1000 resultados para barn till alkoholister


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Soitinnus: lauluäänet.

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Soitinnus: piano.

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Soitinnus: lauluääni, piano.

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Soitinnus: piano.

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Soitinnus: laulu, piano.

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Female sexual dysfunctions, including desire, arousal, orgasm and pain problems, have been shown to be highly prevalent among women around the world. The etiology of these dysfunctions is unclear but associations with health, age, psychological problems, and relationship factors have been identified. Genetic effects explain individual variation in orgasm function to some extent but until now quantitative behavior genetic analyses have not been applied to other sexual functions. In addition, behavior genetics can be applied to exploring the cause of any observed comorbidity between the dysfunctions. Discovering more about the etiology of the dysfunctions may further improve the classification systems which are currently under intense debate. The aims of the present thesis were to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Finnish-language version of a commonly used questionnaire for measuring female sexual function, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), in order to investigate prevalence, comorbidity, and classification, and to explore the balance of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology as well as the associations of a number of biopsychosocial factors with female sexual functions. Female sexual functions were studied through survey methods in a population based sample of Finnish twins and their female siblings. There were two waves of data collection. The first data collection targeted 5,000 female twins aged 33–43 years and the second 7,680 female twins aged 18–33 and their over 18–year-old female siblings (n = 3,983). There was no overlap between the data collections. The combined overall response rate for both data collections was 53% (n = 8,868), with a better response rate in the second (57%) compared to the first (45%). In order to measure female sexual function, the FSFI was used. It includes 19 items which measure female sexual function during the previous four weeks in six subdomains; desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and pain. In line with earlier research in clinical populations, a six factor solution of the Finnish-language version of the FSFI received supported. The internal consistencies of the scales were good to excellent. Some questions about how to avoid overestimating the prevalence of extreme dysfunctions due to women being allocated the score of zero if they had had no sexual activity during the preceding four weeks were raised. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions per se ranged from 11% for lubrication dysfunction to 55% for desire dysfunction. The prevalence rates for sexual dysfunction with concomitant sexual distress, in other words, sexual disorders were notably lower ranging from 7% for lubrication disorder to 23% for desire disorder. The comorbidity between the dysfunctions was substantial most notably between arousal and lubrication dysfunction even if these two dysfunctions showed distinct patterns of associations with the other dysfunctions. Genetic influences on individual variation in the six subdomains of FSFI were modest but significant ranging from 3–11% for additive genetic effects and 5–18% for nonadditive genetic effects. The rest of the variation in sexual functions was explained by nonshared environmental influences. A correlated factor model, including additive and nonadditive genetic effects and nonshared environmental effects had the best fit. All in all, every correlation between the genetic factors was significant except between lubrication and pain. All correlations between the nonshared environment factors were significant showing that there is a substantial overlap in genetic and nonshared environmental influences between the dysfunctions. In general, psychological problems, poor satisfaction with the relationship, sexual distress, and poor partner compatibility were associated with more sexual dysfunctions. Age was confounded with relationship length but had over and above relationship length a negative effect on desire and sexual satisfaction and a positive effect on orgasm and pain functions. Alcohol consumption in general was associated with better desire, arousal, lubrication, and orgasm function. Women pregnant with their first child had fewer pain problems than nulliparous nonpregnant women. Multiparous pregnant women had more orgasm problems compared to multiparous nonpregnant women. Having children was associated with less orgasm and pain problems. The conclusions were that desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and pain are separate entities that have distinct associations with a number of different biopsychosocial factors. However, there is also considerable comorbidity between the dysfunctions which are explained by overlap in additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and nonshared environmental influences. Sexual dysfunctions are highly prevalent and are not always associated with sexual distress and this relationship might be moderated by a good relationship and compatibility with partner. Regarding classification, the results supports separate diagnoses for subjective arousal and genital arousal as well as the inclusion of pain under sexual dysfunctions.

