Muutosprosessin implementointi ja johtaminen terveydenhuollon välityspalveluissa

The aim of this study was to produce information on the implementation of the change process made according to the Kotter’s change model in HUSServis call operator services and to understand the success of the change process experienced by the call operators and the team leaders. The study was a qualitative case study. The research methods used were the researcher’s own participatory observation and the electronic survey. The survey was conducted by e-mail, using Webropol - software. The target group consisted of 32 persons, in which 29 were call operators and 3 were team leaders. The results of the study showed that the implementation of the change process made according to the Kotter’s change model was experienced successfully. The change was influenced by the successful selection of persons to the guiding coalition and an assertive leadership, in which the trust was enhanced in a research organization by increasing communication and feedback. This influence had a great positive change on the working environment. It also had a clear impact on the willingness of the personnel to be involved in change, which led to a clear improvement on the customer services.

Energiapuuta Etelä-Savosta

Energiapuuta Etelä-Savosta hankkeessa tutkittiin ja kehitettiin energiapienpuun mahdollisuuksia osana suurimittakaavaista alueellista hankintaa. Energiapienpuun potentiaali suurimittakaavaisena polttoaineena on lupaava johtuen hyvästä biomassan saatavuudesta ja tarjontahalukkuudesta, korjuun teknologisesta edistyksestä ja logististen ratkaisujen monipuolisuudesta sekä käyttömäärien kasvusta. Hanke kokonaisuus sisälsi seuraavia osatutkimuksia: Etelä-Savon energiatase, metsänomistajakysely, asiantuntijahaastattelu, metsänkasvatussimulointi, metsäpolttoaineiden saatavuuslaskenta, puun kosteuden seurantatutkimus, logistiikan demonstraatioita sekä energiapuun hankintalogistiikan kustannusvertailuja. Hankkeessa käsiteltiin energiapienpuun arvoketjua metsänkasvatuksesta lopputuotteen käyttöön asti. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että energiapienpuulla on mahdollisuudet suurimittakaavaisessa hankinnassa, kunhan toimitusketjussa panostetaan tehokkuuden ja laadun jatkuvaan parantamiseen.

First dice your dill – new methods and techniques in sample handling

This book is dedicated to celebrate the 60th birthday of Professor Rainer Huopalahti. Professor Rainer “Repe” Huopalahti has had, and in fact is still enjoying a distinguished career in the analysis of food and food related flavor compounds. One will find it hard to make any progress in this particular field without a valid and innovative sample handling technique and this is a field in which Professor Huopalahti has made great contributions. The title and the front cover of this book honors Professor Huopahti’s early steps in science. His PhD thesis which was published on 1985 is entitled “Composition and content of aroma compounds in the dill herb, Anethum graveolens L., affected by different factors”. At that time, the thesis introduced new technology being applied to sample handling and analysis of flavoring compounds of dill. Sample handling is an essential task that in just about every analysis. If one is working with minor compounds in a sample or trying to detect trace levels of the analytes, one of the aims of sample handling may be to increase the sensitivity of the analytical method. On the other hand, if one is working with a challenging matrix such as the kind found in biological samples, one of the aims is to increase the selectivity. However, quite often the aim is to increase both the selectivity and the sensitivity. This book provides good and representative examples about the necessity of valid sample handling and the role of the sample handling in the analytical method. The contributors of the book are leading Finnish scientists on the field of organic instrumental analytical chemistry. Some of them are also Repe’ s personal friends and former students from the University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry. Importantly, the authors all know Repe in one way or another and are well aware of his achievements on the field of analytical chemistry. The editorial team had a great time during the planning phase and during the “hard work editorial phase” of the book. For example, we came up with many ideas on how to publish the book. After many long discussions, we decided to have a limited edition as an “old school hard cover book” – and to acknowledge more modern ways of disseminating knowledge by publishing an internet version of the book on the webpages of the University of Turku. Downloading the book from the webpage for personal use is free of charge. We believe and hope that the book will be read with great interest by scientists working in the fascinating field of organic instrumental analytical chemistry. We decided to publish our book in English for two main reasons. First, we believe that in the near future, more and more teaching in Finnish Universities will be delivered in English. To facilitate this process and encourage students to develop good language skills, it was decided to be published the book in English. Secondly, we believe that the book will also interest scientists outside Finland – particularly in the other member states of the European Union. The editorial team thanks all the authors for their willingness to contribute to this book – and to adhere to the very strict schedule. We also want to thank the various individuals and enterprises who financially supported the book project. Without that support, it would not have been possible to publish the hardcover book.

