O meu corpo e eu: A imagem corporal e a auto-estima na adolescência

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para a obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Factors influencing dental appearance satisfaction in adolescents: a cross-sectional study conducted in Southern Brazil

The perception of dental aesthetic appearance may affect social interaction and psychological status, influencing dental needs and the search for treatments. Aim: To investigate the satisfaction with dental appearance and influencing factors among adolescents. Methods: The study was carried out among adolescents aged 14 to 19 years attending a private high school in Brazil. Data on demographic information, the perception of dental appearance, previous aesthetic treatments and wish to perform dental treatments were collected in the school. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test or Linear Trend. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Poisson regression. Results: A total of 531 adolescents (Response rate = 98.3%) answered the questionnaire. The prevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance was 17.4%. Almost 65% had history of previous orthodontic treatment and 16% performed dental bleaching. Approximately 45% of children wished to undergo orthodontics and 54.8% to bleach their teeth. Dissatisfaction with dental appearance was associated with individuals unsatisfied with dental color (95% IC[1.73;4.32]), those perceiving poor dental alignment (PR3.16 95% IC[2.11;4.72]) and those wishing orthodontic treatment (PR2.9; 95% IC[1.79; 4.70]). Conclusions: The prevalence of dissatisfaction was considerable and was associated with aesthetic concerns such as tooth color, dental alignment and with the wish for orthodontics. In this young population, a large part of adolescents had already performed orthodontic and bleaching treatments and wished to perform those treatments again. Satisfaction with dental appearance could affect the adolescents’ behavior regarding search for dental treatment, thus causing possible overtreatment.

O stresse em alunos de enfermagem e a sua influência na relação de ajuda com o doente

Dissertação de mest. em Observação e Análise da Relação Educativa, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Univ. do Algarve, Escola Superior de Educação, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, 2005

Educação cognitiva: Estudo dos efeitos de um programa e-leraning de desenvolvimento cognitivo através da matemática em alunos do 8º ano de escolaridade

Partindo do princípio que a cognição é modificável e alterável, surge a educação cognitiva. Este repensar da educação converge com a necessidade de uma educação para a diversidade e inclusão. Ao mesmo tempo surgem as novas tecnologias, cada vez mais presentes. Focando os processos de criatividade e resolução de problemas, construímos um programa e-learning de desenvolvimento cognitivo através da matemática (PEDCM) e estudamos os efeitos da implementação do mesmo. A metodologia utilizada foi a quasi-experimental, com pré e pós-teste e sem grupo de controlo. A amostra foi constituída por 1O alunos de uma turma do 8° ano da Escola EB 2,3 Conde de Vilalva, em Évora. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: o Teste de Auto-conceito de Susan Harter; Matrizes Standard de Raven; Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio; Teste de Pensamento Criativo de Torrance e o PEDCM. Este último foi implementado durante 10 sessões (com 1h30m cada). Os resultados obtidos demonstram efeitos positivos evidentes da implementação PEDCM, ao nível do desempenho cognitivo, desempenho criativo, no auto-conceito e principalmente no rendimento escolar. ABSTRACT: Starting from the principle that cognition is alterable and modifiable, rises the cognitive education. This rethinking of education converges with an education for diversity and inclusion. Parallelly the new technologies rise, more and more present in education. Focusing on the processes of creativity and problem resolution and we've built an e-learning program of cognitive development through mathematics (PEDCM) and studied the effects of its implementation. The used methodology was the almost experimental, with pre and post test without a group of control. The show was built by 1O students of a class of 8th grade of the school EB2,3 Conde de Vilalva in Évora. The instruments used were: the Test of Self­Concept by Susan Harter; Standard Registries by Raven; Set of Reasoning Tests; Test of Creative Thought from Torrance and the PEDCM, implemented for 10 sessions (of 1.30h each). The results attained show the positive effects evident from the implementation of the PEDCM, to the level of cognitive performance, creative performance, in the self concept and particularly in the school results.

