Le néak sraè, riziculteur khmer : mobilité paysanne, localité et communauté au Cambodge postcolonial

Dans le Cambodge angkorien, les souverains khmers administraient une paysannerie mouvante par le biais de temples-palais. Lorsque les Français prennent le contrôle, en 1845, ils se retrouvent devant une « masse paysanne inorganisée, inorganique même » (Delvert, 1961 : 201) et restent « confondus devant la mobilité des Cambodgiens » (Forest, 1980 : 30). À l’époque postcoloniale, les ethnologues feront essentiellement le même constat, pendant que John F. Embree (1950) proposera de catégoriser les sociétés indianisées du Sud-Est asiatique comme étant « loosely structured » : postulant une faible intégration individuelle des structures sociales donnant lieu à une prévalence de comportements individualistes ad hoc et à des communautés sans réelle organisation. La proposition fera école. Ces observations paraissent justes, mais l’analyse infructueuse. La structure dont parle Embree s’appuie sur une culture hautement syncrétique qui se reflétait aléatoirement dans les comportements. Mais l’organisation sociale khmère se trouve ailleurs : dans les solutions organisationnelles qui gouvernent les choix des individus lorsqu’ils doivent se regrouper afin d’effectuer des tâches récurrentes. À ce titre, les paysans khmers évoluaient dans une organisation sociale rigoureusement minimaliste et flexible. La maisonnée était l’élément essentiel, tandis que la communauté territoriale locale était contingente et fluctuante. Dans l’environnement naturel généreux du Cambodge, un petit groupe d’individus mobiles réunis sous un même toit pouvait aisément accomplir toutes les tâches nécessaires à sa survie. Alors on ne s’attachait jamais indéfiniment à une localité : seulement à des communautés sans cesse en évolution, centrées autour de pagodes agissant comme des ports d’ancrage.

