From trade to industry. The wine production sector in the Penedès Denomination of Origin, 1940-2000

[cat] Aquest treball té com a objectiu mostrar el grau en què el sector de la producció de vi a la Denominació d'Origen Penedès ha respost als reptes que s’han plantejat tant en termes de l'oferta (de consolidació i sorgiment dels països productors fora de l'esfera europea tradicional) i de la demanda (caiguda de la el consum de vi i els nous hàbits de consum) durant la segona meitat del segle XX. El document analitza l'evolució del sector a la regió des del començament de la dècada de 1940 fins a la fi del segle. Amb la fi de la Guerra Civil de 1936-1939 el sector va haver d'afrontar una caiguda de la producció, la qual va continuar concentrant-se en la comercialització de vins tradicionals. Aquesta situació va canviar quan, a finals de la dècada de 1960, la demanda es va girar cada vegada més als vins de major qualitat embotellats. Des del punt de vista legislatiu, la resposta es va centrar en la innovació tecnològica i la reestructuració de l'empresa. Aquest període va ser testimoni de la introducció de nous equips i processos, com ara l’acer inoxidable i tancs de fermentació a temperatura controlada, amb els vins embotellats expulsant el vi a granel i la transformació dels grans magatzemistes en cellers i caves. A més, una de les principals característiques del període 1970-1985 va ser la formació dels grans conglomerats empresarials dels vins i del cava. L’entrada d'Espanya a la Unió Europea el 1986 va impulsar una acceleració d'aquest procés de transformació, deixant el sector format principalment per empreses que produeixen vins i caves, que han introduït els vins negres i varietals en la seva oferta de productes, que posseeixen moltes hectàrees de vinyes i en molts casos, que han mostrat una clara intenció de penetrar en el mercat internacional.

Sidosryhmien merkitys mikroyritysten saneerausmenettelyssä

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää mikroyritysten saneerausmenettelyn epäonnistumiseen/onnistumiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä, painottaen erityisesti yrittäjän sidosryhmien ja lähipiirin merkitystä saneerausmenettelystä selviämisessä. Empiirinen aineisto käsitti 45 suomalaista mikroyritystä, joiden saneerausmenettely oli epäonnistunut ajalla 1.6.2001 – 31.5.2002. Tutkimustulokset saatiin haastattelemalla yrittäjiä ja selvittäjiä/valvojia ennalta laaditun kyselylomakkeen pohjalta. Tutkimuksen tueksi ja yritysten taloudellisen aseman havainnollistamiseksi laadittiin tunnuslukuanalyysi. Lopputuloksena todettiin, että tutkimuksessa mukana olleiden yritysten saneerausmenettelyn epäonnistumisen syitä olivat menettelyä edeltävä pitkäaikainen maksukyvyttömyys yhdistettynä myöhäiseen saneeraukseen hakeutumisajankohtaan. Myös yllättävä tapahtuma, johon ei oltu varauduttu edesauttoi saneerausmenettelyn epäonnistumista. Sidosryhmistä korostui erityisesti verottajan ja rahoittajan asema saneerausmenettelystä selviämisessä. Lähipiiristä perheen ja sukulaisten tuen merkitys nousi tutkimuksessa voimakkaasti esiin.

The long run impact of mergers and acquisitions on performance – empirical study in the pulp and paper industry

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have played very important role in restructuring the pulp and paper industry (PPI). The poor performance and fragmented nature of the industry, overcapacity problems, and globalisation have driven companies to consolidate. The objective of this thesis was to examine how PPI acquirers’ have performed subsequent M&As and whether the deal characteristics have had any impact on performance. Based on the results it seems that PPI companies have not been able to enhance their performance in the long run after M&As although the per-formance of acquiring firms has remained above the industry median, and deal characteristics or the amount of premiums paid do not seem to have had any effect. The statistical significance of the results was tested with change model and regression analysis. Performance was assessed with accrual, cash flow, and market based indicators. Results are congruent with behavioural theory: managers and investors seem to be overoptimistic in determining the synergies from M&As.

