Taking the carbon out of the car

Effective measures are being taken to reduce emissions from cars, which are now emerging as a major contributor to climate change. Developed countries will need to reduce emissions by at least 80% by 2050 to achieve stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentration between 450 and 550 ppm, and have a unique opportunity to avoid the most damaging effects of climate change. The UK is aiming at completely decarbonising transport by 2050 through a combination of more efficient vehicles, cleaner fuels, and smart driving choices. The European Commission has proposed a mandatory CO2 target on new car CO 2 efficiency, which is an urgent needed development. The nation is also using regulatory targets for local schemes, such as free parking or congestion charging, break points for company car tax, and vehicle excise duty. Car ownership and use should thereby continue to drive economic growth and enhance quality of life around the world without destroying the planet.

The role of law and ethics in developing business management as a profession

Currently, business management is far from being recognised as a profession. This paper suggests that a professional spirit should be developed which could function as a filter of commercial reasoning. Broadly, management will not be organised within the framework of a well-established profession unless formal knowledge, licensing, professional autonomy and professional codes of conduct are developed sufficiently. In developing business management as a profession, law may play a key role. Where the idea is that business management should be more professsionalised, managers must show that they are willing to adopt ethical values, while arriving at business decisions. The paper argues that ethics cannot survive without legal regulation, which, in turn, will not be supported by law unless lawyers can find alternative solutions to the large mechanisms of the official society, secured by the monopolised coercion of the nation state. From a micro perspective of law and business ethics, communities can be developed with their own conventions, rules and standards that are generated and sanctioned within the boundaries of the communities themselves.

Gazdas��gi korm��nyz��s a gazdas��gi ��s monet��ris uni��ban - a glob��lis politika lehetetlen szenth��roms��ga szemsz��g��b��l (Economic governance in the economic and monetary union ��� applying the trilemma of global politics)

Az Eur��pai Uni�� a vil��ggazdas��g egyik legfontosabb integr��ci��ja. A benne megval��sul�� gazdas��gi integr��ci�� szoross��ga megfelel annak a szintnek, amit Rodrik hiperglobaliz��ci��nak nevez. Az elm��let szerint a politika szintj��n egyszerre nem megval��s��that�� a demokratikus politikai d��nt��shozatal, a teljes vil��ggazdas��gi integr��ci��, illetve a nemzet��llam. A trilemma a globaliz��ci�� ��tj��ban ��ll�� int��zm��nyi k��l��nbs��geken alapszik. Megold��sa h��rom m��don lehets��ges: a demokr��cia kiiktat��s��val a megold��s az arany k��nyszerzubbony, ahol a piaci mechanizmusok veszik ��t az ��llami gazdas��gpolitika szerep��t; a glob��lis korm��nyz��s megval��sul��sa eset��n a szuver��n nemzet��llamok t��nnek el a nemzetk��zi rendszerb��l; v��g��l a Bretton Woods kompromisszum eset��ben a globaliz��ci�� ��tj��ba ��ll��tunk akad��lyokat. ��r��sunkban a modellt az eur��pai integr��ci��ra, eg��szen pontosan a Gazdas��gi ��s Monet��ris Uni��ra alkalmazzuk. ��rvel��s��nk szerint, ha fent k��v��njuk tartani az integr��ci�� szoross��g��t, er��s��teni kell az integr��ci�� szintj��n a gazdas��gi korm��nyz��st, ami pedig csak a tag��llami szuverenit��s rov��s��ra mehet. Ez, mely a GMU eset��ben legink��bb a fisk��lis f��der��ci�� er��s��t��s��t jelenti ugyanakkor, megn��velve az integr��ci�� k��lts��geit, egy t��bbsebess��ges Eur��pa kialakul��sa ir��ny��ba hathat. _____ The European Union with its sophisticated institutional system is the most important regional integration on Earth. This tight form of economic integration converges to the level that Dani Rodrik calls hyperglobalization in his model, the political trilemma of globalisation. In this model Rodrik assumes that from the three desired element of world politics (deep economic integration, the nation state, and democratic politics) only two can be chosen. We can either choose deep integration and the nation state but then we have to abandon democracy; or we can choose deep integration and democracy, but then we have to forfeit the nation state; or we have to circumscribe globalisation to maintain democracy and the nation state. In our paper we develop the mentioned model and then we apply it to the case of the European integration. We argue that if we want to maintain the deep integration among member states in the EU we have to pass more and more functions of the nation states to the federation level. In case of the EMU that means that federal fiscal policy is needed which could lead to multi-speed Europe considering new member states reluctance to give up their specific institutions.