Development of Best Practices for Ship Recycling Processes

Ship recycling has been considered as the best means to dispose off an obsolete ship. The current state of art of technology combined with the demands of sustainable developments from the global maritime industrial sector has modified the status of erstwhile ‘ship breaking’ involving ship scrap business to a modern industry undertaking dismantling of ships and recycling/reusing the dismantled products in a supply chain of pre owned product market by following the principles of recycling. Industries will have to formulate a set of best practices and blend them with the engineering activities for producing better quality products, improving the productivity and for achieving improved performances related to sustainable development. Improved performance by industries in a sustainable development perspective is accomplished only by implementing the 4E principles, ie.,. ecofriendliness, engineering efficiency, energy conservation and ergonomics in their core operations. The present study has done a comprehensive investigation into various ship recycling operations for formulating a set of best practices.Being the ultimate life cycle stage of a ship, ship recycling activities incorporate certain commercial procedures well in advance to facilitate the objectives of dismantling and recycling/reusing of various parts of the vessel. Thorough knowledge regarding these background procedures in ship recycling is essential for examining and understanding the industrial business operations associated with it. As a first step, the practices followed in merchant shipping operations regarding the decision on decommissioning have been and made available in the thesis. Brief description about the positioning methods and important preparations for the most feasible ship recycling method ie.,. beach method have been provided as a part of the outline of the background information. Available sources of guidelines, codes and rules & regulations for ship recycling have been compiled and included in the discussion.Very brief summary of practices in major ship recycling destinations has been prepared and listed for providing an overview of the global ship recycling activities. The present status of ship recycling by treating it as a full fledged engineering industry has been brought out to establish the need for looking into the development of the best practices. Major engineering attributes of ship as a unique engineering product and the significant influencing factors on her life cycle stage operations have been studied and added to the information base on ship recycling. Role of ship recycling industry as an important player in global sustainable development efforts has been reviewed by analysing the benefits of ship recycling. A brief synopsis on the state of art of ship recycling in major international ship recycling centres has also been incorporated in the backdrop knowledgebase generation on ship recycling processes.Publications available in this field have been reviewed and classified into five subject categories viz., Infrastructure for recycling yards and methods of dismantling, Rules regarding ship recycling activities, Environmental and safety aspects of ship recycling, Role of naval architects and ship classification societies, Application of information technology and Demand forecasting. The inference from the literature survey have been summarised and recorded. Noticeable observations in the inference include need of creation of a comprehensive knowledgebase on ship recycling and its effective implementation in the industry and the insignificant involvement of naval architects and shipbuilding engineers in ship recycling industry. These two important inferences and the message conveyed by them have been addressed with due importance in the subsequent part of the present study.As a part of the study the importance of demand forecasting in ship recycling has been introduced and presented. A sample input for ship recycling data for implementation of computer based methods of demand forecasting has been presented in this section of the thesis.The interdisciplinary nature of engineering processes involved in ship recycling has been identified as one of the important features of this industry. The present study has identified more than a dozen major stake holders in ship recycling having their own interests and roles. It has also been observed that most of the ship recycling activities is carried out in South East Asian countries where the beach based ship recycling is done in yards without proper infrastructure support. A model of beach based ship recycling has been developed and the roles, responsibilities and the mutual interactions of the elements of the system have been documented as a part of the study Subsequently the need of a generation of a wide knowledgebase on ship recycling activities as pointed out by the literature survey has been addressed. The information base and source of expertise required to build a broad knowledgebase on ship recycling operations have been identified and tabulated. Eleven important ship recycling processes have been identified and a brief sketch of steps involved in these processes have been examined and addressed in detail. Based on these findings, a detailed sequential disassembly process plan of ship recycling has been prepared and charted. After having established the need of best practices in ship recycling initially, the present study here identifies development of a user friendly expert system for ship recycling process as one of the constituents of the proposed best practises. A user friendly expert system has been developed for beach based ship recycling processes and is named as Ship Recycling Recommender (SRR). Two important functions of SRR, first one for the ‘Administrators’, the stake holders at the helm of the ship recycling affairs and second one for the ‘Users’, the stake holders who execute the actual dismantling have been presented by highlighting the steps involved in the execution of the software. The important output generated, ie.,. recommended practices for ship dismantling processes and safe handling information on materials present onboard have been presented with the help of ship recycling reports generated by the expert system. A brief account of necessity of having a ship recycling work content estimation as part of the best practices has been presented in the study. This is supported by a detailed work estimation schedule for the same as one of the appendices.As mentioned earlier, a definite lack of involvement of naval architect has been observed in development of methodologies for improving the status of ship recycling industry. Present study has put forward a holistic approach to review the status of ship recycling not simply as end of life activity of all ‘time expired’ vessels, but as a focal point of integrating all life cycle activities. A new engineering design philosophy targeting sustainable development of marine industrial domain, named design for ship recycling has been identified, formulated and presented. A new model of ship life cycle has been proposed by adding few stages to the traditional life cycle after analysing their critical role in accomplishing clean and safe end of life and partial dismantling of ships. Two applications of design for ship recycling viz, recyclability of ships and her products and allotment of Green Safety Index for ships have been presented as a part of implementation of the philosophy in actual practice.

Systematics, Germplasm evaluation and pattern of distribution and abundance of freshwater fishes of Kerala (lndia)

