Prenatal toxoplasmosis diagnosis from amniotic fluid by PCR

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common infections all over the world. Most cases are asymptomatic, except in immunosuppressed individuals and fetuses, which can be seriously damaged. Prenatal diagnosis should be made as soon as possible since treatment of the mother can minimize fetal sequelae. Our aim in this study was to test the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) in 86 samples of amniotic fluid from women who seroconverted during pregnancy. DNA was amplified using external primers and, in a second step, internal primers, in a nested PCR system. Samples were also inoculated into mice and the newborn were evaluated by T. gondii serology, skull x-ray, transfontanel ultrasound, fundoscopic examination, lumbar puncture and clinical examination. PCR was positive in seven cases and negative in 79. Among PCR-positive cases, two were negative by inoculation into mice and by clinical evaluation; among PCR-negative ones, three had clinical evidence of toxoplasmosis and one was positive after inoculation into mice. PCR showed values of sensitivity = 62.5% and specificity = 97.4%; the values of inoculation into mice where 42.9% and 100%, respectively. Although PCR should not be used alone for prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, it is a promising method and deserves more studies to improve its efficacy.

Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

We conducted a molecular epidemiological study to investigate HIV-1 strains in Rio Grande, southern Brazil, searching for an association with transmission mode and risk behavior. Patients (185) identified at an AIDS treatment reference Hospital, from 1994 to 1997, were included; from which 107 blood samples were obtained. Nested PCR was realized once for each sample; for amplified samples (69) HIV subtypes were classified using the heteroduplex mobility assay. Subtypes identified were B (75%), C (22%) and F (3%). All infections with C were diagnosed after 1994. Comparing patients with B and C, no differences were detected regarding demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics; survival analysis did not reveal differences in HIV to AIDS evolution. A higher proportion of injecting drug users, IDU (not significant, p<.07) was found among those with C. This suggests that C may have been introduced in this area through IDU, and is being spread, probably by their sexual partners, to persons with other risk practices.

Identificação de genoespécies do complexo Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) circulantes na fauna ixodideológica em portugal

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Microbiologia Médica

The usefulness of Umelosa hepatitis C vírus qualitative kit as supplemental test for confirmation of hepatitis C virus infection

Forty voluntary blood donors from two different blood banks in Havana, Cuba, who were repeatedly reactive on the routine screening of antibodies to hepatitis C virus, by Umelisa HCV test, were analyzed for the presence of HCV RNA using a nested PCR assay of the HCV 5' untranslated region, Umelosa HCV qualitative. Sera from 45 patients of a specialized gastroenterology consultation, positive to Umelisa HCV, were also assayed with the Umelosa HCV qualitative, to establish their condition related to the presence of HCV RNA previously to the indication of a treatment or after three, six or twelve months of antiviral therapy. Serum HCV-RNA was detected in 21/40 (52.5%) donors who had repeatedly positive ELISA results, confirming the HCV infection for them. In specialized consultation HCV-RNA was detected by PCR analysis in 30/45 (66%) analyzed sera.

Clonagem e expressão da glicoproteína transmembrana do retrovírus HTLV-1 em células de mamíferos

O retrovírus linfotrópico de células T humanas tipo 1 é o agente etiológico da leucemia das células T do adulto e da paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1. O genoma proviral é composto por 9.032 pares de bases, contendo genes estruturais e regulatórios. A glicoproteína transmembrana gp 21 é codificada pelo gene estrutural env. O desenvolvimento de metodologias para a expressão heteróloga de proteínas, assim como a obtenção de uma linhagem celular que expresse a gp 21 recombinante constitutivamente são os principais objetivos do trabalho. O fragmento codificante da gp 21 foi amplificado por Nested-PCR e clonado no vetor pCR2.1-TOPO. Posteriormente, foi realizada a subclonagem no vetor de expressão pcDNA3.1+. A transfecção da linhagem celular de mamíferos HEK 293 foi realizada de maneira transitória e permanente. A produção da gp 21 recombinante foi confirmada por citometria de fluxo e a linhagem celular produtora será utilizada em ensaios de imunogenicidade.