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Niklas Nyqvists avhandling inom ämnet musikvetenskap vid Åbo Akademi behandlar professorn i musikvetenskap och folkdiktsforskning Otto Anderssons (1879–1969) folkmusikaliska verksamhet. Andersson har fortfarande en betydelsefull position som auktoritet inom den finlandssvenska folkmusiken. Detta kan bl.a. konstateras genom att hans namn figurerar i så gott som all referenslitteratur som vetenskapligt eller populärvetenskapligt beskriver den finlandssvenska folkmusiken. Vidare är hans körarrangemang av folkvisor ständigt återkommande, närapå obligatoriska inslag i finlandssvenska sång- och musikfestsammanhang. Avhandlingen analyserar och belyser Anderssons väg till denna viktiga ställning inom den finlandssvenska kultursfären. Samtidigt utreds också hans betydelse vid formandet av den bild vi idag har av finlandssvensk folkmusik. Detta görs med utgångspunkt i hans folkmusikaliska verksamhet – insamling, revitalisering och forskning – såsom den beskrivs i hans egna skrifter. Dessa texter, såväl opublicerat som publicerat material, analyseras i förhållande till den kulturhistoriska utvecklingen och samtidigt är också en biografisk dimension närvarande. Avhandlingen undersöker alltså på vilket sätt en individ genom sin verksamhet och sina publikationer bidrar till formandet av det som i avhandlingen betraktas som en finlandssvensk folkmusikkanon.

