De la reconstruction a l’augmentation du corps humain en medecine restaurative et en cybernetique

Aux confluences historiques et conceptuelles de la modernité, de la technologie, et de l’« humain », les textes de notre corpus négocient et interrogent de façon critique les possibilités matérielles et symboliques de la prothèse, ses aspects phénoménologiques et spéculatifs : du côté subjectiviste et conceptualiste avec une philosophie de la conscience, avec Merleau-Ponty ; et de l’autre avec les épistémologues du corps et historiens de la connaissance Canguilhem et Foucault. Le trope prometteur de la prothèse impacte sur les formations discursives et non-discursives concernant la reconstruction des corps, là où la technologie devient le corrélat de l’identité. La technologie s’humanise au contact de l’homme, et, en révélant une hybridité supérieure, elle phagocyte l’humain du même coup. Ce travail de sociologie des sciences (Latour, 1989), ou encore d’anthropologie des sciences (Hakken, 2001) ou d’anthropologie bioculturelle (Andrieu, 1993; Andrieu, 2006; Andrieu, 2007a) se propose en tant qu’exemple de la contribution potentielle que l’anthropologie biologique et culturelle peut rendre à la médecine reconstructrice et que la médecine reconstructrice peut rendre à la plastique de l’homme ; l’anthropologie biologique nous concerne dans la transformation biologique du corps humain, par l’outil de la technologie, tant dans son histoire de la reconstruction mécanique et plastique, que dans son projet d’augmentation bionique. Nous établirons une continuité archéologique, d’une terminologie foucaldienne, entre les deux pratiques. Nous questionnons les postulats au sujet des relations nature/culture, biologie/contexte social, et nous présentons une approche définitionnelle de la technologie, pierre angulaire de notre travail théorique. Le trope de la technologie, en tant qu’outil adaptatif de la culture au service de la nature, opère un glissement sémantique en se plaçant au service d’une biologie à améliorer. Une des clés de notre recherche sur l’augmentation des fonctions et de l’esthétique du corps humain réside dans la redéfinition même de ces relations ; et dans l’impact de l’interpénétration entre réalité et imaginaire dans la construction de l’objet scientifique, dans la transformation du corps humain. Afin de cerner les enjeux du discours au sujet de l’« autoévolution » des corps, les théories évolutionnistes sont abordées, bien que ne représentant pas notre spécialité. Dans le cadre de l’autoévolution, et de l’augmentation bionique de l’homme, la somation culturelle du corps s’exerce par l’usage des biotechnologies, en rupture épistémologique de la pensée darwinienne, bien que l’acte d’hybridation évolutionnaire soit toujours inscrit dans un dessein de maximisation bionique/génétique du corps humain. Nous explorons les courants de la pensée cybernétique dans leurs actions de transformation biologique du corps humain, de la performativité des mutilations. Ainsi technologie et techniques apparaissent-elles indissociables de la science, et de son constructionnisme social.

Understanding the abnormal brain activity in epilepsy as a potential predictor of the onset of an epileptic seizure