The overall focus of the thesis involves the systematics,germplasm evaluation and pattern of distribution and abundance of freshwater fishes of kerala (india).Biodiversity is the measure of variety of Life.With the signing on the convention on biodiversity, the countries become privileged with absolute rights and responsibility to conserve and utilize their diverse resources for the betterment of mankind in a sustainable way. South-east Asia along with Africa and South America were considered to be the most biodiversity rich areas in the world .The tremendous potential associated with the sustainable utilization of fish germplasm resources of various river systems of Kerala for food, aquaculture and ornamental purposes have to be fully tapped for economic upliftment of fisherman community and also for equitable sharing of benefits among the mankind without compromising the conservation of the rare and unique fish germplasm resources for the future generations.The study was carried during April 2000 to December 2004. 25 major river systems of Kerala were surveyed for fish fauna for delineating the pattern of distribution and abundance of fishes both seasonally and geographically.The results of germplasm inventory and evaluation of fish species were presented both for the state and also river wise. The results of evaluation of fish species for their commercial utilization revealed that, of the 145, 76 are ornamental, 47 food and 22 cultivable. 21 species are strictly endemic to Kerala rivers. The revalidation on biodiversity status of the fishes assessed based on IUCN is so alarming that a high percentage of fishes (59spp.) belong to threatened category which is inclusive of 8 critically ndangered (CR), 36 endangered and 15 species under vulnerable (VU) category.The river wise fish germplasm inventory surveys were conducted in 25 major river systems of Kerala.The results of the present study is indicative of existence of several new fish species in the streams and rivulets located in remote areas of the forests and therefore, new exclusive surveys are required to surface fish species new to science, new distributional records etc, for the river systems.The results of fish germplasm evaluation revealed that there exist many potential endemic ornamental and cultivable fishes in Kerala. It is found imperative to utilize these species sustainably for improving the aquaculture production and aquarium trade of the country which would definitely fetch more income and generate employment.

Studies on the systematics, biology and fishery of rainbow sardines, dussumieria spp., from Indian waters

Rainbow sardines of the genus belonging to the family Dueenaieriidae. are small pelagic fishes forming a fairly good, though not abundant. seasonal fishery all along the coasts of India inhabiting the coastal waters. There have been some earlier reports on such individual aspects as their systematic, distribution, abundance. Ostecology and a few biological factors but no attempt has been made towards a comprehensive study on this group. Two species of rainbow sardines are known to occur in the Indian seas and while a knowledge about their biology would be useful from the fishery point of view. it was also thought a study of their systematic position, especially regarding the identity or the two species which had raised doubts among earlier workers would lead to a better understanding or the group as a whole. This thesis is mainly based on studies during the period from April 1969 to march 1971 with a continued investigation of fishhery aspects till December 1975. from the Gulf of manar: and the Palk Bay around mandapam area. on the south-east coast of India. Thus the work deals with the systemtics, biology and fishery of rainbow sardines of Indian seas.

Biochemical Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on the Tropical Teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters)

The present work is a base—|ine attempt to investigate and assess the toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Bombay High crude oil. The experimental animal selected for the present study is a euryhaline teleost, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), adapted to fresh water. The fish has been selected on account of its economic valve, abundant availability, experimental feasibility, ease of rearing and maintenance and also because it is one of the commonly cultured species in the South-East Asian countries.

Energetics 0f A Few Marine Crustaceans

Success achieved in seed production and culture of prawns induced researchers to explore the feasibiltiy of culture of other important crustaceans like lobsters and crabs. The CMFRI initiated a project to study the prospects of spiny lobster’ culture and I was associated with this project from the beginning. Compared to shrimp farming, culture of spiny lobsters is an entirely different proposition due to inherent problems in producing their seeds. The emphasis on .obster culture, therefore, shifted to rearing of juvenile lobsters, which form a major portion in commercial lobster landings in India. Commendable success was achieved in enhancing growth rate of four important speices of spiny lobsters by bilateral eyestalk ablation. But due to strong reservations expressed against the "blinding" of lobsters by people from all walks of life, this technique could not be tested commercially for its economic viability. As in prawns, energetics of reproduction and egg development have not yet been documented in spiny lobsters and so these aspects were included in this study. Though some limited informations on food conversion efficiency are availble in spiny lobster, a detailed study on the effect of size and sexual maturity on food conversion was wanting and this also was included in this investigation. The most dominant spiny lobster in south east and south west coast of India, Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus) was selected for this study. Uptake, accumulation and utilization of minerals and trace elements are important events during embryogenesis of aquatic invertebrates. The scope of this study was widened to include these aspects also in order to understand how specific requirements of minerals and trace elements are met in the developing eggs of these two species of crustaceans.

