Reactores biológicos de membranas no tratamento de águas residuais. Estudo prévio - mbr compacto

O aumento da população mundial, principalmente em zonas de escassez de água, intensifica o aumento da sua procura para usos domésticos, industriais, e agrícolas. A reutilização de águas residuais pode ser apresentada como um contributo alternativo a esta procura, nomeadamente para fins não potáveis, podendo ser tratadas a níveis de qualidade que permitam a sua utilização adequada neste contexto, sendo uma medida, a longo prazo, competitiva do ponto de vista técnico económico. Neste âmbito, é efectuado um estudo sobre a aplicabilidade de Bioreactores de Membranas, denominados MBR, no tratamento de águas residuais e sua reutilização, sendo efectuado um estudo prévio para um sistema MBR compacto, dimensionado para 50 habitantes equivalentes tendo-se chegado a um tanque com 11 m3 divido em duas zonas, uma de equalização com 3 m3 e um reactor biológico com 8 m3. As membranas seleccionadas foram membranas de ultrafiltração PURON® da KOCH, devido ao seu sistema de limpeza inovador e eficiente, assim como às suas garantias de bom funcionamento. Por último fez-se uma análise com o objectivo de comparar sumariamente em várias vertentes (espaço, funcionalidades, custos, aumento de capacidades, arranque e produção de lamas) um sistema MBR, compacto ou não, com outros sistemas de tratamento. Esta dissertação tem como principais conclusões, que é possível um sistema MBR compacto ser produzido com um custo capital dentro dos limites comerciais, comparativamente a outras soluções compactas onde, no entanto, a solução MBR é sempre mais dispendiosa em termos de Total Cost of Ownership que qualquer outro sistema, apresentando no entanto sempre vantagens em termos da relação qualidade do efluente final e espaço ocupado.

Estado de direito consuetudinário. Os problemas jusfilosóficos do pluralismo jurídico e das fontes do direito

Com a presente dissertação pretende-se elaborar uma síntese do que se entende hoje por pluralismo jurídico, suas categorizações e reconhecimento nos ordenamentos jurídicos contemporâneos, visando a determinação do lugar que o costume jurídico ocupa. O principal objetivo consiste em desenvolver uma reflexão filosófica sobre a relação dialética entre o Estado e o Direito nas suas manifestações pluralísticas. O método de tematização das matérias assenta numa incessante identificação de problemas que o Direito Consuetudinário suscita, ancorando-se em última análise ao relativismo epistemológico e suas alternativas enquanto princípio aplicado à investigação de conteúdos filosóficos.Com efeito, o tema central da presente dissertação cai no domínio da Filosofia do Direito e funda-se no pressuposto de que a prática filosófica explora problemas e experiências revelados pela tradição em que se realiza. Por isso, o desafio reside na necessidade de explicar a razão por que a modernidade ocidental revela os indícios da sua própria crise, sendo esta suscetível de ser analisada a partir da inadequação do modelo de Estado-nação e dos ordenamentos jurídicos a que dá lugar em determinados contextos históricos. A dimensão empírica da demonstração constrói-se em torno de proposições e premissas que sustentam a descrição dos ordenamentos jurídicos procurando abordar as suas singularidades através de um repertório de casos com a finalidade de identificar os princípios e as normas constitucionais que tematizam essas matérias, avaliando o grau de pertinência das soluções e das respostas perante as questões formuladas.

Serviços de informações portugueses. Estruturas, missões e recursos

As Informações são um instrumento essencial para a salvaguarda da segurança nacional dos Estados e no apoio ao processo de tomada de decisão dos agentes governativos. Em Portugal, o regime democrático vigente não é excepção, tendo a partir de 1984 sido instituído o SIRP – Sistema de Informações da República Portuguesa – volvidos apenas dez anos sobre o 25 de Abril de 1974 e a experiência opressiva da PIDE/DGS. No meio académico, poucos estudos têm sido publicados neste campo, tornando difícil o seu conhecimento aprofundado. A presente tese visa suprir algumas lacunas e proporcionar um contributo científico para uma melhor compreensão das Informações no actual regime democrático, propondo-se a analisar estruturas, recursos e missões dos serviços portugueses. Procede-se primeiramente ao estudo do percurso histórico do SIRP, para constatar o seu lento processo de consolidação institucional na orla do Estado, fruto das sucessivas alterações orgânicas. A impopularidade das Informações junto da classe política e da sociedade civil é identificada nesse processo, verificando-se que o seu enquadramento legal é prudente, restritivo e orientado pelo primado dos direitos, liberdades e garantias em detrimento das necessidades de carácter funcional. A segunda parte da dissertação efectua uma análise de carácter empírico-descritivo a algumas dimensões estruturantes dos serviços (chefias, recursos financeiros e missões). Verifica-se que apesar de o SIRP corresponder a uma estrutura de Intelligence de pequena dimensão cujo desenvolvimento não foi fácil, os serviços portugueses desempenham as suas missões com eficiência e reconhecida qualidade, não obstante a desfavorável cultura de Informações que os envolve.

