Weaving Futures. Family Transnationalism in the migration from Dominican Republic and Brazil to Spain

This article explores forms of migrant families’ reorganization within a (new) global economic crisis and the hardening of migration control in Europe; based on the cases of Dominican and Brazilian migration to Spain.Our goal is not to characterize the wholeness of strategies from these collectives, instead visualize its heterogeneity. Displacement of Dominican and Brazilian population to Spain shares the role of women as the first link of migration chains. In both cases women are the economic support of transnational families and they lead reunification's processes. Nevertheless, differences in the time spent in the destination country, migratory status, origin (rural-urban), level of education, class and labor insertion in destination country, affect differently, the planning and start up of migration projects, the organization of care and family reunification strategies. These findings question the predominant place granted to national origin in the study of international migration.

Understandings of transnational families in debates on Migration and development

International migration sets in motion a range of significant transnational processes that connect countries and people. How migration interacts with development and how policies might promote and enhance such interactions have, since the turn of the millennium, gained attention on the international agenda. The recognition that transnational practices connect migrants and their families across sending and receiving societies forms part of this debate. The ways in which policy debate employs and understands transnational family ties nevertheless remain underexplored. This article sets out to discern the understandings of the family in two (often intermingled) debates concerned with transnational interactions: The largely state and policydriven discourse on the potential benefits of migration on economic development, and the largely academic transnational family literature focusing on issues of care and the micro-politics of gender and generation. Emphasizing the relation between diverse migration-development dynamics and specific family positions, we ask whether an analytical point of departure in respective transnational motherhood, fatherhood or childhood is linked to emphasizing certain outcomes. We conclude by sketching important strands of inclusions and exclusions of family matters in policy discourse and suggest ways to better integrate a transnational family perspective in global migration-development policy.

Perspectives on gender, migration and transnational work: joint work of social reproduction and care in Southern Europe

This paper presents the "state of the art" and some of the main issues discussed in relation to the topic of transnational migration and reproductive work in southern Europe. We start doing a genealogy of the complex theoretical development leading to the consolidation of the research program, linking consideration of gender with transnational migration and transformation of work and ways of survival, thus making the production aspects as reproductive, in a context of globalization. The analysis of the process of multiscale reconfiguration of social reproduction and care, with particular attention to its present global dimension is presented, pointing to the turning point of this line of research that would have taken place with the beginning of this century, with the rise notions such as "global care chains" (Hochschild, 2001), or "care drain" (Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2013). Also, the role of this new agency, now composed in many cases women who migrate to other countries or continents, precisely to address these reproductive activities, is recognized. Finally, reference is made to some of the new conceptual and theoretical developments in this area.

Looking for Determinants of Ontological Security in the Spain of the Crisis

The concept of ontological security has a remarkable echo in the current sociology to describe emotional status of men of late modernity. However, the concept created by Giddens in the eighties has been little used in empirical research covering various sources of risk or uncertainty. In this paper, a scale for ontological security is proposed. To do this, we start from the results of a research focused on the relationship between risk, uncertainty and vulnerability in the context of the economic crisis in Spain. These results were produced through nine focus groups and a telephone survey with standardized questionnaire applied to a national sample of 2,408 individuals over 18 years. This work is divided into three main sections. In the fi rst, a scale has been built from the results of the application of different items present in the questionnaire used. The second part explores the relationships of the scale obtained with the variables further approximate the emotional dimensions of individuals. The third part observes the variables that contribute to changes in the scale: These variables show the structural feature of the ontological security.

“Work of Kinship” done by Families in Santiago de Chile

This paper reports the progress achieved in an anthropological investigation based on which there is now a more in depth understanding of some dimensions of the “kinship work” carried out by families in Chile. The main objective is to analyze the work of maintaining family links performed primarily by women within families and show how this work reproduces gender inequalities within them. On the basis of a longitudinal methodology based on semi-structured interviews, it is concluded that the work of maintaining family links performed by women is crucial but goes unnoticed because kinship obligations are seen as a naturally being part of women’s role in the family.

Travel, back and forth, to the myth. Cinema´s contribution to the formation of the tourist iconography of Mallorca

Mallorca, the largest of the Balearic Islands, is a well-known summer holidays destination; an ideal place to relax and enjoy the sun and the sea. That tourist gaze reflected on postcards results from advertising campaigns, where cinema played an important role with documentaries and fiction films. The origins of that iconography started in the decades of the 1920’s and 1930’s, reflecting the so-called myth of the “island of calm”. On the other hand, the films of the 1950’s and 1960’s created new stereotypes related to the mass tourism boom. Busy beaches and the white bodies of tourists replaced white sandy beaches, mountains and landscapes shown up in the movies of the early decades of the 20th century. Besides, hotels and nightclubs also replaced monuments, rural landscapes and folk exhibitions. These tourist images mirror the social and spatial transformations of Mallorca, under standardization processes like other seaside mass tourist destinations. The identity was rebuilt on the foundations of "modernity". Although "balearization" has not ceased, nowadays filmmaking about Mallorca is advertising again a stereotype close to that one of the 1920s and 1930s, glorifying the myth of the "island of calm". This singular identity makes the island more profitable for capital that searches socio-spatial differentiation in post-fordist times.