Political Economy of Global Rush for Agricultural Land: a Tract on India’s Overseas Acquisitions

This paper is an attempt to map the global land acquisitions with a focus on Indian MNCs in acquiring overseas land for agricultural purposes. It tries to outline the contemporary political economy of capital accumulation at the global level, especially, in the emerging developing economies like India and China, where the emergence of a new capitalist class has engaged itself into acquisition of land and control of other natural resources in Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe and South East Asia, for example, water and other minerals to secure itself from the eventual losses of ongoing economic crisis and to earn profit from the volatile agricultural commodity markets. This sway of control of resources by the MNCs has got paramount State support under the helm of neoliberal policies. The paper provides scale of overseas land acquisitions at the current juncture and tries to highlight its causes and the major implications associated with it.

Optimal Methodology for Synchronized Scheduling of Parallel Station Assembly with Air Transportation

We present an optimal methodology for synchronized scheduling of production assembly with air transportation to achieve accurate delivery with minimized cost in consumer electronics supply chain (CESC). This problem was motivated by a major PC manufacturer in consumer electronics industry, where it is required to schedule the delivery requirements to meet the customer needs in different parts of South East Asia. The overall problem is decomposed into two sub-problems which consist of an air transportation allocation problem and an assembly scheduling problem. The air transportation allocation problem is formulated as a Linear Programming Problem with earliness tardiness penalties for job orders. For the assembly scheduling problem, it is basically required to sequence the job orders on the assembly stations to minimize their waiting times before they are shipped by flights to their destinations. Hence the second sub-problem is modelled as a scheduling problem with earliness penalties. The earliness penalties are assumed to be independent of the job orders.

Limitaciones y fortalezas de la integración latinoamericana. Una visión desde las iniciativas del arco del pacífico latinoamericano y el acuerdo del pacífico. Periodo: 2007 - 2011

En la actualidad el Pacífico es visto como un espacio de oportunidades para aprovechar, bien sea de manera individual o a través de la creación de iniciativas comunes que conduzcan a mayores acercamientos a esta región. Si se apela a las iniciativas, es preciso estudiar el Acuerdo del Pacífico – AP, un espacio conformado por México, Colombia, Perú y Chile, que se plantea como principal objetivo el acercamiento a la región de Asia – Pacífico. Así, el presente documento intenta hacer un aporte a la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales por medio de un análisis de estas dos iniciativas, haciendo énfasis sobre el Acuerdo del Pacífico, también llamado Alianza del Pacífico, espacio que en la actualidad se perfila como uno de los de mayor dinamismo y relevancia en Latinoamérica.

