O processo de pesquisa da informação, como pesquisa estruturada: da desordem à ordem cognitivas

Este texto tem como objectivo principal a descrição e análise das etapas do processo de pesquisa de informação, baseada nas etapas de Coral Collier Kuhlthau e nos skills de Michael B. Eisenberg, Doug Johnson e Robert E. BerKowitz. O aluno percorre diversas etapas, que produzem uma série de comportamentos relevantes, que vão desde a desordem à ordem cognitivas, ou seja, desde o desconhecimento das técnicas de recuperação da informação ao conhecimento das mesmas, e que permitem ao aluno estudar a matéria curricular e a realização de trabalhos com facilidade e destreza, credibilidade e autenticidade, afasta-o da tentação do plágio ou do paradigma do aluno wikipédia. É na biblioteca escolar que o aluno inicia o processo de pesquisa da informação, ou seja, a pesquisa estruturada, programada e disciplinada, quer nas fontes impressas, quer nas electrónicas. Contudo, existem ainda constrangimentos na aprendizagem do processo, uma vez que o mesmo não se encontra totalmente consolidado nos documentos vinculativos da escola, como sejam, o projecto curricular e o programa da biblioteca escolar. A biblioteca escolar carece de pessoal preparado e qualificado para implementar a conduta do trabalho colaborativo com todos os mediadores escolares, bem como, o ensino e a aprendizagem do processo.

Análise paramétrica não-linear à esbelteza de pilares em betão armado em relação aos efeitos de 2ª ordem de acordo com o EC2

Esta dissertação tem como principal objectivo comparar os métodos propostos pelo Eurocódigo 2, através de uma análise paramétrica dos efeitos de segunda ordem em pilares de betão armado. Os métodos estudados foram o método simplificado baseado na Curvatura Nominal e o Método Geral. Através da comparação destes dois métodos verificou-se se o dimensionamento efectuado para o primeiro método é correcto e se encontra do lado da segurança. Para este efeito são analisado noventa e seis pórticos, onde setenta e dois são pórticos simples e vinte e quatro são pórticos parede. Todos os pórticos apresentam uma estrutura simples, constituída por dois elementos verticais, pilar ou parede, e um elemento horizontal, viga. Os noventa e seis pórticos são divididos em dois grupos. Um grupo em que a ligação entre pilar viga é rotulada e o outro grupo onde a ligação é rígida. Dentro de cada grupo é definido oito conjuntos de pórticos cuja diferença reside na percentagem de carga que cada um dos elementos verticais recebe, sendo estas características iguais para os dois grupos. Cada conjunto é constituído por seis pórticos em que é variada a esbelteza. Em todos os modelos analisados manteve-se as mesmas características de materiais e acções. Efectuou-se um primeiro dimensionamento através do método baseado na curvatura nominal, onde obteve-se os esforços e armaduras, que serão utilizados para a modelação no método geral. Este método geral, consiste numa análise não linear, e é efectuado num programa de análise não linear de elementos finitos, Atena. A modelação efectuou-se da seguinte forma: aplicou-se numa primeira fase a totalidade da carga vertical aplicada à estrutura de forma incremental, e quando esta atingiu a carga de dimensionamento, aplicou-se a carga horizontal também de forma incremental até ao colapso da estrutura. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode concluir-se que o dimensionamento efectuado pelo método simplificado está do lado da segurança, sendo em alguns casos em que possui pilares esbeltos demasiado conservativo, onde obteve-se mais 200% de carga horizontal.

Síntese do Poli (ácido láctico) por policondensação direta utilizando um planejamento fatorial

The environmental impact caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable polymer packaging on the environment, as well as the high price and scarcity of oil, caused increase of searches in the area of biodegradable polymers from renewable resources were developed. The poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising polymer in the market, with a large availability of raw material for the production of its monomer, as well as good processability. The aimed of this study was synthesis PLA by direct polycondesation of lactic acid, using the tool of experimental design (DOE) (central composite rotatable design (CCRD)) to optimize the conditions of synthesis. The polymer obtained was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The results confirmed the formation of a poly (lactic acid) semicrystalline in the syntheses performed. Through the central composite rotatable design was possible to optimize the crystallization temperature (Tc) and crystallinity degree (Xc). The crystallization temperature maximum was found for percentage of catalyst around the central point (0,3 (%W)) and values of time ranging from the central point (6h) to the upper level (+1) (8h). The crystallization temperature maximum was found for the total synthesis time of 4h (-1) and percentage of catalyst 0,1(W%) (-1). The results of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed higher molecular weights to 0,3 (W%) percent of catalyst and total time synthesis of 3,2h

Períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura da soja nos sistemas de semeadura direta e convencional

A presente pesquisa objetivou estudar os efeitos dos períodos de controle e de convivência de uma comunidade infestante sobre as características produtivas da soja nos sistemas de semeadura direta (SSD), com o cultivar CD 201, e convencional (SSC), com a MSOY-6101. No SSD, a comunidade infestante foi composta principalmente por Alternanthera tenella, Cenchrus echinatus e Bidens pilosa, com densidade máxima de 377 plantas m-2, acumulando 365,7 g m-2 de matéria seca, e, no SSC, por A. tenella, Senna obtusifolia e Panicum maximum, com densidade máxima de 161 plantas m-2, acumulando 406,7 g m-2. Tolerando cinco por cento de perda na produtividade da cultura, constatou-se que os períodos críticos de prevenção da interferência foram dos 33 aos 66 DAE para o cultivar CD 201 no SSD e dos 34 aos 76 DAE para o cultivar M-SOY-6101 no SSC. A interferência das plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cultura reduziu, em média, 46% (SSD) e 32% (SSC) a produtividade de grãos da soja. Não houve efeito das plantas daninhas na estatura das plantas, na altura de inserção da primeira vagem e no número de vagens por planta.

Crescimento da cebola em função de doses de nitrogênio, potássio e da população de plantas em semeadura direta

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O choque das culturas da ordem

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Ordem econômica e política nacional de recursos hídricos: hermenêutica constitucional para o desenvolvimento sustentável

This research proposes a study about the interpretative techniques application that are compatible with the national legal system under the principles for Sustainable Development characterized in Brazilian Constitution. It verifies the actual possibility of reconciliation between national development and environment protection, with reflections under the water legal protection. It was proposed, therefore, to point subsidies for jurisdictional decisions involving development and the environmental goods, protected as constitutionally guaranteed principles. It was assumed that, both development and environment protection represents basic rights that are eventually placed in conflict situations, considering the many legitimate economic activities within the Brazilian State. A representative case analysis was elected within the current national scene, detailing the judicial and political conflict involving the Transboundery water Project from the São Francisco River Basin to another Northeastern river basin in Brazil. The implementation of several constitutional principles with elements from legal hermeneutics provides subsidies for the legal analysis about the conflict between development and environmental protection. It was assumed that the main discussion item about rights due to development today is the institutions influence and their results, among them the rules, laws and interpretative elements for the constitutional text objectivity, as the institutions credibility and the Supreme Courts interpretations. The use of interpretative resources for specific conflict situations about constitutional principles by Superior Courts, on the search, would bring a contributory factor for decision safety, related to sustainable development principles, elimination of inequalities and regional protecting for the environment. Specific aspects of Law No. 9.433/97 that introduced the National Water Resources Policy were examined, with its instruments, in order to specifically contextualize aspects of the Brazilian water resources management politics

Paradigma constitucional brasileiro da livre concorrência e da defesa do consumidor face às estruturas de poder no mercado

The Federal Constitution of 1988, when taking care of the economical order, denotes special concern in the abuses of the economical power and the disloyal competition. The mark to mediate of all this is, in fact, the defense and the consumer's protection, once this is final addressee of whatever if it puts at the consumption market. The coming of the Law 8.078/90, Code of Protection and Defense of the Consumer, inaugurates a time of effective concern with the homogeneous individual interests originating from of the consumption relationships. In this point, the focus of main to face of the present work lives, in other words, the protection of the right to the individual property, especially manifests in the exercise of the trade freedom that keeps direct relationship with the respective social function the one that is destined. The code of the consumer's defense doesn't just take care of this, but also of the other star of the relationships of the consumption. When affirming in the interruption VI of the art. 4th that the national politics of those relationships, finds ballast in the prohibition and repression efficient of all of the abuses committed in the consumption relationships, keeping inherent relationship-causality in the economical order, sculpted for the article 170 in the Constitution of 1988. In the generic plan, the mark of the present work is to question concerning the limits of the trade freedom and previsible collisions with protection norms and the consumer's defense, as well as factual convergences of those small systems, especially in what he/she refers to the innate interests to the suppliers. In the specific plan, we aspirated to identify the protection device-commands to the actors of the trade relationship, capable to guarantee the free competition in a global economy of market, seeking especially the Well-being, for soon afterwards, in an analytical perspective, to discover the possible applications that it holds the Federal Constitution, in headquarters of economical freedoms. It was observed that the consumer today doesn't need only of laws that their needs, fruit of the vulnerability that it is him/her meditate innate. He/she lacks, yes, of effective mechanisms that prevent lesions that can be them impinged by the suppliers at the time in that you/they are useful to repair the damages when happened, punishing the author of the damage