Rotavírus A em crianças de até três anos de idade, hospitalizadas com gastroenterite aguda em Campo Grande, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul

Através da eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida e do ensaio imunenzimático combinado para rotavírus e adenovirus, foram analisadas 380 amostras fecais de crianças com até 3 anos, hospitalizadas com diarréia aguda, entre maio de 2000 e janeiro de 2004, em Campo Grande, MS. Do total de amostras, 88 (23,2%) foram positivas para Rotavirus A. Dentre essas, 81 (92%) tiveram padrão eletroferotípico definido, sendo 77 (87,5%) de padrão longo e quatro (4,5%) de padrão curto. A caracterização genotípica G e P foi feita por RT-Nested-PCR para 85 amostras, sendo 56 (65,9%) genotipáveis para genótipo G. Dentre essas, 49 (87,5%) foram G1, cinco (8,9%) G4, uma (1,8%) G3 e uma (1,8%) G9. Considerando a genotipagem P, 37 (43,5%) foram genotipáveis e todas eram P[8]. A associação G e P mais observada foi G1P[8], 33 (89,2%) amostras; seguida de G4P[8], duas (5,4%) amostras; G3P[8], uma (2,7%) amostra; e G9P[8], uma (2,7%) amostra.

Diagnóstico molecular da malária em uma unidade de atenção terciária na Amazônia Brasileira

O exame de rotina para o diagnóstico da malária continua sendo a gota espessa, apesar da comprovada diminuição da sensibilidade e especificidade em situações de densidade parasitária baixa e infecções mistas. A reação em cadeia da polimerase vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada para a detecção molecular e identificação das espécies de plasmódio, por apresentar maior sensibilidade e especificidade. Foi realizada a nested-PCR em amostras de sangue total de 344 pacientes com síndrome febril aguda que se apresentaram para o diagnóstico de malária, em uma unidade terciária de saúde, em Manaus (Amazonas). Nenhum caso de malária por Plasmodium malariae foi diagnosticado à gota espessa ou PCR. Observou-se co-positividade de 96,7%, co-negatividade de 62,2% e coeficiente kappa de 0,44 entre PCR e gota espessa para Plasmodium falciparum. Para Plasmodium vivax, co-positividade de 100%, co-negatividade de 78,1% e coeficiente kappa de 0,56. Na detecção da malária mista, co-positividade de 100%, co-negatividade de 84,9% e coeficiente kappa de 0,26. A reação em cadeia da polimerase detectou alto número de infecções mistas nas amostras analisadas, mas seu uso rotineiro no diagnóstico da malária merece ainda ampla discussão.

Estudo preliminar para estimativa da prevalência e distribuição de infeções e coinfeções, aparentes e não aparentes, causadas por helmintas em animais abatidos em matadouros de Portugal

As helmintoses em ovinos e bovinos são provocadas principalmente por parasitas dos filos Platyhelminthes e Nematoda. Atualmente estão espalhadas um pouco por todo o mundo, inclusivamente Portugal, desde o Continente Americano (norte e sul) ao continente Asiático, passando pela Europa e algumas regiões do continente Africano, estando a sua incidência relacionada com locais onde existe uma enorme criação de gado. Apesar de a sua prevalência ser muitas vezes subestimada, estão associados a morbilidade e mortalidade animal, levando a perdas económicas em explorações pecuárias, e podem também constituir um problema de saúde pública para humanos, que geralmente são infetados de forma acidental. Este estudo aborda as três espécies principais de helmintas parasitas hepáticos em bovinos e ovinos em Portugal: E. granulosus, a F. hepatica e o D. dendriticum. O principal objetivo deste estudo é estimar a prevalência destas helmintoses, e a sua distribuição, em animais abatidos em matadouros de Portugal, particularmente em ovinos e bovinos, e perceber se a inspeção visual feita em matadouros é suficientemente eficaz para deteção daqueles parasitas, com possíveis consequências para a saúde pública e para estimação de prevalência. As amostras estudadas foram fígado e pulmão, obtidas em dois matadouros da Região Centro de Portugal (Leiria e Pedrogão Grande), a partir de ovinos e bovinos aquando do sacrifício do animal. Foi efetuada a extração de DNA e posteriormente a amplificação por PCR do gene mitocondrial COI e das regiões ITS1 e ITS2 com “primers” descritos na literatura (LCO1490/HCO2198, JB2/JB4.5, BD1/4S e Dd58SF1/Dd28SR1). Para aumentar a sensibilidade de deteção de DNA dos 3 parasitas estudados e permitir assim efetuar um diagnóstico diferencial foram desenhados e testados novos “primers”, internos aos existentes na literatura, desenvolvendo assim uma técnica de Nested-PCR. Posteriormente foram purificados e sequenciados alguns produtos de amplificação das reações de PCR com os “primers” descritos na literatura e analisados do ponto de vista filogenético. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os “primers” descritos na literatura têm a capacidade de amplificar a região alvo dos parasitas estudados, mesmo na presença de DNA do hospedeiro, e que em nenhuma amostra de ovino e bovino ocorreu a deteção de DNA de quaisquer dos 3 helmintas. A análise filogenética de produtos de PCR obtidos de amostras portuguesas revelou que as sequências obtidas eram muito semelhantes a amostras Europeias e foi encontrado um novo haplótipo para a região ITS1 e ITS2 de F. hepatica na amostra Fasc3 e Fasc4, respetivamente. Os dados obtidos indicam que a prevalência de D. dendriticum e E. granulosus foi estimada entre 0 e 2% (intervalo de confiança de 0.95). Quanto a F. hepatica, detetou-se uma prevalência de 1% com uma margem de 0 a 5% (intervalo de confiança de 0.95).