Kuluttajien maksuhalukkuuden tutkiminen tupakkatuotteiden osalta – Case Yritys X

Tutkielmassa tutkitaan maksuhalukkuuden käyttöä tupakkatuotteiden hinnoittelumenetelmänä.

Keskenään kilpailevien tiimien välinen yhteistyö organisaatiossa

Organisaatioissa on aina keskinäistä kilpailua. Hallitsemattomana kilpailu organisaation sisäisistä resursseista tai organisaation ulkoisista markkinoista voi johtaa konfliktiin, joka pahimmillaan romuttaa yhteistyön organisaation yksiköiden välillä. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka keskenään kilpailevien tiimien yhteistyötä voidaan kehittää ja mahdollista organisaation sisäisen kilpailutilanteen aiheuttamaa konfliktia hallita johtamisen keinoin organisaation sisäisessä kilpailutilanteessa. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena, kohdeorganisaationa oli Sanoma Lehtimedia Oy. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla Sanoma Lehtimedian kahden yhteistyötä tekevän sanomalehden myyntitiimien henkilökuntaa. Kohdeorganisaatiota tutkittaessa ei havaittu merkittävää kilpailutilanteen aiheuttamaa konfliktia, mutta tiimien välisessä yhteistyössä oli kuitenkin vielä kehitettävää. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella tärkeimmät tiimien välisen yhteistyön tekemiseen vaikuttavat tekijät olivat yhteistyöasenne, luottamus, tiedon jakamisen halukkuus sekä kannustimet. Näihin tekijöihin voidaan vaikuttaa strategisen johtamisen keinoin, kun yhteistyön kehittäminen otetaan organisaation tavoitteeksi.

Searching for keys to successful post-merger integration : a longitudinal case-study following a public sector merger

Unsuccessful mergers are unfortunately the rule rather than the exception. Therefore it is necessary to gain an enhanced understanding of mergers and post-merger integrations (PMI) as well as learning more about how mergers and PMIs of information systems (IS) and people can be facilitated. Studies on PMI of IS are scarce and public sector mergers are even less studied. There is nothing however to indicate that public sector mergers are any more successful than those in the private sector. This thesis covers five studies carried out between 2008 and 2011 in two organizations in higher education that merged in January 2010. The most recent study was carried out two years after the new university was established. The longitudinal case-study focused on the administrators and their opinions of the IS, the work situation and the merger in general. These issues were investigated before, during and after the merger. Both surveys and interviews were used to collect data, to which were added documents that both describe and guide the merger process; in this way we aimed at a triangulation of findings. Administrators were chosen as the focus of the study since public organizations are highly dependent on this staff category, forming the backbone of the organization and whose performance is a key success factor for the organization. Reliable and effective IS are also critical for maintaining a functional and effective organization, and this makes administrators highly dependent on their organizations’ IS for the ability to carry out their duties as intended. The case-study has confirmed the administrators’ dependency on IS that work well. A merger is likely to lead to changes in the IS and the routines associated with the administrators’ work. Hence it was especially interesting to study how the administrators viewed the merger and its consequences for IS and the work situation. The overall research objective is to find key issues for successful mergers and PMIs. The first explorative study in 2008 showed that the administrators were confident of their skills and knowledge of IS and had no fear of having to learn new IS due to the merger. Most administrators had an academic background and were not anxious about whether IS training would be given or not. Before the merger the administrators were positive and enthusiastic towards the merger and also to the changes that they expected. The studies carried out before the merger showed that these administrators were very satisfied with the information provided about the merger. This information was disseminated through various channels and even negative information and postponed decisions were quickly distributed. The study conflicts with the theories that have found that resistance to change is inevitable in a merger. Shortly after the merger the (third) study showed disappointment with the fact that fewer changes than expected had been implemented even if the changes that actually were carried out sometimes led to a more problematic work situation. This was seen to be more prominent for routine changes than IS changes. Still the administrators showed a clear willingness to change and to share their knowledge with new colleagues. This knowledge sharing (also tacit) worked well in the merger and the PMI. The majority reported that the most common way to learn to use new ISs and to apply new routines was by asking help from colleagues. They also needed to take responsibility for their own training and development. Five months after the merger (the fourth study) the administrators had become worried about the changes in communication strategy that had been implemented in the new university. This was perceived as being more anonymous. Furthermore, it was harder to get to know what was happening and to contact the new decision makers. The administrators found that decisions, and the authority to make decisions, had been moved to a higher administrative level than they were accustomed to. A directive management style is recommended in mergers in order to achieve a quick transition without distracting from the core business. A merger process may be tiresome and require considerable effort from the participants. In addition, not everyone can make their voice heard during a merger and consensus is not possible in every question. It is important to find out what is best for the new organization instead of simply claiming that the tried and tested methods of doing things should be implemented. A major problem turned out to be the lack of management continuity during the merger process. Especially problematic was the situation in the IS-department with many substitute managers during the whole merger process (even after the merger was carried out). This meant that no one was in charge of IS-issues and the PMI of IS. Moreover, the top managers were appointed very late in the process; in some cases after the merger was carried out. This led to missed opportunities for building trust and management credibility was heavily affected. The administrators felt neglected and that their competences and knowledge no longer counted. This, together with a reduced and altered information flow, led to rumours and distrust. Before the merger the administrators were convinced that their achievements contributed value to their organizations and that they worked effectively. After the merger they were less sure of their value contribution and effectiveness even if these factors were not totally discounted. The fifth study in November 2011 found that the administrators were still satisfied with their IS as they had been throughout the whole study. Furthermore, they believed that the IS department had done a good job despite challenging circumstances. Both the former organizations lacked IS strategies, which badly affected the IS strategizing during the merger and the PMI. IS strategies deal with issues like system ownership; namely who should pay and who is responsible for maintenance and system development, for organizing system training for new IS, and for effectively run IS even during changing circumstances (e.g. more users). A proactive approach is recommended for IS strategizing to work. This is particularly true during a merger and PMI for handling issues about what ISs should be adopted and implemented in the new organization, issues of integration and reengineering of IS-related processes. In the new university an ITstrategy had still not been decided 26 months after the new university was established. The study shows the importance of the decisive management of IS in a merger requiring that IS issues are addressed in the merger process and that IS decisions are made early. Moreover, the new management needs to be appointed early in order to work actively with the IS-strategizing. It is also necessary to build trust and to plan and make decisions about integration of IS and people.