Evaluation of Educational Environment for Medical Students of a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital in Tehran, Using DREEM Questionnaire

Background: Tertiary pediatric hospitals usually provide excellent clinical services, but such centers have a lot to do for educational perfection. Objectives: This study was performed to address under-graduate educational deficits and find feasible solutions. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in a target population of 77 sixth year undergraduate medical students (response rate = 78%) who spent their 3-month pediatric rotation in the Children’s Medical Center, the Pediatrics Center of Excellence in Tehran, Iran. The Dundee ready educational environment measure (DREEM) instrument was used for assessing educational environment of this subspecialized pediatric hospital. Results: Among 60 students who answered the questionnaires, 24 were male (40%). Participants’ age ranged from 23 to 24 years. The mean total score was 95.8 (48%). Comparison of scores based on students’ knowledge showed no significant difference. Problematic areas were learning, academic self-perception, and social self-perception. Conclusions: Having an accurate schedule to train general practitioner, using new teaching methods, and providing a non-stressful atmosphere were suggested solutions.

A Phenomenological Exploration of Black Male Law Enforcement Officers' Perspectives of Racial Profiling and Their Law Enforcement Career Exploration and Commitment

This phenomenological study explored Black male law enforcement officers’ perspectives of how racial profiling shaped their decisions to explore and commit to a law enforcement career. Criterion and snow ball sampling was used to obtain the 17 participants for this study. Super’s (1990) archway model was used as the theoretical framework. The archway model “is designed to bring out the segmented but unified and developmental nature of career development, to highlight the segments, and to make their origin clear” (Super, 1990, p. 201). Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Three themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) color and/or race does matter, (b) putting on the badge, and (c) too black to be blue and too blue to be black. The deductive analysis used a priori coding that was based on Super’s (1990) archway model. The deductive analysis revealed the participants’ career exploration was influenced by their knowledge of racial profiling and how others view them. The comparative analysis between the inductive themes and deductive findings found the theme “color and/or race does matter” was present in the relationships between and within all segments of Super’s (1990) model. The comparative analysis also revealed an expanded notion of self-concept for Black males – marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. Self-concepts, “such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and role self-concepts, being combinations of traits ascribed to oneself” (Super, 1990, p. 202) do not completely address the self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. The self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals is self-efficacy, self-esteem, traits ascribed to oneself expanded by their awareness of how others view them. (DuBois, 1995; Freire, 1970; Sheared, 1990; Super, 1990; Young, 1990). Ultimately, self-concept is utilized to make career and life decisions. Current human resource policies and practices do not take into consideration that negative police contact could be the result of racial profiling. Current human resource hiring guidelines penalize individuals who have had negative police contact. Therefore, racial profiling is a discriminatory act that can effectively circumvent U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission laws and serve as a boundary mechanism to employment (Rocco & Gallagher, 2004).

A relação entre a qualidade da vinculação aos pais, auto-estima, auto-conceito em pré-adolescentes

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

CLASHES IN CONFINEMENT: MEN’S GENDERED EXPERIENCES WITH CONFLICT IN CANADIAN PRISONS

This dissertation presents the results of in-depth qualitative interviews with twenty-three formerly imprisoned men regarding their lived experience with prison conflict and the pain of incarceration. The results suggest that prison is a gendered ‘total institution’ (Goffman 1961). The pains that men experience in prison are uniquely gendered in that the deprivations imposed by incarceration– deprivation of autonomy, liberty, goods and services, heterosexual sex, and security (Sykes 1958) – in the reverse, define idealized masculinity as it is currently socially constructed: self-reliance, independence, toughness or invulnerability, material and economic success, and heterosexual prowess. From these shared deprivations emerges a gendered code of conduct that perpetuates a hierarchy among incarcerated men by constructing violent masculinity as a subcultural norm. The results suggest that the gender code in prison represents a set of rules that create opportunities for men to police each other’s gender performance and make claims to masculine statuses. Because status is inextricably tied to survival in this context, many men feel pressured to perform violent masculinities in prison despite privately subscribing to a non-violent sense of self-concept. The results suggest that violence is an expressive and instrumental resource for men in prison. A gender theory of prison violence, methodological findings, theoretical implications, ethical considerations and the short and long term aftermath of violent prison conflict are discussed.