Square and compass: Freemasonry's tools for constructing a global civil society

The concept of a global civil society is gaining greater acceptance among International Relations (IR) scholars, yet few studies exist that look at the role of fraternal organizations and their influence in constructing this realm. Freemasonry, one of the oldest fraternal orders, exerts a powerful influence on its membership through its symbolism, architecture and ritual, based on the tenets of mutual respect and tolerance towards all human beings. Such principles helped in creating a body of practices and institutions as early as the eighteenth century which two hundred years later were identified and conceptualized as global civil society. ^ The allegations of anti-Masons and conspiracy theorists offer a continuous account of Masonry's influence on the political scene since its modern founding in 1717 Great Britain. Conspiracy theorists portray the coming of a New World Order, orchestrated and directed by a secret hierarchy of Masons/Illuminati. Even though the lens of conspiracy theories paints a distorted view of reality, it does focus attention to Freemasonry's activities as a major player in politics over the span of three centuries. Not only do such theories challenge the novelty of practices that make up a global civil society, but also the notion that it is an inclusive and growing sector that unites people across the globe. They also provide a valuable critique by pointing out the inconsistencies and discriminatory practices of Masonry as contrasted with the lofty ideals and aims for humanity. ^ The Masonic influence in the social world is perceived as one that reflects the liberal worldview where the nation-state and power structures are in pursuit of human progress, or profit. The symbolism of Masonry, however, carries a message that can be characterized as representing republican ideals. Masonic symbolism and ritual create spaces of meaning where the contradictions between the ideals and the structures of inequality and elitism can be resolved. Freemasonry as a symbolic system proclaiming their inherent republican values does have a global reach. However, the effectiveness of these values is bounded by the constraints that are inherent in a liberal world dominated by nation-states. ^

Realism and national identity in 'Y Tu Mam�� Tambi��n': an audience perspective

When referring to cinema and its emancipatory potential, realism, like Plato���s pharmakon, has signified both illness and cure, poison and medicine. On the one hand, realism is regarded as the main feature of so-called classical cinema, inherently conservative and thoroughly ideological, its main raison d�����tre being to reify and make a particular version of the status quo believable and to pass it out as ���reality��� (Burch, 1990; MacCabe, 1974). On the other, realism has also been interpreted as a quest for truth and social justice, as in the positivist ethos that informs documentary (Zavattini, 1953). Even in the latter sense, however, the extent to which realism has served colonizing ends when used to investigate the ���truth��� of the Other has also been noted, rendering the form profoundly suspicious (Chow, 2007, p. 150). For realism has been a Western form of representation, one that can be traced back to the invention of perspective in painting and that peaked with the secular worldview brought about by the Enlightenment. And like realism, the nation state too is a product of the Enlightenment, nationalism being, as it were, a secular replacement for the religious - that is enchanted or fantastic - worldview. In this way, realism, cinema and nation are inextricably linked, and equally strained under the current decline of the Enlightenment paradigm. This chapter looks at Y tu Mam�� Tambi��n by Alfonso Cuar��n (2001), a highly successful road movie with documentary features, to explore the ways in which realism, cinema and nation interact with each other in the present conditions of ���globalization��� as experienced in Mexico. The chapter compares and contrasts various interpretations of the role of realism in this film put forward by critics and scholars and other discourses about it circulating in the media with actual ways of audience engagement with it.