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I avhandlingen granskar jag hur två historiska trähusmiljöer, Neristan i Karleby och Gamla stan i Ekenäs, ändras till sina inre strukturer och till sin yttre karaktär under 1900-talets senare hälft. Utvecklingen har undersökts genom begreppet gentrifiering som betecknar en fysisk och socioekonomisk förändring av områdena och genom en betoning av den så kallade kulturarvsprocessen som fått områdena att framstå som kulturarv. Avhandlingen är indelad dels i en mer allmän del där den allmänna stadsutvecklingen under efterkrigstiden beskrivs, dels i en mer individanknuten del där personliga upplevelser och uppfattningar om processerna behandlas. Diskussion förs även i dialog med ett omfattande pressmaterial som ger oss en samtidsbeskrivning av den föränderliga staden. I avhandlingen betraktas gentrifierings- och kulturarvsprocesserna därmed ur olika synvinklar främst tematiskt och via olika källor men även kronologiskt från tiden efter andra världskriget till början av det nya millenniet. En av de mest synliga förändringarna har skett i trähusområdenas fysiska gestaltning då hus, gårdar och gatumiljöer har rustats upp och polerats. Det är främst invånarna som stått för den fysiska upprustningen men det har också funnits ett intresse från städernas sida i att rusta upp gatumiljöerna. Tillika har gentrifieringen påverkat städernas inre hierarkier då ett slumrande bostads- och affärsområde har blomstrat upp på nytt och stigit i rang bland städernas övriga delar. En ny typ av affärskultur, som med gentrifieringen har etablerats på områdena, har tillfört en ny slags kommersiell och utseendemässig karaktär än den områdena traditionellt har haft. Upprustningsverksamheten och den mera lyxbetonade kommersiella verksamheten har ytterligare förstärkt kulturarvsprocessen. Speciellt påfallande har den kommersiella gentrifieringen varit i Neristan men trenden kan ses i de båda städerna. För att en gentrifiering kan bekräftas har det varit viktigt att påvisa att det också har skett förändringar i de inre, mera osynliga strukturerna. Ett intervjumaterial som består av 21 intervjuer ger undersökningen lokalt förankrade, konkreta och på erfarenhet baserade perspektiv på stadsomvandlingsprocesserna. Mina informanter beskriver, reflekterar över och tar ställning till förändringarna i trästäderna ur en socialt mänsklig aspekt och utgående från en nutida synvinkel. Informanterna har även visat sig spela olika roller i processerna vilket syns i deras olika sätt att bruka och ta ansvar för de historiska trästadsområdena. De individuella synpunkterna ses i relation till befolkningsuppgifter som ger belägg för en social förändringsprocess. Förutom en gentrifiering av områdena har jag också analyserat hur Neristan och Gamla Ekenäs har berörts av en annan process som jag kallat för en kulturarvsprocess. Kulturarvsprocessen syftar liksom gentrifieringen på en värde- och attitydförändring som har försett historiska trästadsmiljöer med en ytterligare betydelse som kulturarv. Från att man under de första årtiondena efter kriget ville ersätta den gamla stadsbebyggelsen med nytt och modernt byggnadsbestånd vill man numera förvalta trästadsmiljöer på ett annat sätt. I avhandlingen diskuterar jag hur den historiska trästaden uppfattas, tilldelas mening och utnyttjas som ett ansvar och som en resurs i ett nutida och framtida perspektiv. Trästädernas kulturarvsprocess ses i avhandlingen som en valprocess där historiska trästadsområden småningom har valts ut som viktiga bevarandeobjekt. Att Neristan och Gamla Ekenäs har utgjort sådana objekt för en medveten bevarandepolitik kan bekräftas. Skiftningen från att den gamla bebyggelsen i städerna tidigare hotades av rivning, ofta utan vedertagna orsaker, till att gamla trähusmiljöer i sin helhet sedermera försetts med skyddsplan visar att inställningen till gammal byggnadskultur har förändrats. Genom att ha lyft fram rådande värderingssätt har jag belyst denna värdetransformation. Min undersökning visar att gentrifieringen av historiska trästadsområden har drivits framåt av ett lokalt intresse i vilket framför allt de nya invånarna men också myndigheter och bostadsförmedlingen har spelat en aktiv roll. Men naturligtvis skulle processen inte ha initierats utan inspiration och förebilder från annat håll. Däremot har kulturarvsprocessen påverkats starkare av internationella förebilder och av ett nationellt intresse. Processen styrs globalt av ett estetiskt tänkande genom att man via den vill ”vaska fram guldkornen” bland alla kulturhistoriskt värdefulla objekt. Kulturarvsprocessen stöds ytterligare av turismindustrin som uppmuntrar till kommersiell gentrifiering i syfte att själv kunna dra nytta av en revitalisering av det gamla. På lokalnivå används gamla trästadsmiljöer alltmer som marknadsföringsobjekt för städernas image och profilering. Min undersökning visar att kulturarvsprocessen har i de undersökta städerna framskridit i tre olika faser. Den första fasen kom igång under 1970-talet då en del statliga myndigheter och experter började visa intresse och uppskattning för historiska trästadsområden. Trähusmiljöerna i Norden lyftes fram för offentlig debatt i samband med en nordisk trästadskonferens som ordnades 1972 och i ett flertal publikationer som gavs ut. Konferensens betydelse för den gamla bebyggelsens bevarande var betydande och satte i gång en våg av nytänkande och uppskattning av gammal byggnadskultur. Kulturarvsprocessens andra fas aktualiserades under 1980-talet då även pressens roll i bevarandediskussionerna blev mer intensiv och ställningstagande. Under den andra fasen fastställdes också en ny nationell byggnadsskyddslag år 1985. En tredje fas i kulturarvsprocessen inleddes efter att den historiska trästadsdelen i Raumo blivit världsarv 1991 och efter att den nya kommersiella gentrifieringen av historiska trähusmiljöer kom i gång. Då kom också begreppet kulturarv med i diskussionen som en förstärkare av miljöernas betydelse för det lokala, nationella och internationella byggnadsarvet och för städernas egen identitet och image. Upplevelseindustrins uppblomstring och krav på synlighet har gjort trästadsmiljöer till konsumtionslandskap för nya upplevelser. Den historiska trästadsmiljön är inte längre enbart en boendemiljö utan i allt högre grad även en besöksattraktion. Den nya rollen betyder inte automatiskt ett upplivande utan i själva verket har Gamla stan i Ekenäs blivit mer stillsam som följd av gentrifieringen medan turismen har ökat som en del av kulturarvsprocessen. I Ekenäs har säsong- och sommarboende ytterligare gett en särprägel åt Gamla stan och samtidigt saktat ner utvecklingstakten på området. I Neristan har de förut livliga innerstadskvarteren bytts ut mot en välpolerad idyll. Kvartersbutikerna har försvunnit och delvis ersatts med specialaffärer. Trähusområdena har därmed fått en annan roll i den urbana miljön som inte bygger på den roll de tidigare har haft. Avhandlingens problematik har därför genomgående kretsat kring olika sätt att värdera gammal bebyggelse. Både gentrifieringen och kulturarvsprocessen har förvandlat de vardagliga boendemiljöerna i Karleby och Ekenäs från en kulturell och arkitektonisk börda till ett kulturellt kapital och deras betydelse som kulturarvsmiljöer har manifesterats fullt ut. Tillika har processerna framhävt miljöernas särprägel och ökat deras synlighet lokalt och globalt. Uppvärderingen av trähusområdena berättar om att vår uppskattning av den gamla byggnadskulturen har ökat och att vi har insett värdet i att bevara den.