Cooperação desportiva e auto-conceito de competência : Um estudo em equipas de futebol

A cooperação apresenta-se como a base de qualquer organização, mas também das equipas desportivas. O comportamento cooperativo é influenciado pela estima e confiança que o indivíduo tem em si. A confiança entre os indivíduos resulta da mediação entre o comportamento de interesse próprio e o interesse pelo outro, promovendo desta forma a cooperação entre os membros. Vários autores referem as noções de competência relacionadas com comportamentos de confiança. Desta forma estudaram-se no presente estudo as correlações entre a cooperação desportiva e o auto-conceito de competência. A amostra foi constituída por 120 atletas do sexo masculino de equipas profissionais e semi-profissionais de futebol. Os instrumentos utilizados "Questionário de Cooperação Desportiva" e "Questionário de Auto-Conceito de Competência", revelaram possuir qualidades psicométicas aceitáveis. A análise dos resultados revelou correlações estatisticamente significativas entre a dimensão de cooperação situacional e as dimensões, cognitiva, social e criativa do auto-conceito de competência, assim como a dimensão de cooperação incondicionada com as dimensões cognitiva e social do auto-conceito de competência. /ABSTRACT: The cooperation comes as the foundation of any organization but also of sports teams. The cooperative behavior is influenced by the esteem and confidence that the individual has in himself. Trust between individuals result of mediation between the behavior of self-interest and concern for others, thereby promoting cooperation among members. Several authors refer to the notions of competence-related behaviors of confidence. Thus it was studied in the present study the correlations between the sporting cooperation and self-concept of competence. The sample was composed of 120 male athletes of professional teams and semi-professional football. The instruments used "Cooperation Sports Questionnaire" and "Self-Concept Questionnaire for Competence," have revealed qualities psicométicas acceptable. The results showed statistically significant correlations between the dimension of cooperation and situational dimensions, cognitive, social and creative self-concept of ability, as well as the size of unconditional cooperation with the cognitive and social dimensions of self-concept of competence.

Aspects Related to Venous Ulcer Healing and its Influence on Quality of Life

Nowadays, the varicose ulcers (VUs) are one of the most worrying leg ulcers and are an important problem in global public health, with high costs related to the treatment and its complications. Moreover, the quality of life (QOL) of the patient could be affected by pain, sleep disorders, functional impairment, depression and isolation. The VUs patient care is complex and it is necessary to know the aspects that contribute to the healing process for developing effective strategies. The members of the multidisciplinary health team should identify sociodemographic, clinical and care aspects that interfere in tissue repair and therefore impacting the QOL. Self-efficacy, adherence to treatment and self-esteem are other important aspects also related to healing and QOL, with implications for health care and the multidisciplinary team. To sum up, the use of multidisciplinary protocols allows the systematization of care for people with VUs in order to standardize therapeutic interventions with the aim to decrease the healing process time and, as a consequence, to improve the QOL.

La orientación en la calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores: Creando espacios de acción

Recibido 15 de marzo de 2012 • Corregido 01 de noviembre de 2012 • Aceptado 07 de noviembre de 2012Ante los constantes cambios demográficos y el acelerado crecimiento de la población gerontológica de nuestro país, se convierte en una necesidad crear y potenciar espacios del accionar desde la Orientación como disciplina. Se debe buscar, en todo momento, la satisfacción, realización y calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores, por medio de su participación activa, autoconocimiento y desarrollo de aspectos sociales que favorecen su crecimiento como persona íntegra y activa socialmente. Abrirse como orientadores y orientadoras a nuevos panoramas de intervención que respondan a necesidades sociales y personales emergentes resulta imperativo, para poder brindar atención y responder a los cambios culturales y a las demandas persistentes, por consiguiente, reales de nuestra población adulta mayor.