Materials for a history of Hungarian academic orientalism: The case of Gyula Germanus

This article provides materials for an institutional history of academic Hungarian Orientalism through the life of Gyula Germanus (1884-1979). Using hitherto unexploited archives, this text explores his education, integration into academia, and career up to 1939. I argue that Germanus was an assimilated Hungarian of Jewish origin with a strong loyalty to the state. His two conversions - to Calvinism in 1909 and to Islam in 1930 - also transformed him from a minor Turkologist into a popularly acclaimed Arabist. This study demonstrates that academic Orientalism as a national science was a contested vehicle of social mobility in the Hungarian transition from an imperial to a nation-state setting.�� 2014 koninklijke brill nv, leiden.

Uncomfortable 'truths' and the centenary anniversary of the 1916 Rising in Ireland

How to deal with uncomfortable ���truths��� from the past has long posed problems for historians and politicians alike and this is exemplified by attempts to ���deal with��� the centenary anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. How do we recognise the revolutionary ���heroes��� of the past and their contribution to the building of the new ���nation��� state to which we may pledge allegiance, without exposing the contradictions inherent in the way that ���nation��� state has transformed, subverted and indeed corrupted many of the ideas for which they fought? More controversially, how do we honour the actions of revolutionaries in the past which led to death and destruction in pursuance of a grand ideal, while at the same time condemning others today who claim to have been likewise engaged, using similar methods, during the recent ���Troubles��� (1969-98 and counting)? Attempts by the Irish state to deal with the centenary seem to illustrate the point.

An��lisis Cr��tico y Complejo de los discursos period��sticos verbovisuales entre Bolivia y Chile en el contexto de la demanda por la soberan��a mar��tima boliviana

Los medios de prensa tienen un rol determinante en la construcci��n, legitimaci��n y representaci��n de distintas realidades socioculturales, las cuales a su vez generan lineamientos institucionalizados de unas identidades nacionales sobre otras, creando relaciones desiguales en base de prejuicios y estereotipos. Los pa��ses vecinos cuentan con historias de unidad y conflictos, pero el tiempo a veces no es suficiente para cerrar viejas heridas, como ocurre con la Guerra del Pac��fico (18791883). En este contexto se analizaron las noticias de los medios con mayor injerencia a nivel pa��s: La Raz��n (Bolivia) y El Mercurio (Chile), donde, por medio de una herramienta metodol��gica de An��lisis Cr��tico y Complejo del Discurso Verbovisual, se busc�� dilucidar los procesos de construcci��n discursiva de cada Estadonaci��n y confirmar c��mo ��stos se mantienen a trav��s del tiempo.

Aportaci��n cient��fica de los congresos de la AE-IC (2008-2014): rese��a hist��rica y estado actual de la investigaci��n en Comunicaci��n

Esta investigaci��n analiza la producci��n cient��fica presentada en los congresos de la Asociaci��n Espa��ola de Investigaci��n de la Comunicaci��n con el fin de comprender su desarrollo y su estado actual. Para ello, se han analizado 715 comunicaciones con veintid��s variables, entre las que se encuentran: el autor, el g��nero, la vinculaci��n institucional, la nacionalidad, el tipo de comunicaci��n, la metodolog��a empleada, la r��plica de contenidos, la tipolog��a descriptiva y la finalidad de las comunicaciones. Entre otros hallazgos, los resultados muestran una mayor��a femenina en la contribuci��n acad��mica, pero no entre los cargos acad��micos de mayor rango; la preferencia de los objetos de estudio empresariales, pero no profesionales o laborales; una tendencia hacia la mayor participaci��n de doctorandos; y una elevada concentraci��n de la producci��n cient��fica en cuanto a la tem��tica y la distribuci��n territorial.