The Brain Research Institute (BRI) uses various types of indirect measurements, including EEG and fMRI, to understand and assess brain activity and function. As well as the recovery of generic information about brain function, research also focuses on the utilisation of such data and understanding to study the initiation, dynamics, spread and suppression of epileptic seizures. To assist with the future focussing of this aspect of their research, the BRI asked the MISG 2010 participants to examine how the available EEG and fMRI data and current knowledge about epilepsy should be analysed and interpreted to yield an enhanced understanding about brain activity occurring before, at commencement of, during, and after a seizure. Though the deliberations of the study group were wide ranging in terms of the related matters considered and discussed, considerable progress was made with the following three aspects. (1) The science behind brain activity investigations depends crucially on the quality of the analysis and interpretation of, as well as the recovery of information from, EEG and fMRI measurements. A number of specific methodologies were discussed and formalised, including independent component analysis, principal component analysis, profile monitoring and change point analysis (hidden Markov modelling, time series analysis, discontinuity identification). (2) Even though EEG measurements accurately and very sensitively record the onset of an epileptic event or seizure, they are, from the perspective of understanding the internal initiation and localisation, of limited utility. They only record neuronal activity in the cortical (surface layer) neurons of the brain, which is a direct reflection of the type of electrical activity they have been designed to record. Because fMRI records, through the monitoring of blood flow activity, the location of localised brain activity within the brain, the possibility of combining fMRI measurements with EEG, as a joint inversion activity, was discussed and examined in detail. (3) A major goal for the BRI is to improve understanding about ``when'' (at what time) an epileptic seizure actually commenced before it is identified on an eeg recording, ``where'' the source of this initiation is located in the brain, and ``what'' is the initiator. Because of the general agreement in the literature that, in one way or another, epileptic events and seizures represent abnormal synchronisations of localised and/or global brain activity the modelling of synchronisations was examined in some detail. References C. M. Michel, G. Thut, S. Morand, A. Khateb, A. J. Pegna, R. Grave de Peralta, S. Gonzalez, M. Seeck and T. Landis, Electric source imaging of human brain functions, Brain Res. 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Tervonen, {bold} signal increase preceeds eeg spike activity--a dynamic penicillin induced focal epilepsy in deep anesthesia, NeuroImage , 27 (4), 2005, 715--724. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.025 K. Lehnertz, F. Mormann, H. Osterhage, A. M{u}ller, J. Prusseit, A. Chernihovskyi, M. Staniek, D. Krug, S. Bialonski and C. E. Elger, State-of-the-art of seizure prediction, J. Clin. Neurophysiol. , 24 (2), 2007, 147. doi:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3180336f16 F. Mormann, T. Kreuz, C. Rieke, R. G. Andrzejak, A. Kraskov, P. David, C. E. Elger and K. Lehnertz, On the predictability of epileptic seizures, Clin. Neurophysiol. , 116 (3), 2005, 569--587. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.08.025 F. Mormann, R. G. Andrzejak, C. E. Elger and K. Lehnertz, Seizure prediction: the long and winding road, Brain , 130 (2), 2007, 314--333. doi:10.1093/brain/awl241 Z. Rogowski, I. Gath and E. Bental, On the prediction of epileptic seizures, Biol. Cybern. , 42 (1), 1981, 9--15. Y. Salant, I. Gath, O. 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Dialogos de Dom Frei Amador Arraiz Bispo de Portalegre

Frei Amador Arrais nasceu em Beja, Portugal, por volta de 1530, e morreu em Coimbra, em 1600. Celebrizou-se como orador sacro e, em 1581, foi designado para o bispado de Portalegre. Em 1589, publicou os ‘Dialogos’. No primeiro deles trata ‘Das queixas dos enfermos, e da Cura dos médicos’; no segundo, ‘Da gente judaica’; no terceiro, ‘Da gloria e triumpho dos lusitanos’; no quarto, ‘Das condições do bom principe’ e ‘Da consolação para hora da morte’; no quinto, ‘Da paciencia e fortaleza christam’; no sexto, ‘Do testamento christão’; no sétimo, ‘Da invocação de Nossa Senhora’. Existem três edições, sendo a segunda também de Coimbra, de 1604, e a terceira de Lisboa, de 1846. Segundo Inocêncio, "tanto a primeira como a segunda edição foram sempre procuradas, e tidas na conta de raras, desde muitos anos, mormente a segunda, que era e é ainda a preferida". Frei Amador Arrais é um dos representantes da "prosa mística", estudada por Fidelino de Figueiredo na sua ‘História de literatura clássica’. Para ele, há, em Amador Arrais, "a par do fervoroso sentimento religioso, que a seu serviço pôs a pena do escritor. maior observação da vida e do seu tempo, mesmo certo fundo de bom senso, revelado principalmente na diálogo sobre as qualidades morais que deve ter um bom príncipe".

Elementu anaforikoak eskolako testuetan

[EU]Artikulu honetan, eskolan eukeraz erabiltzen diren azalpenezko testu idatziaetan agetzen diren elementu anaforikoak aztertzen ditu egileak. Natur Zientzietako hiru testuliburetako unitate didaktiko batean erabilitako azalpenak aztertu ondoren, multzo bakoitzean ikusitako ezaugarri nagusienak eta bien artean dauden zenbait ezberdintasuni buruzko hausnarketak bildu dira lan honetan

Reflexões sobre a metaphysica do calculo infinitesimal

Referência: Diccionario Bibliographico Portuguez / Innocencio Francisco da Silva, 1884 v. 6, p. 8

Ensaio sobre a theoria das torrentes, e rios : que contem os meios mais simples de obstar aos seus estragos, de estreitar o seu leito e facilitar a sua navegação, sirga, e fluctuação, acompanhado de huma discussão a respeito da navegação interior da França, e terminado pelo projeto de tornar Paris em Porto Maritimo, fazendo subir à véla pelo Seine as embarcações, que parão em Rouen

Seguido da Indagação da mais vantajosa construcção dos diques por Mrs. Bossut e Viallet ; e de hum extracto da architectura hydraulica de M. Belidor... ; terminado pelo tratado pratico da medida das aguas correntes, e uso da taboa parabolica do P. D. Francisco Maria de Regi ; de Ordem de Sua Alteza Real o Principe Regente Nosso Senhor traduzidos por Manoel Jacinto Nogueira da Gama.