Estrategias de visibilización y procesos de identificación boliviana en la prensa gráfica y en la red social Facebook, en dos ciudades del centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Los usos y las formas de identificación intra y extra grupo a través de los medios de comunicación son aspectos escasamente explorados en los estudios sobre las identidades en ciudades de tipo intermedias del centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar y discutir los modos en que se visibilizan y construyen las representaciones y manifestaciones de los inmigrantes y descendientes bolivianos, específicamente en la red social Facebook y en la prensa gráfica local de las ciudades de Olavarría y Azul. Se pretende contribuir a la comprensión de la manera en que se producen los diversos discursos y saberes de estos grupos, así como identificar a estos medios de comunicación como instrumentos que posibilitan intervenir desde otros espacios de reconocimiento y legitimidad.

Digitizing dissent: cyborg politics and fluid networks in contemporary Cuban activism

Communication technologies shape how political activist networks are produced and maintain themselves. In Cuba, despite ideologically and physically oppressive practices by the state, a severe lack of Internet access, and extensive government surveillance, a small network of bloggers and cyberactivists has achieved international visibility and recognition for its critiques of the Cuban government. This qualitative study examines the blogger collective known as Voces Cubanas in Havana, Cuba in 2012, advancing a new approach to the study of transnational activism and the role of technology in the construction of political narrative. Voces Cubanas is analyzed as a network of connections between human and non-human actors that produces and sustains powerful political alliances. Voces Cubanas and its allies work collectively to co-produce contentious political discourses, confronting the dominant ideologies and knowledges produced by the Cuban state. Transnational alliances, the act of translation, and a host of unexpected and improvised technologies play central roles in the production of these narratives, indicating new breed of cyborg sociopolitical action reliant upon fluid and flexible networks and the act of writing. 

Extractivism and the de jure and de facto ethno-territorial rights in Latin America: How important are the constitutions? : Extractivismo y derechos étnico-territoriales de jure y de facto en Latinoamérica: ¿Cuán importantes son las constituciones?

A growing number of Latin American rural groups have attained extended ethno-territorial rights, and sizeable territories were safeguarded by progressive constitutions. This trend was the product of extended cycles of protest at local, national and transnational levels; social movements struggle, with broader collective South-South collaboration. Nonetheless, the continent simultaneously experienced a resource extraction boom. Commonly, the extractivism takes place in protected areas and/or indigenous territories. Accordingly, economic interests clash with the safeguarding and recognition of constitutional rights. Through the analysis of selected illustrative cases across Latin America, this study analyses the (de jure) rights on paper versus the (de facto) rights in practice. 

Desigualdades a flor de piel: cadenas globales de cuidados. Concreciones en el empleo de hogar y articulaciones políticas

Este libro nace en el momento en el que finaliza el proyecto «Construyendo redes: mujeres latinoamericanas en las cadenas globales de cuidados» en su parte correspondiente a España. Tras dos años de investigación, se elaboró un informe a partir del cual nace este libro. Se trata, por tanto, de su resultado, aunque más que un producto cerrado y final, forme parte de una reflexión en curso, abierta. La complejidad latente en el análisis transnacional del trabajo de cuidados y el marco concreto en el que se sitúa el proyecto traen consigo dos limitaciones específicas: las conclusiones extraídas se basan en el papel que tres colectivos (boliviano, peruano y ecuatoriano) juegan en la conformación de las cadenas globales de cuidados, y no en la migración en general, dejando de lado a otros colectivos; y en un país de destino (España), que implica que el análisis se centre únicamente en uno de los extremos de las cadenas. El objetivo central del proyecto ha sido comprender el papel que la migración femenina juega en la reorganización social de los cuidados de los países mencionados y la dinámica de creación y el funcionamiento de las cadenas globales de cuidados.

Energy systems analysis of transboundary river basins in a nexus approach: the Sava river basin study case