Liiketoimintakokonaisuus ja verotuksen neutraalisuus yritysjärjestelyissä

In the beginning of the year 2007 there was a change in our taxation laws, allowing the use of partial division in business restructuring without any direct taxation consequences. In this literature research thesis, partial division and transfer of assets and their similarities and differences have been examined. In addition, the concept of branch of activity, which is closely related to partial division and transfer of assets, has been defined. The concept of branch of activity has changed over the years in the Central Tax Board rulings towards more allowing, taking the taxpayer’s opinions into consideration better. The definition of branch of activity can be made relatively flexibly as long as there is a valid commercial reason behind the restructuring. Partial division can be more usable in business restructuring than division, because the transferring company does not dissolve in partial division. Compared to transfer of assets, the advantage of partial division is the transfer of losses to the receiving company and the possibility to use cash payments.

Performance benchmarking and incentive regulation – considerations of directing signals for electricity distribution companies

After the restructuring process of the power supply industry, which for instance in Finland took place in the mid-1990s, free competition was introduced for the production and sale of electricity. Nevertheless, natural monopolies are found to be the most efficient form of production in the transmission and distribution of electricity, and therefore such companies remained franchised monopolies. To prevent the misuse of the monopoly position and to guarantee the rights of the customers, regulation of these monopoly companies is required. One of the main objectives of the restructuring process has been to increase the cost efficiency of the industry. Simultaneously, demands for the service quality are increasing. Therefore, many regulatory frameworks are being, or have been, reshaped so that companies are provided with stronger incentives for efficiency and quality improvements. Performance benchmarking has in many cases a central role in the practical implementation of such incentive schemes. Economic regulation with performance benchmarking attached to it provides companies with directing signals that tend to affect their investment and maintenance strategies. Since the asset lifetimes in the electricity distribution are typically many decades, investment decisions have far-reaching technical and economic effects. This doctoral thesis addresses the directing signals of incentive regulation and performance benchmarking in the field of electricity distribution. The theory of efficiency measurement and the most common regulation models are presented. The chief contributions of this work are (1) a new kind of analysis of the regulatory framework, so that the actual directing signals of the regulation and benchmarking for the electricity distribution companies are evaluated, (2) developing the methodology and a software tool for analysing the directing signals of the regulation and benchmarking in the electricity distribution sector, and (3) analysing the real-life regulatory frameworks by the developed methodology and further develop regulation model from the viewpoint of the directing signals. The results of this study have played a key role in the development of the Finnish regulatory model.

Early Modern Persian, Urdu, and English Historiography and the Imagination of Islamic India under British Rule

This paper analyses the early modern transformations of South Asian literary cultures through the production of historiography in Persian, English, and Urdu. In the 18th-19th centuries, South Asian communities experienced and participated in a major restructuring of the languages of the subcontinent. Urdu and English were institutionalized as governmental languages and utilized in new literary productions as Persian was gradually marginalized from the centre of literary and governmental polities. Three interrelated colonial policies reshaped the historical consciousness of South Asia and Britain: the production of new Persian histories commissioned under British patronage, the initiation of Urdu historiography through the translation of Persian and English histories, and the construction of the British history of India written in English. This article explores the historical and social dynamics of these events and situates the origins and evolution of the colonial historiographical project. Major works discussed are the Tārīkh-i Bangālah of Salīm Allāh Munshī (fl. 1763), James Mill's (1773-1836) The History of British India first published in 1817, Mīr Sher ʿAlī Afsos' the Ārāʾish-i mahfil, as well as the production of original Urdu histories such as Muḥammad Zakāʾ-Allāh's (1832-1910) the Tārīkh-i Hindustān.

¿Hacia una reconversión de los congresos? Propuestas para su viabilidad

Los congresos académicos ycientíficos deberían afrontar en los próximosaños una reconversión de los formatos y contenidospara poder sobrevivir. Se reflexiona sobre el valor 2.0 de los congresos y se proponen posiblessoluciones, como la vinculación a números especiales de revistas académicas consolidadas.La principal propuesta es la creación deCachus, una clasificación de congresos que permitadar más valor a éstos en los procesos de evaluación de los currículums de los investigadores.