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Developed from human activities, mathematical knowledge is bound to the world and cultures that men and women experience. One can say that mathematics is rooted in humans’ everyday life, an environment where people reach agreement regarding certain “laws” and principles in mathematics. Through interaction with worldly phenomena and people, children will always gain experience that they can then in turn use to understand future situations. Consequently, the environment in which a child grows up plays an important role in what that child experiences and what possibilities for learning that child has. Variation theory, a branch of phenomenographical research, defines human learning as changes in understanding and acting towards a specific phenomenon. Variation theory implies a focus on that which it is possible to learn in a specific learning situation, since only a limited number of critical aspects of a phenomenon can be simultaneously discerned and focused on. The aim of this study is to discern how toddlers experience and learn mathematics in a daycare environment. The study focuses on what toddlers experience, how their learning experience is formed, and how toddlers use their understanding to master their environment. Twenty-three children were observed videographically during everyday activities. The videographic methodology aims to describe and interpret human actions in natural settings. The children are aged from 1 year, 1 month to 3 years, 9 months. Descriptions of the toddlers’ actions and communication with other children and adults are analyzed phenomenographically in order to discover how the children come to understand the different aspects of mathematics they encounter. The study’s analysis reveals that toddlers encounter various mathematical concepts, similarities and differences, and the relationship between parts and whole. Children form their understanding of such aspects in interaction with other children and adults in their everyday life. The results also show that for a certain type of learning to occur, some critical conditions must exist. Variation, simultaneity, reasonableness and fixed points are critical conditions of learning that appear to be important for toddlers’ learning. These four critical conditions are integral parts of the learning process. How children understand mathematics influences how they use mathematics as a tool to master their surrounding world. The results of the study’s analysis of how children use their understanding of mathematics shows that children use mathematics to uphold societal rules, to describe their surrounding world, and as a tool for problem solving. Accordingly, mathematics can be considered a very important phenomenon that children should come into contact with in different ways and which needs to be recognized as a necessary part of children’s everyday life. Adults working with young children play an important role in setting perimeters for children’s experiences and possibilities to explore mathematical concepts and phenomena. Therefore, this study is significant as regards understanding how children learn mathematics through everyday activities.