The principle of autonomy in Brazil: one needs to discuss it ...

The principle of patient autonomy is a cornerstone of bioethics. According to this concept, patients should be given the power to make decisions related to their treatment. It is an important component of modern medical ethics, which has received much interest in current literature. However, the rate of participation of patients and their willingness to participate are variable according to the cultural, social and family environments in which they are inserted. The aim of this paper is to promote a brief descriptive review on autonomy, the preferences of patients and the use of informed consent as an instrument for the exercise of autonomy in literature, and to stress the lack of debate, as well as the pressing need for discussion of these current issues nationwide.

Kommunikaatio ja tiedonsiirto etätyössä

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää etätyönteon vaikutuksia kommunikaatioon ja tiedonsiirtoon. Teoriaosuudessa tutkitaan akateemista keskustelua aiemmin mainittujen aiheiden parissa. Tutkimus on laadultaan kvalitatiivinen ja se toteutettiin puolistrukturoiduilla teemahaastatteluilla. Tutkimuksen havainnot noudattivat pitkälti teoriaosuudessa esiin nousseita linjoja, mutta muun muassa inhimillisten tekijöiden merkitys kommunikaatiohalukkuuteen nousi vahvasti esiin. Tämän lisäksi etätyön ajallisella määrällä, etätyönteon sijainnilla sekä yleisellä organisaatiotasoisella suhtautumisella etätyöhön todettiin olevan merkitystä kommunikaation ja siten myös tiedonsiirron laatuun, tiheyteen ja määrään.