Osake- ja henkilöyhtiöiden sulautuminen vero-oikeudessa, yhtiöoikeudessa ja kirjanpidossa

Sulautuminen on yksi yleisimmistä yritysjärjestelyvaihtoehdoista. Sulautumisessa on otettava huomioon vero- ja yhtiöoikeudelliset sekä kirjanpidolliset seikat. Ne ohjaavat sulautumisen toteuttamista ja säätelevät sallittuja menettelytapoja. Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena on analysoida osakeyhtiön, avoimen ja kommandiittiyhtiön vero-oikeudellisen, yhtiöoikeudellisen ja kirjanpidollisen sulautumisen käsittelyn eroja. Tutkimuksessa on aluksi selvitetty syitä yritysjärjestelyihin ja sulautumista yritysjärjestelyvaihtoehtona. Sulautumisen käsittely aloitetaan osakeyhtiön sulautumisen yhtiöoikeudellisen sääntelyn käsittelemisellä. Seuraavaksi tutkittiin kirjanpidollista sääntelyä sulautumisen yhteydessä. Tämän jälkeen määritettiin verotuksen sääntelyä sulautumisen yhteydessä. Viimeisessä teoriakappaleessa käsitellään henkilöyhtiöiden sulautumista. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin sulautumisen oikeudellinen sääntely ja havaittiin säännöksissä olevan ristiriitaisuuksia, jotka vaikuttavat sulautumisessa tehtäviin päätöksiin.

Productivity of Business Services - Towards A New Taxonomy

Statistics show that the expanding service sector accounts already for three quarters of GDP in the developed economies. Moreover, there is abundant evidence on high variation in productive performance across the service industries. This suggests divergent technological and institutional trajectories within the tertiary sector. While conceptual knowledge on services and their performance has accumulated substantially, the overall landscape on productivity and competitiveness is still inconclusive. As noted by number of authors the research on service productivity is still in its infancy. The purpose of this paper is to develop further the analytical framework of service productivity. The approach is based on the notion that service definitions, classifications and performance measurement are strongly interdependent. Given the ongoing restructuring of businesses activities with higher information content, it is argued that the dichotomy between manufacturing and services should not be taken too far. Industrial evolution also suggests that the official industry classifications are increasingly outdated and new taxonomies for empirical research are therefore needed. Based on the previous analyses and new insights the paper clarifies the debated concept of service productivity and identifies the critical dimensions by which the service industries cluster. It is also demonstrated that the dimensions enable to construct new service taxonomies which bear essentially on productivity opportunities at the business level. Needles to say the key determinant explaining the development and potential of productivity growth is innovation activity. As an extensive topic of research, however, service innovation is tackled here only in a cursory way. The paper is constructed as follows: the first section focuses on the conceptual issues and evolving nature of service activities. A workable definition of service should capture the diversity of service activities, as well as the aspects of service processes, comprehensively. The distinctions and similarities between services and manufacturing are discussed, too. Section 2 deals with the service productivity, a persistent and controversial issue in academic literature and policy. With the assessments of strengths and weaknesses of the main schools new insights based on value creation will be brought in. Industry classifications and taxonomies are discussed in Section 3. It begins with a short analysis of the official classifications and their evaluation from the perspective of empirical research. Using well-known examples it is shown that the taxonomies on the manufacturing industries have a clear analogy with the business services. As there is a growing interest to regroup services too, the work to date, has been less systematic and inherently qualitative. Based on the earlier contributions threedimensional service taxonomy is constructed which highlight the key dimensions of productive performance. The main findings and implications are summed up in Section 4.

Rakennettu muutos. Esiselvitys Etelä-Karjalan alueellisen toimintakyvyn ylläpitämisestä talouslaman ja teollisuuden rakennemuutoksen paineessa.