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The overall purpose of this dissertation is to better knowledge and understanding of enterprise education and investigate how such can be expressed in a school environment. The study’s research objective focuses on what teachers think and value about enterprise education and how they feel they are able to support students in their development towards an enterprising initiative. In the study’s theoretical background description, enterprise education, which was introduced into the Finnish national curriculum in 1994, is investigated outgoing from six so-named paths: linguistic, economic, educational-political, cultural, psychological, and the pedagogical, which is the main focus of the study. In the theoretical background, different characteristics have been identified; these are functional, social, and individual enterprise. The study’s empirical foundation consists of interviews with thirty teachers working at comprehensive and upper secondary schools. Two research efforts are combined: a phenomenographic and a phenomenological. In both efforts, a hermeneutic analysis takes place. Five principles that facilitate interpretation are presented and used: the indispensability of pre-understanding, the indispensability of the dimension of time, the indispensability of totality, the indispensability of negativism, and the indispensability of rationality. One study result is that teachers understand enterprise education as immanent, technical, and/or cooperative activity. The majority of teachers choose to emphasize that the purpose of activity is comprised of individual and social activity that is directed towards personal development, in contrast to functional enterprise, which is directed towards a technical form of activity and business-related, entrepreneurial knowledge. The question of how teachers understand the phenomenon is of significance for how they value it. The results also show that teachers’ abilities to reassess and change their manner are influenced by their knowledge/skills and awareness that they have of the interpretive possibilities that enterprise education manifests. In order to stimulate students to enterprising initiatives, teachers stress activity-promoting methods, authenticity, and an auspicious atmosphere in educational activities.

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Människans människoblivande eller självutveckling sker genom hennes relationer till andra människor. För barn är därför relationerna till de vuxna inom dagvård och skola av central betydelse för utvecklingen av deras självkänsla. Pedagoger som handhar de yngsta barnens fostran behöver ha en utvecklad pedagogisk relationskompetens som innefattar förmåga att handskas med egna och andras känslor. I avhandlingen beskrivs hur ett pedagogisk-psykologiskt interventionsprogram växer fram och genomförs med åtta yrkesverksamma barnträdgårdslärare i syfte att utveckla deras yrkespersonliga kompetens. Därefter redogörs för den empiriska studien, vars syfte är att analysera och beskriva de kvalitativa förändringarna i barnträdgårdslärarnas själv-i-relation och de utmärkande dragen för förändringsprocessen. Studien baserar sig på fenomenologisk-existentialistiska tankegångar och självpsykologisk teori. Resultatet visar på möjliga förändringar i fråga om fördjupad teoretisk förståelse, ökad beredskap att ta barns perspektiv, förändrad handlingsberedskap, ökad självkänsla, stärkt professionellt självförtroende, förändrat didaktiskt förhållningssätt och förändrade förhållningssätt i relationer. Känslornas och reflektionens centrala betydelse i den förändringsprocess som leder fram till ett förändrat själv-i-relation diskuteras också. Studien har betydelse framför allt för lärarutbildning och lärarfortbildning.

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The home is an important societal arena for upbringing and learning. A child can experience a feeling of participation in the household he or she belongs to very early in life. In this manner, the home environment constitutes an essential foundation for instruction in the subject of Home Economics. At school, Home Economics pupils should fulfill the intentions that school curriculum has for the subject, that is to say develop the knowledge, skills, and values that allow pupils to be able to take responsibility for their health, finances, comfort, and safety in their close environment. The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, the study aims to examine what knowledge and attitudes children and teenagers have acquired from their home environment, close environment, as well as school. Secondly, the study aims to evaluate the effects of instruction in Home Economics, at the 7th grade level, as regards diet and health, consumption and private finances, as well as household and the environment. The study’s methodological foundation focuses on pupils’ understanding of the surrounding world. A phenomenographical approach to the research phenomenon basis itself on the supposition that knowledge is fixed in human beings’ consciousness and experiences. Furthermore, the study stresses individual variations in conjunction with the experienced phenomenon. The empirical portion of the study is based on semistructured interviews of 30 pupils divided into two reference groups. The pupils were interviewed before instruction in the subject of Home Economics started and upon completing instruction. The interview data was analyzed and interpreted in accordance with the “multistage model”. The study results show that upbringing in the home environment is determinative as pertains to understanding of the socio-cultural household environment. Mealtime traditions, for example, are deeply ingrained but nonetheless influenced by lifestyle changes. The study shows that a didactic challenge exists to draw attention to the consequences of poor mealtime habits and stress for everyone raising or educating children and teenagers. Despite good knowledge of what a healthy diet is, the majority of pupils choose fast-food and junk-food when they eat out to save time and money. Studies of pupils’ preparedness for consumption show that a purposeful upbringing in the home in combination with relevant instruction in Home Economics, results in knowledgeable consumers. This study also shows that upbringing in the home environment and instruction in Home Economics requires an intense and conscious focus on the consequences of a household not run in accordance with nature, where the household lifestyle is nonsustainable. Pupils’ understanding is often based on the disregarding of the survival perspective for a comfort perspective. Parents and Home Economics teachers should be able to bring up and teach children and teenagers in a manner that allows children and teenagers to take responsibility for their health, private finances, as well as comfort and safety in the close environment. The method is conscious nurturing and instruction.