Resource management policies are frequently designed and planned to target specific needs of particular sectors, without taking into account the interests of other sectors who share the same resources. In a climate of resource depletion, population growth, increase in energy demand and climate change awareness, it is of great importance to promote the assessment of intersectoral linkages and, by doing so, understand their effects and implications. This need is further augmented when common use of resources might not be solely relevant at national level, but also when the distribution of resources ranges over different nations. This dissertation focuses on the study of the energy systems of five south eastern European countries, which share the Sava River Basin, using a water-food(agriculture)-energy nexus approach. In the case of the electricity generation sector, the use of water is essential for the integrity of the energy systems, as the electricity production in the riparian countries relies on two major technologies dependent on water resources: hydro and thermal power plants. For example, in 2012, an average of 37% of the electricity production in the SRB countries was generated by hydropower and 61% in thermal power plants. Focusing on the SRB, in terms of existing installed capacities, the basin accommodates close to a tenth of all hydropower capacity while providing water for cooling to 42% of the net capacity of thermal power currently in operation in the basin. This energy-oriented nexus study explores the dependency on the basin’s water resources of the energy systems in the region for the period between 2015 and 2030. To do so, a multi-country electricity model was developed to provide a quantification ground to the analysis, using the open-source software modelling tool OSeMOSYS. Three main areas are subject to analysis: first, the impact of energy efficiency and renewable energy strategies in the electricity generation mix; secondly, the potential impacts of climate change under a moderate climate change projection scenario; and finally, deriving from the latter point, the cumulative impact of an increase in water demand in the agriculture sector, for irrigation. Additionally, electricity trade dynamics are compared across the different scenarios under scrutiny, as an effort to investigate the implications of the aforementioned factors in the electricity markets in the region.

Drones y el orden legal internacional. Tecnología, estrategia y largas cadenas de acción

The main thesis of this article is that the increasing recourse to the use of unmanned aerial systems in asymmetric warfare and the beginning routinization of U.S. drone operations represent part of an evolutionary change in the spatial ordering of global politics -- Using a heuristic framework based on actor-network theory, it is argued that practices of panoptic observation and selective airstrikes, being in need of legal justification, contribute to a reterritorialization of asymmetric conflicts -- Under a new normative spatial regime, a legal condition of state immaturity is constructed, which establishes a zone of conditional sovereignty subject to transnational aerial policing -- At the same time, this process is neither a deterministic result of the new technology nor a deliberate effect of policies to which drones are merely neutral instruments -- Rather, military technology and political decisions both form part of a long chain of action which has evolved under the specific circumstances of recent military interventions

Aproximación a los partidos políticos supraestatales de Europa : dificultades, retos y oportunidades

La Unión Europea ha supuesto un proyecto transnacional de Estados de Europa que avanza en la integración de sus miembros. En ese mismo ámbito se han desarrollado instituciones comunitarias como el Parlamento Europeo, en el que los partidos políticos estatales han participado en esta nueva arena política estando presentes en las elecciones a la cámara comunitaria desde 1979. Desde esa fecha, los partidos políticos estatales han comenzado a construir organizaciones partidistas europeas con el objetivo de coordinar la actuación de partidos de similar signo ideológico en el Parlamento Europeo. En la presente ponencia se analiza la situación de las organizaciones partidistas europeas para crear partidos políticos supraestatales, atendiendo a sus características, y dificultades, así como los retos y oportunidades que pueden afrontar

Relaciones de poder: una mirada al fen?meno de la extranjerizaci?n de la tierra en Colombia. El caso de M?nica semillas en la altillanura colombiana

El presente trabajo pretende a analizar diversas relaciones de poder que sustentan el actual fen?meno de la extranjerizaci?n de tierras en Colombia, precisando desde la din?mica global en el tema de tierras hasta el contexto particular del pa?s. Tal estudio se sustenta en el entender que el poder se ejerce de diversas maneras, en relaciones y situaciones sociales complejas y variadas. Por consiguiente este documento parte por abordar diferentes nociones del t?rmino poder y de las relaciones de poder con el objeto de delimitar las categor?as desde las cuales se orienta la investigaci?n; seguidamente se caracteriza el actual fen?meno de la extranjerizaci?n de la tierra, prop?sito que a su vez consta de perfilar los actores que interact?an en la relaci?n social que establece la extranjerizaci?n y describir las acciones y repertorios por medio de los cuales interact?an los actores, finalmente, en un trabajo de empalme, se cruza la teor?a con las pr?cticas, presentando as? los tipos de relaciones de poder que sustenta el fen?meno. Todo lo anterior se respalda en un caso de estudio compuesto por el accionar de la transnacional M?nica Semillas en la Altillanura colombiana.

Evaluaci?n de los marcos conceptuales de pobreza en la fase de agenda de la pol?tica p?blica para la superaci?n de la pobreza extrema en Colombia desde el a?o 1995 hasta el 2003 [recurso electr?nico]

El trabajo presenta los resultados de la evaluaci?n normativa de las teor?as de pobreza en la fase de agenda de la Pol?tica P?blica de Superaci?n de la Pobreza Extrema en Colombia entre los a?os de 1995 a 2003. Los marcos conceptuales utilizados se orientaron a describir, significar y evaluar el tipo de pobreza que apunta erradicar la agenda pol?tica. La metodolog?a construida es cualitativa, el an?lisis es documental y las t?cnicas de recolecci?n de la informaci?n son mapas conceptuales, a fin de comprender la estructura y relaciones de las teor?as impl?citas de pobreza sobre la cual operar? la pol?tica. El principal resultado de esta investigaci?n reside en que el fen?meno de la pobreza trasciende al ?mbito de los valores del ser humano y plantea un dilema para la sociedad transnacional entre velar por el inter?s individual o el colectivo.