El concepto de ciudadan��a en la obra de Dominique Schnapper: entre el tipo ideal sociol��gico y el ideal de sociedad democr��tica

Este art��culo analiza la evoluci��n del concepto de ciudadan��a en la obra de Dominique Schnapper como uno de los ejemplos m��s destacados en la sociolog��a contempor��nea de una aproximaci��n completa a la cuesti��n. A trav��s de un recorrido exhaustivo por su obra, el objetivo es profundizar en la comprensi��n de la tensi��n entre la din��mica democr��tica y la idea de ciudadan��a en cuanto que tipo ideal del v��nculo social y como principio regulador de las sociedades democr��ticas. La autora propone en sus primeros trabajos una noci��n de ciudadan��a vinculada al proceso pol��tico de construcci��n de la naci��n que no distingue entre la definici��n de un tipo ideal sociol��gico y la construcci��n de un ideal de sociedad. Esta confusi��n se corrige al introducir posteriormente en el an��lisis la incidencia de la democracia sobre las experiencias individuales de la ciudadan��a, aportando una perspectiva de an��lisis de gran utilidad tanto para la comprensi��n de la din��mica contempor��nea de las sociedades democr��ticas como para la necesaria defensa de la ciudadan��a como v��nculo social fundamental y como principio fundador de la legitimidad pol��tica.

A descentraliza����o das pol��ticas de desenvolvimento rural: uma an��lise da experi��ncia do Rio Grande do Norte

MATOS FILHO, Jo��o. A descentraliza����o das Pol��ticas de desenvolvimento rural - uma an��lise da experi��ncia do Rio Grande do Norte. 2002. 259f. Tese (Doutorado em Ci��ncias Econ��micas)��� Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2002.

Inser����o de fornecedores locais como fonte de desempenhos em custos de transa����o e legitimidade: estudo de caso na cadeia produtiva do petr��leo e g��s do Rio Grande do Norte

The inclusion of local suppliers in production chains has considerable impact on its performance, but most notably in its main actors. The results of this process may be of different kinds and can be analyzed from economic or institutional approaches. This study aimed to verify the existence of different performances of Petrobras due to the inclusion of local suppliers in the oil and gas production chain in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the viewpoints of transaction costs and the Institutional Theory. In order to this, were made the characterization of the PROMINP, the description of its actions and results, the mapping of its institutional context of reference, and identification of results obtained by Petrobras in terms of transaction costs and legitimacy. The theoretical framework is based on authors dealing with industrial concentration, as like Marshall, Krugman, Porter and Schmitz, from the sociological perspective of neoinstitucional theory, as like DiMaggio and Powell and Scott and Meyer, and transaction costs, as like Williamson. This is a qualitative research, with data collection done by consulting secondary fonts and semi-structured interviews with nineteen actors of three groups, namely: actors involved in actions of the program, representatives of enterprises and representative of Petrobras. To analyze the content was used the Suchman s model (1995) for categories associated with strategies of legitimation and fourteen variables associated with the three variables assets specificity, bounded rationality and opportunism (Williamson, 1995, 1989) in the case of transaction costs. The results indicate that PROMINP has achieved its objectives by encouraging the increased participation of local companies in the oil and gas production chain, reflecting in the economic development of the state. The Redepetro/RN, fostered and built upon the interaction of the participants, is presented as a solution of continuity to the participation of enterprises in the chain, after the closure of the actions of the program. PROMINP demands responses to coercive, legislative and regulatory pressures of the organizational field, whose institutional context of reference is wide. From the point of view of legitimacy, through strategies to gain cognitive legitimacy and maintaining pragmatic legitimacy, Petrobras can manipulate the environment, ensuring the compliance of the constituents to their technical and institutional demands. Enterprises, in turn, respond to the demands through compliance with technical demands, mainly through the certification of processes, and cultural changes. There aren t clear gains related to the transaction costs, however, gains in legitimacy can be seen as a cumulative capital that can serve as a competitive differential that generates economic gains. In terms of theoretical findings, it was found that, due to its explanatory power for actions that are difficult to explain only in economic terms, Institutional Theory may be used as theoretical support concurrent with other theories. TCE model has limitations in explaining the program actions. In the case, it s emphasized that Petrobras doesn t seek only economic efficiency, but has in its mission the commitment to social development.