Os serviços de informações de Portugal: organização e fiscalização

In, RDeS - Revista de Direito e Segurança, nº1 (Janeiro/Junho de 2013), 63-85 pp. que consiste numa versão actualizada do texto publicado na obra colectiva AAVV, Estudos de Direito e Segurança (coordenação de Jorge Bacelar Gouveia e Rui Carlos Pereira), Almedina, Coimbra, 2007, pp. 171 e ss.

O dever de obediência a ordens ilegais na Guarda Nacional Republicana

The Republican National Guard (GNR) is a military structure and hierarchical force where discipline and obedience is a serious matter, but at the same time, the scope of its activity relates to the protection of the rights, freedoms and guarantees of citizens and the primacy of public interest. While security force, GNR ensures democratic law, guarantee the internal security and the rights of citizens. The controversial issue that lies at the heart of this work its related with the balance between the hierarchy and the written law. The hierarchy, also established by law, with given powers, exist to apply the law. However, the rule of law has exceptions. Which institute to prioritize, hierarchy or the law. And within the law, its rules or the exceptions. Who decides? The GNR's officers have to obey the laws and regulations and comply with the accuracy and timeliness determinations, orders and instructions issued by a superior, given in terms of service, as long as does not involve the practice of crime. The GNR´s officer with command tasks exercises power of authority inherent in these functions, and the corresponding disciplinary authority, being responsible for acts by himself or by his order are practiced. Identify situations of exception to law enforcement, the situations in which one must obey illegal orders, is difficult and thankless, it requires conferred authority and raises the weight of responsibility for decisions and orders issued.

Produção de electricidade em Portugal

In the present work we intend to do an analysis of the production of electricity in special regime in Portugal. We will focus in particular in the remuneration system through the feed-in tariffs. First, we will excurse throughout different legal diplomas that regulated the special regime in Portugal, exploring which guarantees were conferred to electricity generators throughout the years. We intend to also evaluate how the producers remunerative rights were (or not) protected in the various legislative changes. In the second part of the dissertation we will examine whether the feed-in tariffs may be considered as State aid. Due to the inclusion of the subject in EU Law, we will analyze EU regulation and case law to support our position about the Portuguese regime. Finally, and to the extent that the production of electricity in special regime has undergone several changes to its remunerative regime in the last few years, we propose to analyze more carefully the amendments in question. We will scrutinize the reasons that based the amendments in question, which are mainly based on the economic crisis suffered by the country. We will also examine how those changes may jeopardize the remunerative rights of the producers.

O contrato de Project Finance

Currently, Angola portrays a notorious economic growth and due to recent innovative legislations, it has become the major investment attracting pole, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, having, thus, an extraordinary potentiality for a rapid and sustainable development, likely to place her in outstanding positions in the world economic ranking. Yet, such economic growth entails demanding levels of intensive investment in infrastructure, what has been reported of the Angolan Government to be unable to respond to, save if recurring to very high index of external debt, poisoning, in this way, the future budgeting of the country. Due to these infrastructure investment shortages, the cost of production remains highly onerous and the cost of life extremely unaffordable. On this account, the current study disserts about the contract of Project Finance; an alternative finance resource given as a viable solution for the private financing of infrastructure, aiming to demonstrate that such contractual figure, likewise the experience of several emerging economies and others, is a contract bid framework to take into account in today’s world. It refers to a financing technique – through which the Government may satisfy a common need (for example, the construction of a public domain or public servicing), without having to pay neither offer any collateral – based on a complex legal-financial engineering, arranged throughout a coalition of typical and atypical agreements, whereby it is mandatory to look back at the basic concepts of corporate law. More than just a simple financial study, the dissertation at stake analyses the nature and legal framework of Project Finance, which is a legally atypical and innominate contract, concluding that there is a relevant need for regulating and devoting a special legal regime in the Angolan jurisdiction for this promising legal form in the contemporary corporate finance world.