Las implicaciones de la expansión china en el sudeste asiático

El artículo presenta la génesis, proceso e implicaciones de la expansión estratégica de la República Popular China hacia el Sudeste asiático. En ese sentido, la hipótesis que se presenta es que Beijing aspira a un renacer pacífico en el Sur con objetivos en el campo económico, estratégico y político. En el plano de la economía lo que se pretende es la estabilidad en el vecindario, condición fundamental para el éxito de su modelo económico, financiero y comercial. En el ámbito estratégico se busca un acceso a fuentes de energía alternativas al carbón, y en lo político, China ha buscado reducir la influencia americana y disminuir el margen de maniobra de Taiwán. En una primera parte se presenta un análisis histórico para introducir al lector en las variables históricas más relevantes para la comprensión del tema en cuestión. En la segunda se estudia el litigio del Mar del Sur de China y la importancia que éste posee política y geoestratégicamente. Finalmente, se examina la influencia china en el Sudeste asiático en tres campos: el cultural, el económico del cual hace parte el financiero y comercial y por último en el geoestratégico.-----L’article illustre la genèse, le processus et les implications de l’expansion stratégique de la République Populaire Chine dans le Sud-est Asiatique. De ce fait, l’hypothèse qui nous présenterons demeure Sur l’idée que Pékin cherche une renaissance pacifique vers le Sud en vue des objectifs économiques, stratégiques et politiques. En ce qui concerne l’économie, la Chine veux la stabilité dans la région, car ceci est une condition essentielle pour la réussite du modèle économique, financer et commercial. Quant à la question stratégique, elle cherche l’accès aux sources alternatives d’énergie. Dans le domaine politique, Pékin aspire à réduire l’influence américaine et à isoler le Taiwan. Dans une première partie, nous introduirons les variables historiques les plus essentielles afin d’expliquer les racines de la problématique en question. Dans la deuxième, le contentieux pour la Mer du Sud de Chine sera analysé ainsi que son importance politique et geoestratégique. Finalement, nous étudierons le processus de l’influence chinoise dans le Sud-est Asiatique. Cela sera divisé en trois domaines, le culturel, l’économique dont le commercial et financière, et le geostratégique.-----This article illustrates the genesis, the process and the implications of the strategic expansion of the People’s Republic of China towards South East Asia. Therefore, the hypothesis that we present is that Beijing is pursuing a Pacific rise in the South aiming for economic, strategic and political goals. Regarding the subject of economy, China seeks stability in the region, due to the fact that it has become essential in the success of its economic, financial and commercial model. Regarding the strategic field China is looking for a way to access alternative energy sources. Politically speaking, Beijing has sought to reduce American influence in the region as well as the isolation of Taiwan. In the first part of the article the reader will find a historical introduction for a better understanding of the subject here treated. In the second part, the litigation of the South China Sea is analyzed due to its political and geostrategical importance. Finally, Chinese influence on South East Asia is examined in three fields: cultural, economic, including financial and commercial aspects as well as the geostrategic field.

Análisis económico de las vacunas 10-valente y 13-valente contra neumococo: revisión sistemática

Introducción: Las vacunas clásicamente han representado un método económico y eficaz para el control y prevención de múltiples enfermedades infecciosas. En los últimos años se han introducido nuevas vacunas contra neumococo a precios elevados, y los diferentes análisis económicos a nivel mundial de estas vacunas no muestran tendencias. El objetivo de este trabajo era resumir la evidencia existente a través de los diferentes estudios económicos evaluando las dos vacunas de segunda generación contra neumococo en la población a riesgo. Metodología: En este trabajo se realizo una revisión sistemática de la literatura en 8 bases de datos localizadas en diferentes partes del mundo y también que tuvieran literatura gris. Los artículos fueron inicialmente evaluados acorde a su titulo y resumen, posteriormente los elegidos se analizaron en su totalidad. Resultados: Se encontraron 404 artículos, de los cuales 20 fueron incluidos en el análisis final. Se encontró que la mayoría de los estudios se realizaron en áreas donde la enfermedad tiene una carga baja, como es Norte América y Europa, mientras que en los lugares del mundo donde la carga es mas alta, se realizaron pocos estudios. De igual manera se observo que la mayoría de los estudios mostraron por los menos ser costo efectivos respecto a la no vacunación, y en su totalidad las dos vacunas de segunda generación mostraron costo efectividad respecto a la vacunación con PCV-7. Los resultados de los estudios son muy heterogéneos, hasta dentro del mismo país, señalando la necesidad de guías para la conducción de este tipo de estudios. De igual manera, la mayoría de los estudios fueron financiados por farmacéuticas, mientras en un numero muy reducido por entes gubernamentales. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los estudios económicos sobre las vacunas de segunda generación contra neumococo han sido realizados en países con un alto índice de desarrollo económico y patrocinados por farmacéuticas. Dado que la mayoría de la carga de la enfermedad se encuentran en regiones con un menor nivel de desarrollo económico se deberían realizar mas en estas zonas. De igual manera, al ser la vacunación un asunto de salud publica y con un importante impacto económico los gobiernos deberían estar mas involucrados en los mismos.