Current status of the waste-to-energy chain in the County of North Savo, Finland

The aim of this report is to describe the current status of the waste-to-energy chain in the province of Northern Savonia in Finland. This work is part of the Baltic Sea Region Programme project Remowe-Regional Mobilizing of Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Production (2009-2012). Partnering regions across Baltic Sea countries have parallelly investigated the current status, bottle-necks and needs for development in their regions. Information about the current status is crucial for the further work within the Remowe project, e.g. in investigating the possible future status in target regions. Ultimate result from the Northern Savonia point of view will be a regional model which utilizes all available information and facilitates decision-making concerning energy utilization of waste. The report contains information on among others: - waste management system (sources, amounts, infrastructure) - energy system (use, supply, infrastructure) - administrative structure and legislation - actors and stakeholders in the waste-to-energy field, including interest and development ideas The current status of the regions will be compared in a separate Remowe report, with the focus on finding best practices that could be transferred among the regions. In this report, the current status has been defined as 2006-2009. In 2009, the municipal waste amount per capita was 479 kg/inhabitant in Finland. Industrial waste amounted 3550 kg/inhabitant, respectively. The potential bioenergy from biodegradable waste amounts 1 MWh/inhabitant in Northern Savonia. This figure includes animal manure, crops that would be suitable for energy use, sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants and separately collected biowaste. A key strategy influencing also to Remowe work is the waste plan for Eastern Finland. Currently there operate two digestion plants in Northern Savonia: Lehtoniemi municipal sewage treatment sludge digestion plant of Kuopion Vesi and the farm-scale research biogas plant of Agrifood Research Finland in Maaninka. Moreover, landfill gas is collected to energy use from Heinälamminrinne waste management centre and Silmäsuo closed landfill site, both belonging to Jätekukko Oy. Currently there is no thermal utilization of waste in Northern Savonia region. However, Jätekukko Oy is pretreating mixed waste and delivering refuse derived fuel (RDF) to Southern Finland to combustion. There is a strong willingness among seven regional waste management companies in Eastern Finland to build a waste incineration plant to Riikinneva waste management centre near city of Varkaus. The plant would use circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. This would been a clear boost in waste-to-energy utilization in Northern Savonia and in many surrounding regions.

Työtyytyväisyyden vaikutus henkilöstön sitoutumiseen ja kehittymishalukkuuteen

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää millainen yhteys työtyytyväisyydellä on henkilöstön sitoutumiseen ja kehittymishalukkuuteen. Empiirinen osuus toteutettiin kvantitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää käyttäen. Tutkimuksen kohdeorganisaationa oli valtionhallinnon eräs organisaatio, jonka työtyytyväisyyskyselyn aineistoa käytettiin tutkimusaineistona. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että työtyytyväisyydellä on positiivinen yhteys sitoutumiseen sekä kehittymishalukkuuteen. Työtyytyväisyyden osa-alueista osaamisen johtaminen nousi kaikkein merkitsevimmäksi sitoutumisen ja kehittymishalukkuuden selittäjänä. Myös tyytyväisyyden palkitsemiseen havaittiin olevan tilastollisesti merkitsevä sitoutumisen ja kehittymishalukkuuden selittäjänä. Tutkimuksen mukaan tyytyväisyys työolosuhteisiin oli vain sitoutumisen selittäjänä merkitsevä.

The Impact of National Innovation System on Entrepreneurial Venture Creation Process

The important role of entrepreneurship in countries’ economic development and overall society well-being is widely recognized by researchers, experts as well as policy makers. Every phase of the process of starting a new business is related to the interaction with at least one player of country innovation system and therefore the efficiency of this interaction may have an influence on the success of whole entrepreneurial process and consequently on the willingness of potential entrepreneurs to engage into this process. The study proposes a System Dynamics model for studying the impact of National Innovation System (NIS) on the entrepreneurial venture creation process. The developed model also takes country population aspect into account and provides results for estimation the effect various demographic tendencies on the process performance. The special impact is made on possible ways to facilitate the development of entrepreneurial framework conditions. Business incubators are seen as one of the effective tool for accomplishing such task. The study also provides the result for estimation of possible impact arising from properly functioned Business Incubators.

Avainasiakastoiminta teollisuusmarkkinoinnissa - tapaustutkimus

Supplier companies on industrial marketing have recognized good customer-supplier relationship improve retention, customer loyalty and competitiveness of the companies. This is the key reason for initiation of key account management. Another key reason for key account management is globalization of the customer, because then suppliers have to serve custo-mers all over the world in a coordinated way. This study aimed to identify and understand the success factors of the key account management in order to find out how to improve key account management of the target company. The additional aims were to explore the benefits of the key account management from the point of supplier and customer, and to find out how to measure those. This qualitative study utilizes a case study approach. Semi structured interviews with one supplier company in technology sector and one key account company in forest industry were conducted and content analyzed. The challenges of the key account management of supplier company were related to internal organization and the role of key account management in the company. Benefits cited for key account management were easiness of the business from the customer point of view, strengthened business from the supplier point of view, and deepened relationship because of the increased trust. Key success factors for the key account management were the key account manager and suitability and willingness of the customer for the key account management. Sales volumes, profitability, development of the market share were identified as sui-table values for measuring the success of the key account management. Development proposals for the key account management of the supplier company were presented on the report and those are: role of the key account management, the role of the key account manager, nature and selection of the key accounts, measuring of the key account management and corporate wide customer relationship database.