A intervenção dos orgãos de polícia criminal em sede de julgamento

Currently, Portugal assumes itself as a democratic rule of substantive law State, sustained by a legal system seeking the right balance between the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms constitutional foreseen in Portugal’s Fundamental Law and criminal persecution. The architecture of the penal code lies with, roughly speaking, a accusatory basic structure, “deliberately attached to one of the most remarkable achievements of the civilizational democratic progress, and by obedience to the constitutional commandment”, in balance with the official investigation principle, valid both for the purpose of prosecution and trial. Regarding the principle of non self-incrimination - nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare, briefly defined as the defendant’s right of not being obliged to contribute to the self-incrimination, it should be stressed that there isn’t an explicit consecration in the Portuguese Constitution, being commonly accepted in an implicit constitutional prediction and deriving from other constitutional rights and principles, first and foremost, the meaning and scope of the concept of democratic rule of Law State, embedded in the Fundamental Law, and in the guidelines of the constitutional principles of human person dignity, freedom of action and the presumption of innocence. In any case, about the (in) applicability of the principle of the prohibition of self-incrimination to the Criminal Police Bodies in the trial hearing in Court, and sharing an idea of Guedes Valente, the truth is that the exercise of criminal action must tread a transparent path and non-compliant with methods to obtain evidence that violate the law, the public order or in violation of democratic principles and loyalty (Guedes Valente, 2013, p. 484). Within the framework of the penal process relating to the trial, which is assumed as the true phase of the process, the witness represents a relevant figure for the administration of criminal justice, for the testimonial proof is, in the idea of Othmar Jauernig, the worst proof of evidence, but also being the most frequent (Jauernig, 1998, p. 289). As coadjutant of the Public Prosecutor and, in specific cases, the investigating judge, the Criminal Police Bodies are invested with high responsibility, being "the arms and eyes of Judicial Authorities in pursuing the criminal investigation..." which has as ultimate goal the fulfillment of the Law pursuing the defense of society" (Guedes Valente, 2013, p. 485). It is in this context and as a witness that, throughout operational career, the Criminal Police Bodies are required to be at the trial hearing and clarify the Court with its view about the facts relating to occurrences of criminal context, thus contributing very significantly and, in some cases, decisively for the proper administration of the portuguese criminal justice. With regards to the intervention of Criminal Police Bodies in the trial hearing in Court, it’s important that they pay attention to a set of standards concerning the preparation of the testimony, the very provision of the testimony and, also, to its conclusion. Be emphasized that these guidelines may become crucial for the quality of the police testimony at the trial hearing, thus leading to an improvement of the enforcement of justice system. In this vein, while preparing the testimony, the Criminal Police Bodies must present itself in court with proper clothing, to read before and carefully the case files, to debate the facts being judged with other Criminal Police Bodies and prepare potential questions. Later, while giving his testimony during the trial, the Criminal Police Bodies must, summing up, to take the oath in a convincing manner, to feel comfortable, to start well by convincingly answering the first question, keep an attitude of serenity, to adopt an attitude of collaboration, to avoid the reading of documents, to demonstrate deference and seriousness before the judicial operators, to use simple and objective language, to adopt a fluent speech, to use nonverbal language correctly, to avoid spontaneity responding only to what is asked, to report only the truth, to avoid hesitations and contradictions, to be impartial and to maintain eye contact with the judge. Finally, at the conclusion of the testimony, the Criminal Police Bodies should rise in a smooth manner, avoiding to show relief, resentment or satisfaction, leaving a credible and professional image and, without much formality, requesting the judge permission to leave the courtroom. As final note, it’s important to stress that "The intervention of the Police Criminal Bodies in the trial hearing in Court” encloses itself on a theme of crucial importance not only for members of the Police and Security Forces, who must welcome this subject with the utmost seriousness and professionalism, but also for the proper administration of the criminal justice system in Portugal.

Contrato de abertura de crédito bancário

La recherche que nous avons mené à bien avait pour but, dans un premier temps de comprendre la notion de contrat, ses caractéristiques, fonctions et les garanties qui en peuvent être fournies. Nous invoquerons le contenu du contrat, c'est à dire, les effets de celui-ci en essayant de montrer les droits et obligations auxquels les parties seront liées. Bien qu'étant un contrat assez requérant dans la pratique bancaire, celui-ci n'a pas encore attiré l'attention du législateur de façon à établir un régime qui pourrait lui être appliqué au lieu de s'appuyer sur d'autres contrats lui étant similaires. Nous proposons l'analyse de la cessation du contrat, en se concentrant sur les moyens de la dissolution, survenue suite à la conclusion de l'accord comme la plainte, l'abrogation, l'expiration et la résolution du contrat, en laissant de côté la dissolution du contrat pour des raisons survenues avant la conclusion du contrat, comme la nullité et l'annulation.