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Earlier research has shown that strong experiences related to music (SEM) can occur in very different contexts and take on many different forms. Experiences like these seem significant and have among other things reportedly had an affect on the individual's continuing relationship towards music, which makes them interesting from a pedagogical point of view. Formal teaching situations, though, are under-represented in studies where people have been asked to describe strong experiences that they have had in connection with music. The purpose of my thesis is to investigate what SEM may mean to pupils and teachers in lower secondary school (grades 7-9), and to inquire more deeply into the potential "space" for such experiences within school music education. On a comprehensive level my ambition is to deepen the understanding for SEM as a possible element in pedagogical situations. Three empirical perspectives are employed: pupil-, teacher- and curriculum perspectives. The pupil perspective involved an analysis of written accounts of 166 fifteen-year-olds, describing own strong experiences. The teacher perspective involved studying 28 music teachers' conceptions of the purpose of teaching music in school as well as their understanding about strong music experiences in school context. Further, the teachers' descriptions of SEM that they have had themselves were analysed. The curriculum perspective is reflected through a study of how music experience was represented in 24 local and 2 national curriculum texts for music. Grounded in a phenomenological-hermeneutical perspective the material have been analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The result points towards the fact that the music education in school has the potential to become an arena for SEM and that this can happen in relation to a multitude of activities and genres and take on many different expressions. Only one pupil referred to a musical encounter in the classroom environment; all other experiences that occurred inside the frame of school activity had taken place in other arenas (the school hall, public concert halls, and so on). However, more than 98 % of the descriptions concerned musical encounters in leisure time contexts. The significance of SEM is further clarified by narrative constructions. SEM as a conception does not occur on the curriculum level; however the analyze revealed a number of interesting "openings" which are illustrated. Even though all teachers displayed a fundamentally positive attitude towards the idea of regarding SEM as a feature of formal musical learning, it became clear that many teachers never had approached this theme from a pedagogical point of view before. Still, they proved to have an evident "familiarity" towards the phenomenon based on their own experiences of receptive and performative musical encounter. The possible space for strong musical experiences within school music education is specified through a detailed illustration of six specific themes derived from the reasoning of the teachers. Furthermore, this is described through a mapping of the potential experiencing zone, constructed from the teachers descriptions of educational aims.

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The Swedish State is a large owner of enterprises. The Swedish Government Office administers 54 companies/groups, of which 40 are wholly-owned and 14 partly-owned by the State. A total of approximately 180,000 people are employed in these enterprises. The State is moreover one of the largest owners of the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The total value of the enterprises is assessed at around SEK 750 billion. This study focuses on the key reasons why the Swedish State has had ownership in a wide range of companies. The study provides, with the help of earlier research, an historical review of government involvement in business. A deeper analysis of the Swedish situation is presented for the period 1980-2007. Concrete reasons are identified, along with explanations of the development of the state–owned sector, with respect to turnover, employment, industrial structure, results and investment. The development of the rules for Corporate Governance in the State sector is explained. This study also includes a look at the creation of State-owned subsidiaries as the means to develop and expand business. In addition, this examination presents a systematization of important reasons why new State-owned companies will be created. A creation which must be considered as a dynamic process over time.