O grande livro dos pintores, ou, arte da pintura : considerada em todas as suas partes, e demonstrada por princípios, com reflexões sober as obras d'alguns bons mestres, e sobre as faltas que nelles se encontraõ

Por Gerardo Lairesse ; traducção do francez de Ordem, e debaixo dos auspícios de Sua Alteza Real O Principe Regente N. S.

Participação, e documentos dirigidos ao governo pelo general commandante da tropa expedicionaria, que existia na provincia do Rio de Janeiro, chegando a Lisboa e remettidos pelo governo ás Cortes Geraes, Extraordinarias, e Constituintes da Nação Portugueza

Com: Cartas, e mais peças officiaes dirigidas a S. Magestade, o senhor D. João VI pelo principe real, o senhor D. Pedro de Alcantara -- Cartas, e mais peças officiaes dirigidas a sua magestade, o senhor D. João VI pelo principe real, o senhor D. Pedro de Alcantara e junctamente os officios e documentos, que o general commandante da tropa expedicionaria existente na provincia do Rio de Janeiro tinha dirigido ao governo -- Cartas dirigidas a S. Magestade, o senhor D. João VI pelo principe real o senhor D. Pedro de Alcantara.

Participação, e documentos dirigidos ao governo pelo general commandante da tropa expedicionaria, que existia na provincia do Rio de Janeiro, chegando a Lisboa e remettidos pelo governo ás Cortes Geraes, Extraordinarias, e Constituintes da Nação Portugueza

No verso da página de rosto : "Faz-se esta edição por Ordem das Cortes : ficando prohibida a reimpressão por qualquer particular".

Zerbitzuen merkatu berria : berrarautua edo araurik gabekoa?

[EU]Europar Batasunak, zerbitzuen barne merkatua garatzeko xedez, araubide berria onartzeari ekin dio. Orain artekoan, Batasunak bere barne merkatua osatzeko estatuetako protekzionismoa mugatzeko helburua ardatz hartuta jardun badu ere (berdintasun printzipioa bermatze aldera), azken aldian jauzi kualitatiboa eman nahi izan du, estatu-kideei esku-hartzeko ahalmenak errotik mugatuz. Lan honek araubide europarraren norabidea eta hedapena aztertzea du helburu, arauen menpeko zerbitzu merkatua edo, aldiz, araurik gabekoa ezarri ote den galderari erantzun nahian.

Participación ciudadana, patrimonio cultural y museos: entre la teoría y la praxis

Cap. 1. La Nueva Museología, el patrimonio cultural y la participación ciudadana a debate. Iñaki Arrieta Urtizberea Cap. 2. Museos: del público al ciudadano. Rafael Azuar Ruiz Cap. 3. Los públicos y lo público. De mutismos, sorderas, y de diálogos sociales en museos y espacios patrimoniales. Luz Maceira Ochoa Cap. 4. La restitution du patrimoine: un rôle pour le musée? Études de cas dans les communautés innues du Québec et du Labrador (Canada). Élise Dubuc Cap. 5. El museo de territorio y sociedad, ¿una utopía? el caso del Museo Industrial del Ter. Carles García Hermosilla Cap. 6. El ecomuseo del río Caicena (Almedinilla-Córdoba): un proyecto de desarrollo rural desde el patrimonio histórico-natural, ¿y la participación ciudadana? Ignacio Muñiz Jaén Cap. 7. Mé-tisser les mémoires. Musées indiens du nordeste brésilien. Martin Soares Cap. 8. El patrimonio como proceso social. Intervención, desarrollo y consumo del patrimonio minero en Andalucía. Macarena Hernández Ramírez y Esteban Ruiz Ballesteros Cap. 9. Legislación patrimonial, intervención pública y participación ciudadana en la declaración de un conjunto histórico. Iñaki Arrieta Urtizberea Cap. 10. El castillo de Montsoriu. La participación de la sociedad civil. Joaquim Mateu Gasquet Cap. 11. El patrimonio cultural; espacio de encuentro. Daniel Arnesio Lara Montero