Cumprimento de ordens, obediência hierárquica e disciplina militar versus perpetração (in)voluntária de crimes

Following orders, hierarchical obedience and military discipline are essential values for the survival of the armed forces. Without them, it is not possible to conceive the armed forces as an essential pillar of a democratic state of law and a guarantor of national independence. As issuing orders as well as receiving and following them are inextricably linked to military discipline, and as such injunctions entail the workings of a particular obedience regime within the specific kind of organized power framework which is the Armed Forces, only by analysing the importance of such orders within this microcosm – with its strict hierarchical structure – will it be possible to understand which criminal judicial qualification to ascribe to the individual at the rear by reference to the role of the front line individual (i.e. the one who issues an order vs the one who executes it). That is, of course, when we are faced with the practice of unlawful acts, keeping in mind the organizational framework and its influence over the will of the executor. One thing we take as read, if the orders can be described as unlawful, the boundary line of the duty of obedience, which cannot be overstepped, both because of a legal as well as a constitutional imperative, will have been crossed. And the military have sworn an oath of obedience to the fundamental law. The topic of hierarchical obedience cannot be separated from the analysis of current legislation which pertains to the topic within military institutions. With that in mind, it appeared relevant to address the major norms which regulate the matter within the Portuguese military legal system, and, whenever necessary and required by the reality under analysis, to relate that to civilian law or legal doctrine.

Atividades de segurança e qualidade alimentar desenvolvidas numa Empresa de distribuição alimentar: rotulagem e identificação de perigos

O consumidor pretende conhecer melhor a origem e o processo de produção dos alimentos que consome. Além disso, exige que esta informação seja clara, compreensível e que forneça garantias de segurança e qualidade alimentar. O Regulamento (UE) N.º 1169/2011 constitui a recente iniciativa da União Europeia em fornecer aos consumidores maior confiança e segurança na escolha dos produtos alimentares. Para garantir a segurança dos géneros alimentícios é necessário implementar medidas de controlo ao longo da cadeia alimentar, desde da produção primária até ao consumidor. Este estudo propõe analisar quantitativamente as conformidades e não conformidades identificadas nos rótulos dos produtos alimentares face às novas exigências do Regulamento (UE) N.º 1169/2011; identificar os perigos na cadeia de produção e distribuição até ao consumidor final e definir medidas para controlar esses perigos. Analisou-se 315 rótulos de cinco grupos de alimentos diferentes relativos aos seguintes parâmetros: tamanho da letra, alergénios, origem específica vegetal dos óleos e gorduras, condições de conservação e prazo de consumo após abertura, país de origem, proteínas adicionadas e respetiva origem a acompanhar a denominação do género alimentício e declaração nutricional. A identificação de perigos foi realizada para as massas alimentícias, azeitonas pretas oxidadas, óleo de girassol e chouriço de carne. Verificou-se que existem rótulos em todos os grupos de alimentos que não cumprem todas as disposições exigidas. O prazo de consumo após abertura, tamanho da letra e os alergénios foram disposições que revelaram maior necessidade de revisão. Identificou-se um conjunto de perigos inerentes ao produto e sugeriu-se medidas a implementar pelo fornecedor, com vista ao seu controlo. Espera-se que a implementação do regulamento seja benéfica para as empresas e consumidores, por simplificar e clarificar o processo de rotulagem. A prevenção de doenças alimentares inclui não só boas práticas na produção alimentar e o controlo dos perigos, como também a educação dos consumidores.

O sigilo bancário e a fraude fiscal

Tax evasion and fraud threaten the economic and social objectives of modern tax systems, precluding the state funding for the satisfaction of collective needs and the fair distribution of wealth, being a violation of basic principles and values of our society. In tax law, to give tax administration the necessary powers to supervise and control the information provided by taxpayers and combat tax evasion and fraud, over the last years the grounds for a derogation of bank secrecy without judicial authorization have been extended, which raises some constitutional compatibility issues. Similarly, this tendency of making this legal regime more flexible and increasing automatic exchange of information has been followed by the European Union and the international community. Banking secrecy, as a professional secrecy, is an instrument to protect the right to privacy but also appears as an anti-abuse and repressive mechanism of evasive and fraudulent behaviors. Because of the conflict of interests will always be necessary to make a practical agreement between them, ensuring the legality and the due guarantees of the taxpayers but also an effective way to combat tax evasion and fraud. Bank secrecy cannot be one method to, behind the right to privacy, taxpayers practice illegal activities. But the practice of these irregular conducts also does not justify a total annihilation of the right to banking secrecy, uncovering all documents and bank information’s. Although considering the legislative changes, the administrative derogation of bank secrecy will always be what the tax administration does of it.

