1ps passively mode-locked laser operation of Na, Yb : CaF2 crystal

Diode-pumped passively mode-locked laser operation of Yb3+,Na+:CaF2 single crystal has been demonstrated for the first time. By using a SESAM ( semiconductor saturable mirror), simultaneous transform-limited 1-ps passively mode-locked pulses, with the repetition rate of 183MHz, were obtained under the self-Q-switched envelope induced by the laser medium. The average output power of 360mW was attained at 1047nm for 3.34W of absorbed power at 976nm, and the corresponding pulse peak power arrived at 27kW, indicating the promising application of Yb3+,Na+-codoped CaF2 crystals in achieving ultra-short pulses and high pulse peak power. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.

A novel application to quantum dot materials to the active region of superluminescent diodes

We have proposed a new superluminescent diodes (SLD) aimed at wide spectrum-quantum dot superluminescent diodes (QD-SLD), which is characterized by the introduction of a self-assembled asymmetric quantum dot pairs active region into conventional SLID structure. We investigated the structure and optical properties of a bilayer sample with different InAs deposition amounts in the first and second layer. We find that the structure of a self-assembled asymmetric quantum dot pairs can operate up to a 150 nm spectral width. In addition, as the first QDs' density can modulate the density of the QDs on the second layer, due to relatively high QDs density of the first layer, we can get the strong PL intensity from a broad range. We think that for the broad spectral width and the strong PL intensity, this structure can be a promising candidate for QW-SLD. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Passively Mode Locked Diode-End-Pumped Nd∶YAG Laser with In0.25 Ga0.75 As as Output Coupler

A novel InGaAs(LT-In0.25 Ga0.75 As) absorber grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition at low temperature is presented.Using it as well as an output coupler,passive mode locking,which produces pulses as short as several hundred picoseconds for diode-end-pumped Nd∶YAG laser at 1.06μm,is realized.The pulse frequency is 150MHz.

Passive Q-Switching in a Flash-Lamp Pumped Nd∶YAG Laser with Ion-Implanted GaAs Wafer

A passive Q-switched flash-lamp-pumped Nd:YAG laser with the ion-implanted semi-insulating GaAs water is reported．The wafer is implanted with 400keV As~+ ions in the concentration of 10~(16)cm~(-2). Using GaAs wafer as an absorber and an output coupler．62ns pulse duration of single pulse is obtained.

Design of Fluorescent Assays for Cyanide and Hydrogen Peroxide Based on the Inner Filter Effect of Metal Nanoparticles

We have demonstrated the design of a new type fluorescent assay based on the inner filter effect (IFE) of metal nanoparticles (NPs), which is conceptually different from the previously reported metal NPs-based fluorescent assays. With a high extinction coefficient and tunable plasmon absorption feature, metal NPs are expected to be capable of functioning as a powerful absorber to tune the emission of the fluorophore in the IFE-based fluorescent assays. In this work, we presented two proof-of-concept examples based on the IFE of Au NPs by choosing MDMO-PPV as a model fluorophore, whose fluorescence could be tuned by the absorbance of Au NPs with a much higher sensitivity than the corresponding absorbance approach.

Turn-on fluorescent detection of cyanide based on the inner filter effect of silver nanoparticles

A simple, sensitive fluorescent method for detecting cyanide has been developed based on the inner filter effect (IFE) of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). With a high extinction coefficient and tunable plasmon absorption feature, Ag NPs are expected to be a powerful absorber to tune the emission of the fluorophore in the IFE-based fluorescent assays. In the present work, we developed a turn-on fluorescent assay for cyanide based on the strong absorption of Ag NPs to both excitation and emission light of an isolated fluorescence indicator. In the presence of cyanide, the absorber Ag NPs will dissolve gradually, which then leads to recovery of the IFE-decreased emission of the fluorophore. The concentration of Ag NPs in the detection system was found to affect the fluorescence response toward cyanide greatly. Under the optimum conditions, the present IFE-based approach can detect cyanide ranging from 5.0 x 10 (7) to 6.0 x 10 (4) M with a detection limit of 2.5 x 10 (7) M, which is much lower than the corresponding absorbance-based approach and compares favorably with other reported fluorescent methods.