Uudella vuosituhannella vauhtia saanut suomalaisen metsäteollisuuden muodonmuutos on yksi eteläkarjalaisen keskustelun ykkösaiheista. Naapurimaakunnassa Kymenlaaksossa suuret konsernit ovat jo sulkeneet kokonaisia tehtaita ja metsäteollisuuden rakennemuutoksen vaiku-tukset ovat näkyneet täydessä mitassa. Etelä-Karjalassa tapahtumia on seurattu läheltä eikä niiden jatkoksi ole ollut halua liittyä. Etelä-Karjalan lähtökohtia rakennemuutokseen voi avata ja taustoittaa tarkastelemalla rakennemuutoksen kokonaiskuvaa. Vaikka rakennemuutos on yllättänyt monet metsäteollisuusalueet voimallaan, rakenteellisia muutoksia on koettu ennenkin. Yhteiskunnalliset ja taloudelliset rakenteet hakevatkin muotoaan jatkuvasti. Globaalissa toimintaympäristössä muutoksen tahti on kuitenkin kiihtynyt, mikä on puolestaan tuonut uusia alueellisia haasteita erityisesti jos elinkeinorakenne nojaa vahvasti yhteen teollisuuden alaan tai toimijaan. Alueellisina vahvuuksina pidetyt klusterit ovatkin vaarassa muodostua myös riskitekijöiksi, jotka voivat estää uusia innovaatioita ja jarruttaa tarpeettomasti rakenteellista uudistumista. Suomi ei ole tässä suhteessa ainoa: teollisuuskaupungit ympäri läntisen maailman ovat kohdanneet uudistumispaineita, jotka ovat siirtäneet elinkeinorakennetta perinteisestä teollisuudesta kohti palvelu- ja tietointensiivisiä aloja. Toiset kaupungit ovat onnistuneet muuttumaan joustavasti omilla ehdoillaan, toiset ovat heränneet rakenteelliseen uudistumiseen vasta kriisin kautta. Monet perinteiset eurooppalaiset teollisuudenalat, kuten tekstiili-, hiili- ja autoteollisuus ovat kokeneet kovia alasajoja, mutta niiden raunioilta on lähtenyt kasvamaan myös uutta osaamista, kuten kulttuuriprofiloitumista sekä ympäristö- ja ICT-osaamista. Alueelliset lähtökohdat rakennemuutokseen määrittyvät pitkälti nykyisen osaamis- ja yhteistyörakenteen mukaan, jotka Etelä-Karjalassa ovat monelta osin sidoksissa metsäteollisuuteen. Metsäteollisuus on supistuksista ja muista rakennemuutoksen merkeistä huolimatta vielä maakunnassa vahvasti läsnä – niin fyysisesti kuin henkisestikin. UPM ja Stora Enso ovat Etelä-Karjalan suurimmat yksityiset työllistäjät ja molemmilla on tuotantolaitosten lisäksi alueella myös omat tutkimuslaitoksensa. Yhteistyö Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston kanssa on tiivistä yliopiston kouluttaessa alalle merkittävän määrän uusia osaajia. Metsäklusteriin on sidottu myös monet muut toimijat kuten Etelä-Karjalan ammattikorkeakoulu, alueen oma Metsäteollisuusinstituutti, maakunnasta käsin hallinnoitava Uusiutuva metsäteollisuus -klusteri, sekä laaja alihankinta- ja palveluverkosto. Rakennemuutoksen haasteisiin on Etelä-Karjalassa ja myös valtakunnan tasolla vastattu käynnistämällä hankkeita, jotka pyrkivät lisäämään metsäteollisuuden kannattavuutta kehittämällä yhä älykkäämpiä metsäteollisuustuotteita. Metsäteollisuuden ohella Etelä-Karjalan vahvoina osaamisalueina ja tärkeinä investointikohteina pidetään ympäristö- ja energia-alaa sekä Venäjä-osaamista. Myös palvelualaan sekä alueen matkailuun on investoitu vahvasti viime vuosina. Kokemukset äkillisistä rakennemuutoksista muualla Suomessa ovat osoittaneet, että kriisitilanteessa eri toimijat kokoontuvat laajasti yhteen tekemään töitä tilanteen kääntämiseksi positiiviseksi. Nämä verkostot rakentuvat luontevasti ja nopealla aikataululla äkillisen kriisin uhatessa alueellisen elinvoiman säilymistä. Vaikka kriisivalmiuden rakentaminen on olennainen osa rakennemuutoksen valmistautumista myös Etelä-Karjalassa, vielä suurempi merkitys on ennakoimisella ja muutoksen aktiivisella rakentamisella. Ennakointiin kuuluu laaja katsantokanta ja valmistautuminen myös kipeisiin skenaarioihin. Metsäteollisuusmaakunnan on myös uskallettava katsoa rakennemuutosta myös muuten kuin metsäteollisuuden silmin, sillä rakennemuutoksen vaikutusalue ei rajaudu vain metsäklusteriin. Kriisitilanne onkin alueelle aina myös mahdollisuus kehittymiseen ja vanhojen rakenteiden uudelleenarviointiin. Mikäli hyvin vauhtiin päässyt metsäteollisuuden uudistumissuunnitelma ei kanna tai se jättää Etelä-Karjalaan vain hyvin pienen, entistä erikoistuneemman metsäteollisuussektorin, varalla on hyvä olla uusia suunnitelmia, rakenteita sekä jo kasvuun alkuun päässeitä tulevaisuuden aloja. Elinkeinorakennetta tulee arvioida myös laajemmin; onko klusteriajattelu jo aikansa elänyt yhä lyhentyvien elinkaarien myötä ja pitäisikö veturiyritysten sijaan osaamista hajauttaa joustavampaan ja monipuolisempaan muotoon? Miten rakennemuutokseen tulisi ylipäätään suhtautua? Onko rakennemuutoksen estäminen ja lieventäminen ainoat toimintamallit vai voisiko rakennemuutosta jopa olla edullisempaa jouduttaa?