Gastroenteric virus detection in fecal samples from women in Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: This was a prospective study that included women seen in the obstetrics and gynecology sector of Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Goiás, in Goiânia, State of Goiás, with the aim of detecting rotaviruses, adenoviruses, caliciviruses and astroviruses. Eighty-four women participated in the study and from these, 314 fecal samples were collected. Out of all of the women, 29 were seropositive for HIV and 55 were seronegative, and 45 and 39 were pregnant and non-pregnant, respectively. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from each woman once every two months over the period from July 2006 to June 2007, and they were screened for rotaviruses by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoenzymatic assays, for caliciviruses and astroviruses by means of RT-PCR and for adenovirus by means of immunoenzymatic assays. The astroviruses were genotyped using nested PCR. RESULTS: Among the 84 patients, 19 (22.6%) were positive for either calicivirus (14/19) or astrovirus (6/19), while one women was positive for both viruses in fecal samples collected on different occasions. Most of the positive samples were collected during the months of July and August (astrovirus) and September and October (calicivirus). None of the samples analyzed was positive for rotavirus or adenovirus. Gastroenteric viruses were detected in 13/19 (68.4%) of the pregnant women, whether HIV-seropositive or not. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study showed that neither pregnancy nor HIV-seropositive status among the women increased the risk of infection by any of the gastroenteric viruses studied. This study presents data on gastroenteric virus detection among pregnant and/or HIV-positive women.

Papilomavírus humano: prevalência e genótipos encontrados em mulheres HIV positivas e negativas, em um centro de referência no extremo Sul do Brasil

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença do papilomavírus humano e verificar a prevalência e distribuição dos genótipos HPV-6, -11, -16 e -18 em mulheres HIV-1 positivas e negativas. MÉTODOS: Analisou-se amostras de secreção cervical de 98 mulheres por reação em cadeia da polimerase nested para presença do HPV e tipo-específica para detecção dos genótipos, sendo estes confirmados por análise dos fragmentos de restrição. Realizou-se os testes do qui-quadrado e Fisher para a análise estatística. RESULTADOS: O DNA-HPV foi observado em 66,3% das amostras analisadas, 76,4% no grupo HIV positivo e 60% no grupo HIV negativo (p=0,1). Uma prevalência maior de infecção viral por genótipos oncogênicos foi observada no grupo de pacientes HIV positivo (65,2%) quando comparado ao grupo HIV negativo (28,6%), (p=0,006), sendo HPV-16 foi o mais frequente nos dois grupos, seguido pelo HPV-18. CONCLUSÕES: Sugere-se que mulheres HIV positivas apresentam maior probabilidade de se infectar por genótipos oncogênicos de HPV, ressaltando a importância de um programa de rastreamento e diagnóstico diferenciado para este grupo.

Concurrent dengue and malaria in the Amazon region

INTRODUCTION: The Amazon region has extensive forested areas and natural ecosystems, providing favorable conditions for the existence of innumerous arboviruses. Over 200 arboviruses have been isolated in Brazil and about 40 are associated with human disease. Four out of 40 are considered to be of public health importance in Brazil: Dengue viruses (1-4), Oropouche, Mayaro and Yellow Fever. Along with these viruses, about 98% of the malaria cases are restricted to the Legal Amazon region. METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the presence of arboviruses in 111 clinical serum samples from patients living in Novo Repartimento (Pará), Plácido de Castro (Acre), Porto Velho (Rondônia) and Oiapoque (Amapá). The viral RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed followed by a Multiplex-Nested-PCR, using Flavivirus, Alphavirus and Orthobunyavirus generic and species-specific primers. RESULTS: Dengue virus serotype 2 was detected in two patients living in Novo Repartimento (Pará) that also presented active Plasmodium vivax infection. CONCLUSIONS: Despite scant data, this situation is likely to occur more frequently than detected in the Amazon region. Finally, it is important to remember that both diseases have similar clinical findings, thus the diagnosis could be made concomitantly for dengue and malaria in patients living or returning from areas where both diseases are endemic or during dengue outbreaks.