野外地面移动机器人系统设计与实现

本文针对机器人在野外地形环境下的高机动性要求,设计开发了减震机构,针对机器人轮-腿复合结构和驱动冗余特点,提出并开发了面向高速行进的牵引力控制算法和面向越障的构型控制算法,通过与环境建模技术结合,实现了机器人的遥控、自主导航、自主越障等功能,构成了机器人的分层式控制系统。

High-efficiency photovoltaics through mechanically stacked integration of solar cells based on the InP lattice constant

Solar Energy is a clean and abundant energy source that can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels around which questions still persist about their contribution to climate and long-term availability. Monolithic triple-junction solar cells are currently the state of the art photovoltaic devices with champion cell efficiencies exceeding 40%, but their ultimate efficiency is restricted by the current-matching constraint of series-connected cells. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the use of solar cells with lattice constants equal to InP in order to reduce the constraint of current matching in multi-junction solar cells. This was addressed by two approaches: Firstly, the formation of mechanically stacked solar cells (MSSC) was investigated through the addition of separate connections to individual cells that make up a multi-junction device. An electrical and optical modelling approach identified separately connected InGaAs bottom cells stacked under dual-junction GaAs based top cells as a route to high efficiency. An InGaAs solar cell was fabricated on an InP substrate with a measured 1-Sun conversion efficiency of 9.3%. A comparative study of adhesives found benzocyclobutene to be the most suitable for bonding component cells in a mechanically stacked configuration owing to its higher thermal conductivity and refractive index when compared to other candidate adhesives. A flip-chip process was developed to bond single-junction GaAs and InGaAs cells with a measured 4-terminal MSSC efficiency of 25.2% under 1-Sun conditions. Additionally, a novel InAlAs solar cell was identified, which can be used to provide an alternative to the well established GaAs solar cell. As wide bandgap InAlAs solar cells have not been extensively investigated for use in photovoltaics, single-junction cells were fabricated and their properties relevant to PV operation analysed. Minority carrier diffusion lengths in the micrometre range were extracted, confirming InAlAs as a suitable material for use in III-V solar cells, and a 1-Sun conversion efficiency of 6.6% measured for cells with 800 nm thick absorber layers. Given the cost and small diameter of commercially available InP wafers, InGaAs and InAlAs solar cells were fabricated on alternative substrates, namely GaAs. As a first demonstration the lattice constant of a GaAs substrate was graded to InP using an InxGa1-xAs metamorphic buffer layer onto which cells were grown. This was the first demonstration of an InAlAs solar cell on an alternative substrate and an initial step towards fabricating these cells on Si. The results presented offer a route to developing multi-junction solar cell devices based on the InP lattice parameter, thus extending the range of available bandgaps for high efficiency cells.

Development of a triple stage heat transformer for the recycling of low temperature heat energy

Absorption heat transformers are thermodynamic systems which are capable of recycling industrial waste heat energy by increasing its temperature. Triple stage heat transformers (TAHTs) can increase the temperature of this waste heat by up to approximately 145˚C. The principle factors influencing the thermodynamic performance of a TAHT and general points of operating optima were identified using a multivariate statistical analysis, prior to using heat exchange network modelling techniques to dissect the design of the TAHT and systematically reassemble it in order to minimise internal exergy destruction within the unit. This enabled first and second law efficiency improvements of up to 18.8% and 31.5% respectively to be achieved compared to conventional TAHT designs. The economic feasibility of such a thermodynamically optimised cycle was investigated by applying it to an oil refinery in Ireland, demonstrating that in general the capital cost of a TAHT makes it difficult to achieve acceptable rates of return. Decreasing the TAHT's capital cost may be achieved by redesigning its individual pieces of equipment and reducing their size. The potential benefits of using a bubble column absorber were therefore investigated in this thesis. An experimental bubble column was constructed and used to track the collapse of steam bubbles being absorbed into a hotter lithium bromide salt solution. Extremely high mass transfer coefficients of approximately 0.0012m/s were observed, showing significant improvements over previously investigated absorbers. Two separate models were developed, namely a combined heat and mass transfer model describing the rate of collapse of the bubbles, and a stochastic model describing the hydrodynamic motion of the collapsing vapour bubbles taking into consideration random fluctuations observed in the experimental data. Both models showed good agreement with the collected data, and demonstrated that the difference between the solution's temperature and its boiling temperature is the primary factor influencing the absorber's performance.

