At the macroscopic level, the lattice is considered as a uniform material; at the microscopic scale, on the other hand, the cell microstructure is modelled in detail by means of an in-house finite element solver. The method allows determine the macroscopic stiffness, the internal forces in the edges and walls of the lattice, as well as the global periodic buckling loads, along with their buckling modes. Four cube-based lattices and nine cell topologies derived by Archimedean polyhedra are studied. Several of them are characterized here for the first time with a particular attention on the role that the cell wall plays on the stiffness and strength properties. The method, automated in a computational routine, has been used to develop material property charts that help to gain insight into the performance of the lattices under investigation. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
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Classes of lattice material are reviewed, and their fracture response is explored in the context of the core of a sandwich panel. Attention is focussed on the strength of a sandwich plate with centre-cracked core made from an elastic-brittle square lattice. Predictions are summarised for the un-notched strength of the sandwiched core and for the fracture toughness of the lattice under remote tension, remote compression or remote shear. It is assumed that the lattice fails when the local stress in the cell walls attains the tensile or compressive strength of the solid, or when local buckling occurs. The local failure mechanism that dictates the unnotched strength may be different from that dictating the fracture toughness. Fracture mechanism maps are generated in order to reveal the dominant local failure mechanism for any given cell wall material.
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The mechanics of failure for elastic-brittle lattice materials is reviewed. Closed-form expressions are summarized for fracture toughness as a function of relative density for a wide range of periodic lattices. A variety of theoretical and numerical approaches has been developed in the literature and in the main the predictions coincide for any given topology. However, there are discrepancies and the underlying reasons for these are highlighted. The role of imperfections at the cell wall level can be accounted for by Weibull analysis. Nevertheless, defects can also arise on the meso-scale in the form of misplaced joints, wavy cell walls and randomly distributed missing cell walls. These degrade the macroscopic fracture toughness of the lattice. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
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To investigate germline development and germ cell specification, we identified a Dazl homolog (CagDazl) from gynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Its cDNA sequence and BAC clone sequence analyses revealed the genomic organization conservation and conserved synteny of the Dazl family members and their neighborhood genes among vertebrates, especially in fish. Moreover, a polyclonal antibody specific to CagDazl was produced and used to examine its expression and distribution throughout germline development at protein level. Firstly, ovary-specific expression pattern of CagDazl was confirmed in adult tissues by RT-PCR and Western blot. In addition, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence localization demonstrated its specific expression in germ cells, and both its transcript and protein were localized to germ plasm. Then, co-localization of CagDazl and mitochondrial cloud was found, confirming that CagDazl transcript and its protein are germ plasm component and move via METRO pathway during oogenesis. Furthermore, the CagDazl is abundant and continuous throughout germline development and germ cell specification including primordial germ cell (PGC) formation, oogonium differentiation, oocyte development, and embryogenesis, and the dynamic distribution occurs at different development stages. The data suggest that maternal CagDazl might play an important role in gibel carp PGC formation. Therefore, CagDazl is a useful and specific marker for tracing germ plasm and germ cell development in the gynogenetic gibel carp. In addition, in comparison with previous studies in sexual reproduction species, the continuous and dynamic distribution of CagDazl protein in the germ plasm throughout the life cycle seems to have significant implication in sex evolution of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Deu. Euol.) 312B:855-871, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.