怎样实现退耕还林还草

黄土高原是我国水土流失最为严重的地区 ,也是西部大开发中生态环境建设重点实施区域之一。1 999年朱基总理视察陕北时提出的“退耕还林 (草 ) ,封山绿化 ,个体承包 ,以粮代赈”1 6字政策措施切中了黄土高原水土流失严重地区的要害问题 ,也是这一地区实现山川秀美和可持续发展的必由之路。但如何使这一政策措施得到全面贯彻 ?需要付出艰苦的努力。在建国初期 ,通过数年大规模科学考察就曾经提出 ,滥垦滥牧是造成黄土高原严重水土流失和人民生活贫困的主要原因 ,应将实现“土地合理利用”作为黄土高原综合治理的核心问题。 1 980年 ,中央领导对当时在黄土高原飞机播种“沙打旺”获得成功作了批示 ,认为“很有意义” ,“效果好 ,成本低” ,“在西北各省 ,建立专门机构 ,组织实施”。 1 983年 ,针对延安、榆林等地情况 ,中央领导又作出“种草种树发展畜牧是改变中国干旱地区面貌的根本大计”的指示 ,随后一个时期内在黄土高原掀起了种草种树的高潮。在科学实验方面 ,1 985年至今连续 1 5年时间 ,作为国家科技攻关项目 ,在黄土高原不同类型区建立了 1 1个试区 ,进行综合治理研究与示范 ,在此期间还组织了第 2次对...

水肥协同管理:未来精确农业的基础——评《水肥耦合效应与协同管理》一书

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啤酒酿造中野生酵母的研究

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电化学方法检测DNA碳纳米管修饰电极

在碳纳米管(CNTs)修饰玻碳(GC)后得到CNTs/GC电极的基础上,分别用吸附法和共价键合法制备了脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)修饰的CNTs/GC电极。以硫堇(Th)为电化学指示剂,用循环伏安、示差脉冲伏安、交流阻抗法等测试技术对制备的修饰电极进行了电化学表征。结果表明,用共价键合法制备的DNA修饰的CNTs电极上DNA的固定量多、稳定性好。制备的DNA修饰电极可用于电化学基因传感器等领域。

Synthesis and Upconversion Luminescence Properties of GdF3:Er3+, Yb3+

GdF3:Er3+,Yb-3 with Er3+ ion of 3% and Yb3+ ion concentration of 10%, 20% have been prepared by a hydrothermal method. The results of XRD show that all the samples are of an orthorhombic structure. The average crystallite sizes estimated by Scherrer formula are 28 and 26 nm for Gd0.87Yb0.10Er0.03F3 and Gd0.77Yb0.20Er0.03F3, respectively. The Upconversion luminescence spectra of the samples have been studied under 980 run laser excitation. The results show that the green and red upconversion emission can be attributed to the H-2(11/2),S-4(3/2) -> 4I(15/2) and 4F(9/2) -> 4I(15/2) transitions of Er3+, respectively.

Upconversion luminescence of Y2O3 : Er3+, Yb3+ nanoparticles prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method

Y2O3: Er3+, Yb3+ nanoparticles were synthesized by a homogeneous precipitation method without and with different concentrations of EDTA 2Na. Upconversion luminescence spectra of the samples were studied under 980 nm laser excitation. The results of XRD showed that the obtained Y2O3:Er3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles were of a cubic structure. The average crystallite sizes calculated were in the range of 28-40 nm. Green and red upconversion emission were observed, and attributed to H-2(11/2), S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2) and F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2) transitions of the Er3+ ion, respectively.

Red and green upconversion luminescence of Gd2O3 : Er3+, Yb3+ nanoparticles

Gd2O3:Er3+, Yb3+ nanoparticles have been synthesized by a homogeneous precipitation method with EDTA 2Na of two different concentrations. Upconversion luminescence spectra of the samples have been studied under 980 nm laser excitation. The results of XRD show that obtained Gd2O3:Er3+, Yb3+ nanoparticles are of a cubic structure. The average crystallite sizes could be calculated as 22 and 29 nm, respectively. The strong green and red upconversion emission were observed, and attributed to the H-2(11/2), S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2) and F-4(19/2) -> I-4(15/2) transitions of Er3+ ion, respectively.

Characterization and electrocatalytic application of a fullerene/ionic-liquid composite

A fullerene/ionic-liquid composite was explored. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) study showed that in the composite, C-60 mainly exists as nano-clusters, Raman spectrum proved that the composite formed only by physical Mix of C-60 and 1-Butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF6), the combination did not change the chemical naturation of C-60. The electrochemical properties of the composite modified electrode, including the electrode reaction control function and the interfacial potential effect were studied.