Hechtius 1795/98 - der Gedanke der Transnationalit��t in der ersten Schrift zur Vergleichenden Erziehungswissenschaft

Der 1795-1798 verfasste Text "De re scholastica Anglica cum Germanica comparata" (��ber das englische Schulwesen im Vergleich zum deutschen) des s��chsischen Rektors Friedrich August Hecht ist die erste bekannte Schrift zur Vergleichenden Erziehungswissenschaft. Ihre zentrale Materialgrundlage bilden englische und deutsche Schulb��cher f��r Latein- und Gelehrtenschulen. Aus deutschsprachiger Sekund��rliteratur ��bernimmt Hecht dar��ber hinaus Informationen ��ber schulorganisatorische, curriculare und didaktische Besonderheiten der englischen Public Schools Westminster und Eton, und setzt sie zu den ihm aus eigener Praxis bekannten deutschen (s��chsischen) Schulverh��ltnissen in Beziehung. Der Gedanke der Transnationalit��t im Bildungsbereich, der sich aktuell etwa im Begriff von transnationalen Bildungsr��umen ausdr��ckt, hat bei Hecht der Sache nach drei Ankn��pfungspunkte: die bildungspolitische Wirksamkeit transnationaler Herrscherfamilien, die gemeineurop��ische Bedeutung der Gebildeten- und Gelehrtensprache Latein und die nation��bergreifende Dimension des humanistischen Bildungskanons. Das alte Europa kannte Nationen und Staaten, aber es kannte noch keine Nationalstaaten. Die Deutschen sind f��r Hecht noch eine alteurop��ische Nation, die Engl��nder dagegen auf dem Wege zur oder sind schon Staatsnation. Die Vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft entsteht mit Hechts Schrift in einer Situation, da die alte transnationale Ordnung der Nationen und Staaten in die neue internationale Ordnung der Nationalstaaten ��bergeht. (DIPF/Orig.)

Citizenship education, national identity and political trust: The case of Sweden

The challenging effects of globalization upon the nation-state have been a recurrent theme in the social science discourse since the 1990���s. Nationally organized education is also seen as challenged by new demands originating from globalization. In this article it is argued that ���nation-state��� and ���national identity��� are highly relevant concepts when discussing a citizenship education that seeks to develop a civic ethos with, potentially, a global reach. It is further argued that the understanding of such an ethos would benefit significantly from incorporating the role of political trust since trust has been identified as a main feature of the social capital that makes democracy work. Three themes are brought together: national identity and identification, the importance for democracy of political trust and the challenges citizenship education face when carried out in a national context but intended to manage issues that go far beyond the reach of the nation-state. The importance of citizenship education is discussed using recent research on the Swedish citizenship education classroom.

"Dem Volk eine andere Muttersprache geben". Zur Diskussion ��ber Zweisprachigkeit und Erziehung in der Geschichte der Volksschule

Ausgangspunkt der ��berlegungen sind die aktuellen Forderungen nach einem ver��nderten Umgang mit gesellschaftlicher Zwei- und Mehrsprachigkeit angesichts internationaler Migration und europ��ischer Integration. Im R��ckblick auf die Geschichte der bildungspolitischen und p��dagogischen Diskussion ��ber Zweisprachigkeit und ��ffentliche Erziehung werden - unter Einbeziehung der internationalen Diskussion - vor allem die "Logiken" der p��dagogischen Argumentation herausgearbeitet, die in den Auseinandersetzungen im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik entwickelt worden sind. Die hier vertretene Annahme ist, da�� die historisch entwickelten "Logiken", als zum jeweiligen historischen Zeitpunkt plausible, so in die Normalit��tsbeschreibungen von Erziehung und Bildung eingegangen sind, da�� sie schlie��lich wie Naturgegebenheiten erscheinen (konnten) und daher - trotz und gegen Aufkl��rung und bessere(r) Einsicht - bildungspolitisches, bildungsadministratives und p��dagogisches Handeln bis heute bestimmen. (DIPF/Orig.)