Change of Electricity Distribution Industry: Drivers and Opening Business Opportunities

As a result of the recent regulatory amendments and other development trends in the electricity distribution business, the sector is currently witnessing radical restructuring that will eventually impact the business logics of the sector. This report represents upcoming changes in the electricity distribution industry and concentrates on the factors that are expected to be the most fundamental ones. Electricity network companies nowadays struggle with legislative and regulatory requirements that focus on both the operational efficiency and the reliability of electricity distribution networks. The forces that have an impact on the distribution network companies can be put into three main categories that define the transformation at a general level. Those are: (1) a requirement for a more functional marketplace for energy, (2) environmental aspects (combating climate change etc.), and (3) a strongly emphasized requirement for the security of energy supply. The first point arises from the legislators’ attempt to increase competition in electricity retail markets, the second one concerns both environmental protection and human safety issues, and the third one indicates societies’ reduced willingness to accept interruptions in electricity supply. In the future, regulation of electricity distribution business may lower the threshold for building more weather-resistant networks, which in turn means increased underground cabling. This development pattern is reinforced by tightening safety and environmental regulations that ultimately make the overhead lines expensive to build and maintain. The changes will require new approaches particularly in network planning, construction, and maintenance. The concept for planning, constructing, and maintaining cable networks is necessary because the interdependencies between network operations are strong, in other words, the nature of the operation requires a linkage to other operations.