Supplier Segmentation for Nordic Petrochemical Industry

Objective of this thesis was to map possibilities for systematic supplier management in field of chemical process industry. Through this study it was aimed to develop a tool for supplier management that could be integrated with operations in business unit. With developed tool suppliers should be able to be segmented based on their willingness and capability, and segmentation could be applied in purchasing decisions. In this thesis there was made a survey of methods that are recognized in literature to manage and allocate suppliers. This thesis recognizes segmentation as a method to group and select suppliers in procurement. Based on literature, a proposal for segmentation framework and evaluation criteria factors will be constituted. Based on theoretical proposal, in an expertise workshop a final segmentation framework was constituted, which covers segments with descriptions and evaluation part. Evaluation part includes an evaluation framework which helps to score suppliers with selected factors and leads to total grades in willingness and capability. These total grades will be the coordinates and they determine the segment where the supplier under evaluation belongs. In this thesis segments definitions, objectives, and road maps will be described.

Ympäristöjärjestelmän rakentaminen ja sen haasteet Lappeenrannan teknillisellä yliopistolla

Lappeenrannan teknilliselle yliopistolle on rakennettu ISO14001-mukaista ympäristöjärjestelmää. Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan rakentamisen vaiheita sekä etsitään ratkaisuja rakentamisen aikana ilmeneviin haasteisiin. Teoriaosassa keskitytään ympäristö- ja kestävän kehityksen toimintaan yliopistoissa sekä ISO14001-standardin mukaisiin ympäristöjärjestelmiin. Ympäristöjärjestelmää rakennettaessa luodaan ympäristöpolitiikka sekä arvioidaan ja valitaan yliopiston merkittävimmät ympäristönäkökohdat. Näkökohdille luodaan päämäärät, tavoitteet ja ohjelmat. Lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan lakisääteisiä vaatimuksia ja luodaan menetelmiä dokumentointiin, koulutukseen, poikkeamien havainnointiin ja sisäiseen auditointiin. Yliopistolle on mahdollista rakentaa toimiva ympäristöjärjestelmä, mutta se vaatii aika- ja taloudellisten resurssien lisäksi myös vahvan tuen ylimmältä johdolta sekä halua ajaa muutos organisaatioon.

Generating competitive advantage through competitor information systems

This pro gradu –thesis discusses generating competitive advantage through competitor information systems. The structure of this thesis follows the structure of the WCA model by Alter (1996). In the WCA model, business process is influenced by three separate but connected elements: information, technology, and process participants. The main research question is how competitor information can be incorporated into or made into a tool creating competitive advantage. Research subquestions are: How does competitor information act as a part of the business process creating competitive advantage? How is a good competitor information system situated and structured in an organisation? How can management help information generate competitive advantage in the business process with participants, information, and technology? This thesis discusses each of the elements separate, but the elements are connected to each other and to competitive advantage. Information is discussed by delving into competitor information and competitor analysis. Competitive intelligence and competitor analysis requires commitment throughout the organisation, including top management, the desire to perform competitive intelligence and the desire to use the end products of that competitive intelligence. In order to be successful, systematic competitive intelligence and competitor analysis require vision, willingness to strive for the goals set, and clear strategies to proceed. Technology is discussed by taking a look into the function of the competitor information systems play and the place they occupy within an organization. In addition, there is discussion about the basic infrastructure of competitor information systems, and the problems competitor information systems can have plaguing them. In order for competitor information systems to be useful and worthy of the resources it takes to develop and maintain them, competitor information systems require on-going resource allocation and high quality information. In order for competitor information systems justify their existence business process participants need to maintain and utilize competitor information systems on all levels. Business process participants are discussed through management practices. This thesis discusses way to manage information, technology, and process participants, when the goal is to generate competitive advantage through competitor information systems. This is possible when information is treated as a resource with value, technology requires strategy in order to be successful within an organization, and process participants are an important resource. Generating competitive advantage through competitor information systems is possible when the elements of information, technology, and business process participants all align advantageously.