Uma abordagem SDN para o controlo e admissão de tráfego

Nos últimos anos tem-se verificado uma modificação nos hábitos de consumo da Internet. As suas aplicações necessitam de certas garantias que são cada vez mais exigentes e, para as acompanhar, métodos cada vez mais avançados de classificação de tráfego são utilizados de modo a lhes atribuir os seus requisitos. Este comportamento provoca no entanto um aumento da complexidade da rede, criando problemas na sua gestão e no processamento de toda a informação. Com o aumento de tráfego, a situação tende a ser cada vez pior. A solução apresentada nesta dissertação passa pela construção de duas lógicas de processamento de controladores Software-Defined Networking (SDN), que atribuem garantias às aplicações utilizando métodos de classificação de tráfego simplistas, utilizando uma metodologia first-come, first-served (FCFS), diminuindo o processamento requerido em relação a outras técnicas. Independentemente do tipo de tráfego, caso a rede consiga assegurar garantias, estas serão atribuídas. Existe um comportamento diferenciado na zona central da rede e na zona de ingresso, de modo a criar uma rede mais escalável, em que a zona de ingresso, lidando com um menor número flows, prepara-os para serem enviados para a zona central bastando a estes apenas encaminhar o tráfego para o seu destino, retirando carga desta zona onde a quantidade de flows é superior. Obtém-se assim uma rede que garante qualidade de serviço a determinados flows, evitando a utilização de técnicas pesadas ao nível de classificação, tornando-a mais escalável.

O processo sumário e a reforma do Código do Processo Penal de 2013

The present work aims to develop the theme "The summary procedure and the reform of 2013". The purpose of its analysis serves the interest to understand the virtues and disadvantages of the changes introduced by Act n.º 20/2013 to our Code of Criminal Procedure, and the main focus of the present reflection is to further the impact of the measures taken by the legislator to the summary proceedings. The opening of the most serious crimes to summary procedure is a reform measure duly highlighted because it is a true innovation in the Portuguese penal system. Therefore, it urges to analyse not only the consequences of this measure, as well as if the objectives of its introduction in the summary procedure system are met. It should be noted that the legislator intends to promote speedy trial, and at the same time, ensure compliance with the Constitutional rights associated to the accused. At this point it is important to realize if there is a restriction of the accused essential guarantees. On the other hand, it should be noted that the typical characteristics of summary proceedings might have been invariably modified, due to the innovative aspect of the reform. That said, the changes might have fostered a mischaracterization of the typical format of the summary procedure, both in terms of the nature of the proceedings and in terms of its space and objectives within the penal system. Reflecting on the above will provide a deeper understanding of the volatile balance between the Portuguese governing prosecution efficiency and the Constitution, as well as the future of the criminal policy in Portugal.

A protecção jurídica do consumidor em Angola

The scope of the present work is to study the legal protection conferred upon the consumer in Angola, especially as regards electronic communication agreements. Its purpose is to promote consumers’ rights and contribute to its defence given the relatively privileged position of professionals in their relationship with consumers. With this in mind, we have made a description of the Consumer Law in Angola based on the Angolan Constitution (as the law that establishes the fundamental rights and guarantees of citizens) and on the Consumer’s Defence Law, which, as the basic law regarding consumers’ rights, provides the framework for this dissertation. We have analysed several aspects relating to consumer relationships, starting from its concept and rights of consumers and covering the legal and contractual mechanisms put in place for their protection. We have also analysed the Advertising Law with a view to better understand consumer’s rights before advertising campaigns carried out by professionals whilst promoting their goods and services and, additionally, to understand the duties and principles that shall be complied with in such campaigns with the purpose to protect the rights and interests of consumers. From a criminal point of view, we have briefly covered the crimes against consumers provided for in the Penal Code and the Law of Infractions against the Economy. In the second part of this work, we have summarised the institutions that protect the rights and interests of consumers, which include the Public Prosecutor Office, the National Institute for the Defence of the Consumers and the Consumers’ Associations. The third and last part of this work covers electronic communications agreements. Given the fact that there is no specific legislation in this matter, our analysis was based on the Civil Code – specifically the part relating to contracts – the Law on General Contractual Terms and Conditions and the Consumer’s Defence Law. We have analysed the formation of contracts, compliance and consumers’ rights resulting from contract breach. We further have appealed to the Angolan legislator to legislate certain aspects of consumer relationships, especially those where breach of consumers’ rights are blatant and facilitated by the lack of specific laws addressing such cases.