Identification of beta-adrenergic receptors in human lymphocytes by (-) (3H) alprenolol binding.

Human lymphocytes are known to posessess a catecholamine-responsive adenylate cyclase which has typical beta-adrenergic specificity. To identify directly and to quantitate these beta-adenergic receptors in human lymphocytes, (-) [3H] alprenolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, was used to label binding sites in homogenates of human mononuclear leukocytes. Binding of (-) [3H] alprenolol to these sites demonstrated the kinetics, affinity, and stereospecificity expected of binding to adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors. Binding was rapid (t1/2 less than 30 s) and rapidly reversible (t1/2 less than 3 min) at 37 degrees C. Binding was a saturable process with 75 +/- 12 fmol (-) [3H] alprenolol bound/mg protein (mean +/- SEM) at saturation, corresponding to about 2,000 sites/cell. Half-maximal saturation occurred at 10 nM (-) [3H] alprenolol, which provides an estimate of the dissociation constant of (-) [3H] alprenolol for the beta-adrenergic receptor. The beta-adrenergic antagonist, (-) propranolol, potently competed for the binding sites, causing half-maximal inhibition of binding at 9 nM. beta-Adrenergic agonists also competed for the binding sites. The order of potency was (-) isoproterenol greater than (-) epinephrine greater than (-)-norepinephrine which agreed with the order of potency of these agents in stimulating leukocyte adenylate cyclase. Dissociation constants computed from binding experiments were virtually identical to those obtained from adenylate cyclase activation studies. Marked stereospecificity was observed for both binding and activation of adenylate cyclase. (-)Stereoisomers of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists were 9- to 300-fold more potent than their corresponding (+) stereoisomers. Structurally related compounds devoid of beta-adrenergic activity such as dopamine, dihydroxymandelic acid, normetanephrine, pyrocatechol, and phentolamine did not effectively compete for the binding sites. (-) [3H] alprenolol binding to human mononuclear leukocyte preparations was almost entirely accounted for by binding to small lymphocytes, the predominant cell type in the preparations. No binding was detectable to human erythrocytes. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using direct binding methods to study beta-adrenergic receptors in a human tissue. They also provide an experimental approach to the study of states of altered sensitivity to catecholamines at the receptor level in man.

Instrument independent diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with a fiber optic probe is a powerful tool for quantitative tissue characterization and disease diagnosis. Significant systematic errors can arise in the measured reflectance spectra and thus in the derived tissue physiological and morphological parameters due to real-time instrument fluctuations. We demonstrate a novel fiber optic probe with real-time, self-calibration capability that can be used for UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in biological tissue in clinical settings. The probe is tested in a number of synthetic liquid phantoms over a wide range of tissue optical properties for significant variations in source intensity fluctuations caused by instrument warm up and day-to-day drift. While the accuracy for extraction of absorber concentrations is comparable to that achieved with the traditional calibration (with a reflectance standard), the accuracy for extraction of reduced scattering coefficients is significantly improved with the self-calibration probe compared to traditional calibration. This technology could be used to achieve instrument-independent diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in vivo and obviate the need for instrument warm up and post∕premeasurement calibration, thus saving up to an hour of precious clinical time.