O desenvolvimento sustentável na ordem constitucional e sua promoção através do planejamento urbano

The man, being subject and object of their changes, has passed by many process to find a better life way. Since your existence, he finds to live in groups for make easy your life and make concrete yours desires. All by history, when the individual´s rights was establishment, collectives and lonely way, contribute for evaluate the relationship between individuals and they own, and them and state, which has a duty to those, positive or negative, depending on the case. The circle of fundamentals rights has been sustainable development and the concept of growth economy associated to the environment protection. This association reflect a apparent conflict between values very distinct, but the constitutional interpretation can be reunite both of them and make it live in harmony; values of environmental order and economical order can be exist together, as long as the state contribute to this. On the city, where the most of relationships happening, the urban plan appear how a effective way of sustainable development, finding the harmony between the growth economy and environment protection. To effective the socials functions of the city (inhabit, circulate, work and entertainment) and the citizen´s life quality, the city is the scenery that show how the urban plan, across established previously legal instruments, like the governmental public politics, to effective the right to development, right of third generation. The director plan how effective tool for local needs - obligation defined by Citizen Statute that contribute for the program linked defined by the urban plan. The state´s intervention on the private sector of citizen, and the restriction on their rights are be justified by the collective´s rights and their quality of life. So, in front the urban scenery has been the plan to make social functions of city, the healthy way of life, which is the sustainable development

Novas fronteiras petrolíferas no Brasil : uma análise da necessidade de nova regulamentação da área do pré-sal sob a ótica constitucional

The Oil industry in Brazil has gone through several stages during the economical, political and social historical process. However, the significative changes have happened in the last fifteen years, due to market opening arising from the relaxation of the state monopoly over the Oil deposits and its derivatives. The edition of the Constitutional Amendment #9, changing the first paragraph of the 177th item of the Federal Constitution, marked the end of a stiffness about the monopoly that the Brazilian state kept in relation to the exploration and research of Oil and Gas. The economical order was fundamental to actualize the idea contained in the #9 Amendment, since its contents has the power to set up measures to be adopted by public power in order to organize the economical relations from a social viewpoint. The new brazilian Oil scenery, called pre-salt, presents itself in a way to amaze the economical markets, in addition to creating a new perspective to the social sector. This work will identify, in this new scenario, the need for change in the legal system. Nevertheless, this subject must not be treated in a thoughtless way: being an exhaustible good, we shall not forget that the future generations also must benefit from the exploration of natural resources recently discovered. The settlement of a new regulatory mark, including the change in the concession contract model to production and sharing is one of the suggested solutions as a bill in the National Congress, in an attempt to ensure the sovereignty of the nation. The constitutionality of a new regulatory mark is questioned, starting from an analysis of the state monopoly, grounding the comprehnsions in the brazilian constitutions, the relevance of the creation of Petrobras for self-assertion of the state about the monopoly of Oil and derivatives, and its posture after the Constitutional Amendment nº 9 (1995), when a company stops having control of the state monopoly, beginning to compete in a fairly way with other companies. The market opening and private initiative are emphasized from the viewpoint of the Constitutional Principles of the Economical and Social Order. The relaxation of the monopoly regarding the exploratory activity in the Federal Constitution doesn't deprive from the Union the ownerships of underground goods, enabling to this federal entity to contract, directly or by concession of exploration of goods, to state-owned or private companies. The existing oil in the pre-salt layer transforms the scenario from very high risk to low risk, which gives the Union the possibility of defining another way of exploring this resources in the best interests of the Public Administration