Diagnosis of human herpesvirus 6B primary infection by polymerase chain reaction in young children with exanthematic disease

INTRODUCTION: Exanthem subitum is a classical rash disease of early childhood caused by human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). However, the rash is frequently misdiagnosed as that of either measles or rubella. METHODS: In this study, a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to diagnose HHV-6B primary infection, differentiate it from infections caused by HHV-6A and compare it to antibody avidity tests. The samples were separated into case group and control group according to the results of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) technique. RESULTS: From the saliva samples analyzed, HHV-6A DNA was detected in 3.2% of the case group and in 2.6% of the control group. Regarding HHV-6B, PCR detected viral DNA in 4.8% of the case group and in 1.3% of the control group. Among the serum samples studied, a frequency of 1.7% was determined for HHV-6A in the case group and 1.2% in the control group. PCR did not detect HHV-6B DNA in serum samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR technique ranged from 0% to 4.8% and 97.5% to 100%, respectively, compared to IFA. CONCLUSIONS: The PCR technique was not suitable for diagnosing primary infection by HHV-6B in children with exanthematic disease and should not substitute the IFA.

Molecular characterization of the hepatitis B virus in autochthonous and endogenous populations in the Western Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health issue worldwide. Hepatitis B virus is classified into eight genotypes, varying from A to H, with distinct geographical distributions. In Brazil, the most frequent genotypes are A, D, and F. METHODS: This study aimed to characterize the HBV genotypes in cases of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus (HDV) co-infections in an endemic area in the Western Brazilian Amazon. We analyzed 86 serum samples reactive for HBsAg from indigenous and non-indigenous populations obtained from previous serological surveys. RESULTS: Of the 86 reactive serum samples, 39 were found to be HBV-DNA-positive by semi-nested PCR. The genotypes were established by sequencing the amplified S gene region. We obtained 20 sequences classified into three genotypes: A, D, and F. Genotype A was the most frequent (60%), followed by D (35%) and F (5%). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of the HBV genotypes reflected the pattern of historical occupation of the region.

Genetic diversity of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 2 in the State of Paraná, Brazil, based on a fragment of the capsid/premembrane junction region

INTRODUCTION: The precise identification of the genetic variants of the dengue virus is important to understand its dispersion and virulence patterns and to identify the strains responsible for epidemic outbreaks. This study investigated the genetic variants of the capsid-premembrane junction region fragment in the dengue virus serotypes 1 and 2 (DENV1-2). METHODS: Samples from 11 municipalities in the State of Paraná, Brazil, were provided by the Central Laboratory of Paraná. They were isolated from the cell culture line C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) and were positive for indirect immunofluorescence. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from these samples was submitted to the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR. RESULTS: RT-PCR revealed that 4 of the samples were co-infected with both serotypes. The isolated DENV-1 sequences were 95-100% similar to the sequences of other serotype 1 strains deposited in GenBank. Similarly, the isolated DENV-2 sequences were 98-100% similar to other serotype 2 sequences in GenBank. According to our neighbor-joining tree, all strains obtained in this study belonged to genotype V of DENV-1. The DENV-2 strains, by contrast, belonged to the American/Asian genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring of circulating strains is an important tool to detect the migration of virus subtypes involved in dengue epidemics.

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus among the indigenous population of the Curuçá and Itaquaí Rivers, Javari Valley, State of Amazonas, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most serious public health problems in the world. In Brazil, HBV endemicity is heterogeneous, with the highest disease prevalence in the North region. METHODS: A total of 180 samples were analyzed and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and semi-nested PCR of the HBV S-gene, with the aim of determining the prevalence of HBV-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in indigenous groups inhabiting the areas near the Curuçá and Itaquaí Rivers in the Javari Valley, State of Amazonas, Brazil. RESULTS: The prevalence of the HBV-DNA S-gene was 51.1% (92/180). The analysis found 18 of 49 (36.7%) samples from the Marubo tribe, 68 of 125 (54.4%) from the Kanamary, and 6 of 6 (100%) from other ethnic groups to be PCR positive. There was no statistically significant difference in gender at 5% (p=0.889). Indigenous people with positive PCR for HBV-DNA had a lower median age (p<0.001) of 23 years. There was no statistical difference found in relation to sources of contamination or clinical aspects with the PCR results, except for fever (p<0.001). The high prevalence of HBV-DNA of 75% (15/20) in pregnant women (p=0.009) demonstrates an association with vertical transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the high prevalence of HBV-DNA in the Javari Valley, making it important to devise strategies for control and more effective prevention in combating the spread of HBV.