Eficiencia en la adquisición de fósforo en cultivos de soja, girasol y maíz

Los cultivos de soja, girasol y maíz difieren en los umbrales críticos de fósforo (P), lo cual sugiere que poseen diferente eficiencia fosfatada. Un mejor conocimiento de los mecanismos de la eficiencia fosfatada es agronómicamente significativo para avanzar en el diseño de esquemas de manejo que permitan incrementar la eficiencia del P y reducir el requerimiento de fertilizantes. La eficiencia fosforada se define como la habilidad de la planta para adquirir P y/o utilizarlo en la producción de biomasa. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue realizar un análisis comparativo de la eficiencia fosfatada de los cultivos de soja, girasol y maíz. Se realizaron experimentos a campo y en invernáculo con plantas creciendo bajo diferentes niveles de P disponible. Primero se comparó la habilidad de estos cultivos para adquirir y utilizar P y se evaluaron algunas características radicales que determinan la eficiencia fosfatada. Mientras soja y girasol mostraron una alta eficiencia de adquisición de P, el maíz fue más eficiente en su utilización. Se observó que soja y girasol, por su morfología y arquitectura radical, son capaces de absorber más P por unidad de C invertido en biomasa radical. En segundo lugar se evaluó la generación de porosidad radical y su efecto sobre la eficiencia de adquisición de P. Aunque la deficiencia fosfatada indujo la formación de porosidad en las tres especies, esta respuesta fue mayor en soja. La presencia de esta mayor porosidad en soja contribuyó a que sea más eficiente que girasol y maíz en absorber P. Finalmente se evaluó el impacto de la micorrización sobre la eficiencia fosfatada. En soja micorrizada, el incremento en la eficiencia fosfatada fue intensificado bajo condiciones deficientes en P. Por el contrario, la mayor eficiencia de adquisición del girasol no estuvo asociada a las micorrizas sino a su morfología radical (raíces más finas). El relevamiento de la colonización micorrícica nativa en suelos de la Región Pampeana demostró que las micorrizas están muy presentes en estos sistemas. En soja, el incremento de la colonización ocurre justo en el punto donde el P edáfico se vuelve limitante para el crecimiento del cultivo. En esta tesis se identificaron características radicales que permiten incrementar la eficiencia de adquisición de P en soja y girasol, y que ayudan a explicar los diferentes requerimientos externos de P de estos cultivos con el maíz.

Estudio del funcionamiento y la estructura espacial de los paisajes urbano - rurales argentinos como base para la generación de pautas de ordenamiento territorial sustentable

El paisaje urbano-rural argentino ha sido sometido a profundos cambios en los últimos años. Entre ellos, la despoblación progresiva de la fase rural como fuente de aumento de la población en la fase urbana y la expansión e intensificación de la agricultura en relación al mercado global han sido los más importantes. Estos cambios modifican los flujos de energía, materia y/o información que vinculan las fases urbana y rural. La posibilidad de lograr un uso sustentable de recursos en un paisaje urbano-rural está asociada al grado de acoplamiento entre las fases, tanto para satisfacer al consumo como para absorber los desechos generados. Sin embargo, esta interrelación entre la demanda de las ciudades sobre la oferta de los ecosistemas que los contienen ha sido poco estudiada. En esta tesis se describen y cuantifican las interacciones, en términos de intercambio de materia y energía, entre una serie de ciudades argentinas de tamaño medio (25 a 41 mil habitante) y sus ecosistemas circundantes. La caracterización del funcionamiento del paisaje se realizó a través de las metodologías de Huella Ecológica y Análisis de Flujos de Materia y Energía. En segunda instancia, la caracterización de la estructura espacial se realizó a través de metodologías geoestadísticas y mediante una modificación de la Huella Ecológica, la cual incorpora la heterogeneidad del paisaje. Los resultados muestran que, en términos funcionales, los paisajes urbanorurales, aunque contrastantes, presentaron características similares: alto consumo energético y gran capacidad de producir bienes agrícolas y/o ganaderos, los cuales son exportados en su mayoría, satisfaciendo también gran parte del consumo local. Sin embargo, todos los paisajes resultaron fuertemente dependientes de sistemas externos, tanto para ubicar su producción como para suplir la demanda energética. A su vez, el consumo de energía muestra un nivel de impacto alto en términos de emisiones de carbono, mostrando un déficit en la capacidad de mitigar estas emisiones a escala de paisaje. El proceso de agriculturización ha generado una homogeneización de los distintos paisajes urbano-rurales, afectando distintos aspectos de los ecosistemas, que generalmente no son considerados en los an⭩sis de la sustentabilidad regionales. Generar cambios en el territorio que permitan aumentar el nivel de vinculación entre las fases urbana y rural así como establecer estrategias para la mitigación de emisiones de carbono puede mejorar considerablemente el nivel de sustentabilidad de los paisajes urbano-rurales