A intervenção estatal no domínio econômico privado através da nova lei de recuperação de empresas e falências (lei 11.101/05)

Analysis of the elements of the Constitutional Order of the letter 1988 politics, with emphasis in the principles of this, a study on the intervention of the State in the private initiative by means of the Law of Recovery of Companies and Bankruptcies (law 11.101/05). New enterprise vision is admitted, over all in the interdependence between economic and social factors. Study on the globalization and the interdependence of economic and legal sciences in the construction of a legal optics in the search for the economic and social development, with the recognition of the interference of the Economy in the Right and its uneven importance. Still, we delineate the state intervention in the economic scope, of company and in the judicial recovery, as well as the consequences of such intervention in the involved credits in the judicial recovery and patrimony of the debtor in recovery. For such task, the elements of the Judicial Recovery, its principles and adequacy of these to the related ones in the chapter had been analyzed that turns on the national economic Order, describing the formal procedure for concession of the benefit of the Judicial Recovery and the principles in existing them. The forms of intervention of the State in the private economy were not disrespected, relating its direct and indirect performance as half of preservation of interests writings in the constitutional scope as public interest and preservation of the National economic Order. The regulating agencies as of direct state intervention were half not disrespected of the study for the relevance of the subject. It is revised national bibliography with incursions in French, Portuguese and North American comparative jurisprudence. One contributes in the aspect of the paper of the Judiciary Power in the protection of the companies in crisis and the social and economic impacts, over all in relation to the rights of the worked ones, credit and enterprise

Os antagonismos da integração sul-americana na ordem jurídica brasileira

The economic regional integration is a phenomenon observed in numerous occasions inside the global economic reality. Watchful to that phenomenon, the 1988 s Brazilian constitutional order establish in its 4th article, single paragraph, the commitment to seek for the Latin- American integration, as a Fundamental Principle to the Brazilian Federative Republic. Regarding the mentioned constitutional disposition s realization, the Brazilian State celebrated, specially, the 1980 s Montevideo Treaty, creating the Latin-American Integration Association, and the 1991 s Asuncion Treaty, performing the duty to establish a common market, in sub regional level, with Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, called Mercado Comum do Sul. However, due to an addiction to a wrong comprehension of State s Sovereignty Principle, the Constitution imposes to the international rules an incorporation process, without providing any privilege to those ones regarding the integration constitutional disposition s realization, whether original or derived. The Brazilian s Supreme Court, as matter of fact, affirmed that it is not possible, facing the actual constitutional order, to grant any character of preference. Also in the controversies solution mechanism, responsible for the law s execution in case of its noncompliance, where found malfunctions, most notably the system s open character and its excessive procedural flexibility, in addiction to restricting the access of individuals. It follows from these findings, then, the lack of legal certainty provided by the Mercosul s legal system, considering its effects both international and within the Brazilian state. Among the possible solutions to reduce or eliminate the problem are using the practice of the so-called executive agreements in the Mercosul s original rules incorporation to the Brazilian state, the creation of a Mercosul s court of law and/or a constitutional reform

A constitucionalização da solução pacífica de conflitos na ordem jurídica de 1988

In the Brazilian legal context, conflict resolution is studied and analyzed over a majority jurisdictional view, which is one of the reasons of litigation culture that creates a jurisdictional resolution hopeness. The practical impact of such reality is the loss of quality in the public service of the judicial function, moved, as a rule, by the overcrowdings, slowness of legal procedures and the relegation of peaceful resolution methods to peripheral plan. However, the Federal Constitution of 1988, following the Ordinary Law constitutionalization phenomenon provides specific guidance about the values towards the litigation resolution. The study, therefore, aims to approach the constitutionalization of conflict resolution in order to identify, through scientific and spiritual interpretation in conjunction with the systematic paradigm, what are these values, as well as operation and legal representation and practice of these measurements. In this sense, the thesis is to study the initial point of the analysis of conflict theories and explanations about the culture of litigation matched with concepts of creation and interpretation, constitutionalization, access to justice and social pacification public policies. It is used for this purpose, the logical-deductive method with the aid of the dialectic immanent in Law