Análisis de la transformación de las relaciones militares entre Turquía e Israel a partir de la ruptura de la alianza bilateral generada por el ataque a la Flotilla de Gaza. Período 2008 a 2011

Amenazas como Siria, Irán y el PKK fueron relevantes al momento de forjar una alianza entre Turquía e Israel a mediados de los noventa. Con la firma de varios acuerdos en el ámbito militar se fortaleció la relación bilateral en materia de seguridad. Sin embargo, la llegada de un nuevo gobierno a Turquía en 2002 generó un cambio en materia de política exterior, especialmente con Israel. La monografía sustentada bajo los postulados de la Teoría del Balance de las Amenazas concluye que la ruptura de la alianza se dio por el cambio en la política exterior de seguridad turca, el bloqueo a Gaza por parte de Israel en 2008 y el ataque a la Flotilla de Gaza en 2010, conduciendo a una transformación en los acuerdos militares pactados para la seguridad y estabilidad de ambos países en la región de Medio Oriente.

Seguros de desempleo: revisión de literatura y propuesta para Colombia

En este artículo se estudia la posibilidad de introducir seguros de desempleo en Colombia. En una primera parte, se propone una revisión de literatura de los seguros de desempleo en la cual se exponen las ventajas generadas por una cobertura contra este riesgo, así como sus inconvenientes. En una segunda parte, se estudian varios escenarios para introducir seguros de desempleo en Colombia. Después de haber presentado el contexto del mercado laboral y de las normas que lo vigilan, se proponen varios diseños que abordan la gestión y la administración del riesgo de desempleo en Colombia. Igualmente se presentan algunas consideraciones teóricas para la valoración del costo del aseguramiento, las cuales incorporan los efectos del riesgo moral sobre la duración y la incidencia del desempleo.

Estudi de la mobilitat i biodisponibilitat de pol·luents en la zona minera del camp de Cartagena

Gran part del districte miner Cartagena-La Unión es troba ocupat per residus provinents d'activitats mineres actualment abandonades. Aquestes activitats, desenvolupades històricament en les muntanyes situades en la costa sud de la llacuna costanera del mar Menor, han provocat la contaminació per metalls dels sediments d'aquesta llacuna. La investigació que es presenta en aquesta tesi es centra en l'avaluació de la contaminació i disponibilitat metàl·lica deguda a diferents activitats antropogèniques dutes a terme en l'entorn del mar Menor. Amb aquest objectiu s'han investigat diferents matrius ambientals en la zona d'estudi.

Imaginarios y retórica en torno a las fronteras ecuatorianas. (Debates en torno a la cultura)

El «poder republicano» en el Ecuador, durante los siglos XIX y XX ha representado de opuestas maneras el espacio de frontera con Colombia («el hermano del Norte») y con Perú («el enemigo», «Caín de América»), representaciones que han generado discursos de soberanía, cuya función es buscar la construcción de un orden social, la implantación de «leyes» (de la Iglesia, el Estado). Por otro lado, las fronteras, sobre todo surorientales, eran representadas como espacios indeterminados («zonas baldías», ignotas, peligrosas, con una débil o nula presencia estatal), y sus habitantes, como «salvajes». Todo ello generó otro tipo de discursos: los civilizatorios, que buscaban misionar, colonizar y concesionar (esto es, ceder el control de territorios baldíos a compañías e inversionistas extranjeros, para que se hicieran cargo de la explotación de recursos naturales y la administración de los mismos). Si bien las diferencias entre los discursos se difuminan, los imaginarios de los que se parte (en relación con los territorios baldíos y zonas de frontera) se mantienen y reconstituyen durante el siglo XX. Ambos son retóricas que contribuyen al desconocimiento y negación de la realidad de estas zonas.