University Students' Approaches to Learning, Self-Regulation, and Cognitive and Attributional Strategies : Connections with Well-Being and Academic Success

This dissertation empirically explores the relations among three theoretical perspectives: university students approaches to learning, self-regulated learning, as well as cognitive and attributional strategies. The relations were quantitatively studied from both variable- and person-centered perspectives. In addition, the meaning that students gave to their disciplinary choices was examined. The general research questions of the study were: 1) What kinds of relationships exist among approaches to learning, regulation of learning, and cognitive and attributional strategies? What kinds of cognitive-motivational profiles can be identified among university students, and how are such profiles related to study success and well-being? 3) How do university students explain their disciplinary choices? Four empirical studies addressed these questions. Studies I, II, and III were quantitative, applying self-report questionnaires, and Study IV was qualitative in nature. Study I explored relations among cognitive strategies, approaches to learning, regulation of learning, and study success by using correlations and a K-means cluster analysis. The participants were 366 students from various faculties at different phases of their studies. The results showed that all the measured constructs were logically related to each other in both variable- and person-centered approaches. Study II further examined what kinds of cognitive-motivational profiles could be identified among first-year university students (n=436) in arts, law, and agriculture and forestry. Differences in terms of study success, exhaustion, and stress among students with differing profiles were also looked at. By using a latent class cluster analysis (LCCA), three groups of students were identified: non-academic (34%), self-directed (35%), and helpless students (31%). Helpless students reported the highest levels of stress and exhaustion. Self-directed students received the highest grades. In Study III, cognitive-motivational profiles were identified among novice teacher students (n=213) using LCCA. Well-being, epistemological beliefs, and study success were looked at in relation to the profiles. Three groups of students were found: non-regulating (50%), self-directed (35%), and non-reflective (22%). Self-directed students again received the best grades. Non-regulating students reported the highest levels of stress and exhaustion, the lowest level of interest, and showed the strongest preference for certain and practical knowledge. Study IV, which was qualitative in nature, explored how first-year students (n = 536 ) in three fields of studies, arts, law, and veterinary medicine explained their disciplinary choices. Content analyses showed that interest appeared to be a common concept in students description of their choices across the three faculties. However, the objects of interest of the freshmen appeared rather unspecified. Veterinary medicine and law students most often referred to future work or a profession, whereas only one-fifth of the arts students did so. The dissertation showed that combining different theoretical perspectives and methodologies enabled us to build a rich picture of university students cognitive and motivational predispositions towards studying and learning. Further, cognitive-emotional aspects played a significant role in studying, not only in relation to study success, but also in terms of well-being. Keywords: approaches to learning, self-regulation, cognitive and attributional strategies, university students

The Contours of the Right to Self-defence: Is the Requirement of Imminence Merely a Translator for the Concept of Necessity?

The right to self-defence has lately been subjected to intense academic controversy, both at the domestic and international level. The debate is focused on the question of whether or not the requirement of imminence is merely a translator for the notion of necessity. At the domestic level, the debate has mainly been kindled by feminist scholars, who, in the context of the 'battered woman', argue that the requirement of imminence should be discarded from the contours of the self-defence doctrine. The purpose of this article is to prove the necessity of the imminence requirement as a litmus test to detect possible abuses of the self-defence doctrine.

The quest for authenticity in the west – negotiating the self in late modern cultures

Across western culture in the late modern era a number of phenomena have emerged that seek to challenge mainstream consumer capitalism and its effects on everyday lifestyles. Two of these movements labelled as Seachange (Amenity Migration) and Downshifting have grown steadily in popularity within the public sphere and also academic discourse. In this thesis these phenomena are investigated further using a Durkheimian platform for theoretical interrogation. It is argued that while previous research accomplishes much in the investigation of Seachange and Downshifting, there is a significant gap in theoretical explanation and synthesis that requires filling. Thus in this research, it is argued that the concept of self-authenticity assists in the fulfilment of this aim. It is shown here that authenticity guides the construction, negotiation and experience of the phenomena which serves to authenticate the self. It is further argued however that Downshifting and Seachange reflect a wider theme of the self where the individual seeks protection from the profane impacts of advanced capitalism. Subsequently, the thesis aims not only to reveal the underlying principles which feed each phenomenon, but also relate them back to a wider cultural narrative of the sacred self.