单一高分子白光材料

首先阐明了单一白光高分子材料体系的构造原理——"部分能量转移和电荷限制机制",然后分别从双色白光高分子和三色白光高分子两个方面,详细介绍了单一白光高分子材料体系的发展历程与研究进展,并在此基础上,展望了单一高分子白光材料未来的发展方向.

Synthesis, structure and photochromic properties of a novel 1,6-hexanediamine trimolybdate supramolecular compound

A novel supramolecular compound 1,6-hexanediamine trimolybdate ((C6H18N2[Mo3O10], denoted as HDAMo) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method and its structure has been characterized by elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. This single crystal compound consists of protonated 1,6-hexanediamine (HDA) cations and polyoxometalate [Mo3O10](2-) anions. Its crystal structure belongs to monoclinic system (space group P2(1)/n) with a = 7.7508(14), b = 11.467(2), c = 16.167(3) angstrom, beta = 92.689(3)degrees, V = 143 5.3(5) angstrom(3), Z = 4 and D-ealc = 2.619 g cm(-3). The final statistics based on F-2 are GOF = 0.980, R-1 = 0.0261 and wR(2) = 0.0506 for I > 2 sigma(I). XRD analysis revealed that in the crystal structure of HDAMo, novel infinite [Mo3O10](2-) chains parallel to a axis are made up of distorted MoO6 octahedra connected by corners and edges. The protonated HDA cations occupy channels formed by [Mo(3)O3(10)](2-) Chains and exhibit strong hydrogen bond interactions to terminal and bridging oxo groups of the chains. The [Mo3O10](2-) chains linked through protonated HAD cations formed a one-dimensional network. The HDAMo compound shows novel photochromic properties, i.e., its color changes from white to reddish brown gradually under UV irradiation. XRD, FT-IR, ESR spectra and XPS are used to investigate the photochromic behavior of the compound.

Colloidal photonic crystals with a graded lattice-constant distribution

In this work, a gradient polystyrene colloidal photonic crystal was fabricated by annealing in a graded temperature field. The lattice constant of the gradient crystal gradually varied along the temperature-gradient direction. The positional bandgap wavelength as well as the attenuation of the bandgap wavelength could be tuned dependent on the position of the gradient colloidal crystal along the gradient direction because of the lattice-constant variation.

Investigation on preparation and fluorescence properties of oxy-fluoride glass co-doped with Er3+ and Yb3+

The glass sample based on the composition of 45PbF(2)-45GeO(2)-10WO(3) co-doped with Yb3+/Er3+ was prepared by the fusion method in two steps: melted at 950 degreesC for 20 similar to 25 min then annealed at 380 degreesC for 4 h. Through the V-prism it is found that the refractive index of host glass and the sample are 1.517 and 1.65 respectively. The transmittance was observed by using the ultraviolet-visible-infrared spectrometer in the wavelength range from 0.35 to 2.5mum. The transmittaitce of the host glass is beyond 73%. That of the sample is beyond 50% and there are characteristic absorption peaks of rare-earth ions. The emission spectrum was measured by using the Hitachi F-4500 fluorescent spectrometer pumped by 980 nm semiconductor laser. There are a strong emission peak at 530 nm and a weak peak at 650 nm.

Up-conversion spectrum properties of the oxy-fluoride glass co-doped with Er3+ and Yb3+

Up-conversion of 45PbF(2)-45GeO(2)-10WO(3) oxy-fluoride glasses co-doped with Yb3+ and Er3+ ions were prepared by fusion method through melting at 1223 K and then annealing at 653 K for 4 h. Transmittance of the undoped host glass was beyond 73% in a range of 0.6-2.5 mu m and the co-doped glasses still provided good transmittance beyond 50%. Refractive indices of the host and co-doped glasses were 1.517 and 1.650, respectively. Blue, green and red fluorescence spectra were observed in a range of 400-700 nm under 980 nm diode laser excitation. Up-conversion spectra at about 410, 518, 530and 650 nm were assigned to the 4f electron transitions of H-2(9/2) -> I-4(15)/(2), H-2(15/2) -> I-4(15/2) S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2) and F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2) of Er3+ ion, respectively. The mechanism of energy transfer between Yb3+ and Er3+ ions in the glass was analyzed. Raman shift shows the non-radiative relaxation of the glass sample is low.