Estudio del funcionamiento y la estructura espacial de los paisajes urbano - rurales argentinos como base para la generación de pautas de ordenamiento territorial sustentable

El paisaje urbano-rural argentino ha sido sometido a profundos cambios en los últimos años. Entre ellos, la despoblación progresiva de la fase rural como fuente de aumento de la población en la fase urbana y la expansión e intensificación de la agricultura en relación al mercado global han sido los más importantes. Estos cambios modifican los flujos de energía, materia y/o información que vinculan las fases urbana y rural. La posibilidad de lograr un uso sustentable de recursos en un paisaje urbano-rural está asociada al grado de acoplamiento entre las fases, tanto para satisfacer al consumo como para absorber los desechos generados. Sin embargo, esta interrelación entre la demanda de las ciudades sobre la oferta de los ecosistemas que los contienen ha sido poco estudiada. En esta tesis se describen y cuantifican las interacciones, en términos de intercambio de materia y energía, entre una serie de ciudades argentinas de tamaño medio (25 a 41 mil habitante) y sus ecosistemas circundantes. La caracterización del funcionamiento del paisaje se realizó a través de las metodologías de Huella Ecológica y Análisis de Flujos de Materia y Energía. En segunda instancia, la caracterización de la estructura espacial se realizó a través de metodologías geoestadísticas y mediante una modificación de la Huella Ecológica, la cual incorpora la heterogeneidad del paisaje. Los resultados muestran que, en términos funcionales, los paisajes urbanorurales, aunque contrastantes, presentaron características similares: alto consumo energético y gran capacidad de producir bienes agrícolas y/o ganaderos, los cuales son exportados en su mayoría, satisfaciendo también gran parte del consumo local. Sin embargo, todos los paisajes resultaron fuertemente dependientes de sistemas externos, tanto para ubicar su producción como para suplir la demanda energética. A su vez, el consumo de energía muestra un nivel de impacto alto en términos de emisiones de carbono, mostrando un déficit en la capacidad de mitigar estas emisiones a escala de paisaje. El proceso de agriculturización ha generado una homogeneización de los distintos paisajes urbano-rurales, afectando distintos aspectos de los ecosistemas, que generalmente no son considerados en los an⭩sis de la sustentabilidad regionales. Generar cambios en el territorio que permitan aumentar el nivel de vinculación entre las fases urbana y rural así como establecer estrategias para la mitigación de emisiones de carbono puede mejorar considerablemente el nivel de sustentabilidad de los paisajes urbano-rurales

Comparison of crash dynamics of articulated and non-articulated trains

This paper presents a comparison of impact dynamic performance between articulated trains and non-articulated trains. This is carried out by investigation of the characteristics of the two trains types and analysis of their effects on impact dynamics. The analysis shows that the differences in bogie support positions on the carbody and coupling devices lead to differences in several structural and compositional characteristics. These characteristics result in different impact responses for the two types of train and are directly related to their impact stablity. Articulated trains have stiff connection and integral performance in collisions but with less capability for absorbing impact energy between carriages, whereas non-articulated trains show loose connection and scattered performance in collisions but with more options for energy absorber installation between carriages.