Theoretical background for market emergence framework : Case: Electricity Distribution Industry

Both the competitive environment and the internal structure of an industrial organization are typically included in the processes which describe the strategic management processes of the firm, but less attention has been paid to the interdependence between these views. Therefore, this research focuses on explaining the particular conditions of an industry change, which lead managers to realign the firm in respect of its environment for generating competitive advantage. The research question that directs the development of the theoretical framework is: Why do firms outsource some of their functions? The three general stages of the analysis are related to the following research topics: (i) understanding forces that shape the industry, (ii) estimating the impacts of transforming customer preferences, rivalry, and changing capability bases on the relevance of existing assets and activities, and emergence of new business models, and (iii) developing optional structures for future value chains and understanding general boundaries for market emergence. The defined research setting contributes to the managerial research questions “Why do firms reorganize their value chains?”, “Why and how are decisions made?” Combining Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Resource-Based View (RBV) within an integrated framework makes it possible to evaluate the two dimensions of a company’s resources, namely the strategic value and transferability. The final decision of restructuring will be made based on an analysis of the actual business potential of the outsourcing, where benefits and risks are evaluated. The firm focuses on the risk of opportunism, hold-up problems, pricing, and opportunities to reach a complete contract, and finally on the direct benefits and risks for financial performance. The supplier analyzes the business potential of an activity outside the specific customer, the amount of customer-specific investments, the service provider’s competitive position, abilities to revenue gains in generic segments, and long-term dependence on the customer.

Tiedolla hallinnointia ja diskurssien historiallista voimaa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Keskeneräisen tuotannon hallinta sähkönjakeluverkon urakointiprojekteissa

The main objective of the study was to find new approaches to the management of work in process in a rapidly changing power distribution network contracting environment in order to improve the efficiency of the management of capital and workload. The study describes the operating environment of a power distribution network contractor based in Eastern Finland and combines various activity indicators to create a general view. The literature review discusses scientific articles on project production, work in process and working capital management, analytical tools for projects as well as Lean criteria. The analysis of two case studies dealing with the characteristics of the power distribution network restructuring, focuses on how production management and management of work in process can potentially be improved in power distribution network contracting environments. The main results are the summary of the key figures of production, the data concerning the significance of different project types for work in process as well as the ways of improving the efficiency of production and business development in the present context.

Industrial solution business – transition from product to solution offering

The business logic in the manufacturing industry has changed in the 21st century. In the current industrial market, manufacturers are driven to provide more comprehensive offerings that go beyond the traditional product-orientation by providing capacity and availability for their customers. From incidental merchandise, services have become the core of manufacturers’ offerings with long-lasting service agreements over the life-cycles of their products. This change is driven both by the need of providers to grow and gain competitive advantage and by increased customer demand caused by customers’ outsourcing trends. The three key drivers for manufacturers’ service strategies are outsourcing trends, saturation of the installed base, and commoditization in product markets. Thus, manufacturers focus on providing industrial solutions which are delivered through relational processes with customers by using solution-driven business models. In the management of marketing activities, this can be regarded as closer customer relationships, service-dominant business logic, and collaboration in solving customers’ problems. However, there are few studies on comprehensive conceptualizations of a solution offering that include different elements and their roles, especially in the context of capital goods industry. Also the transition process needs further studies in a real life context. This study explores the transition process of an industrial company from product to solution business and, as an aid to managing the solution business, explicates the structure and management of an industrial solution offering. There are two themes, the industrial transition process and industrial solution offering. Regarding the industrial transition process, the aim is to understand the supplier view on the process and its execution and to determine the challenges related to the transition process. The industrial solution offering is discussed by its elements and characteristics, as well as management. Furthermore, a special type of build-own-operate-transfer business model is presented and its suitability in the industrial context analyzed. The study includes findings achieved by qualitative methods and from four case companies. Based on the results, it is tentatively suggested that in the industrial solution business, the transition from product to solution business is not a linear project but an evolving process that varies according to customer needs, which suggests that companies need to possess an ability to develop new business models for different customer needs. The industrial solution offering is dynamic as it evolves in collaboration according to the prevailing and latent customer needs, which suggest restructuring of the organization from a product-centric to a customer-centric one. Furthermore, based on the findings, the concept of industrial solutions is defined as an ongoing relational process to satisfy a customer’s particular business or operational requirements, and the concept of industrial solution offering as an entity comprising the customized goods, services, collaboration, and finance needed to fulfill the industrial solution. Finally, the study offers several managerial implications for industrial managers involved in the transition and management of the solution business and its offering.