Análise do comportamento higrotérmico em regime variável de paredes sujeitas à acção da chuva incidente

A crise económica e social que assola Portugal desde 2008 e o aumento da exigência do nível de qualidade de vida dos utilizadores dos imóveis deram origem a um aumento de investimento na área de reabilitação de edifícios. A informação recolhida a partir dos Censos de 2011 mostra que existem cerca de dois milhões de imóveis, correspondentes a 34% do parque habitacional nacional, que necessitam de recuperação. Este facto ilustra bem a importância da aposta na reabilitação de edifícios no mercado português. A presente dissertação procura dar resposta a algumas das questões levantadas pela reabilitação de edifícios, nomeadamente em edifícios com paredes de tijolo maciço, através da análise higrotérmica de várias soluções construtivas que têm como camada de suporte o tijolo maciço, recorrendo ao programa WUFI® 4.2 - PRO. O WUFI® 4.2 - PRO foi um programa construído pelo Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics que permite simular o transporte simultâneo de calor e de humidade unidimensional em elementos construtivos com várias camadas. Em primeiro lugar estudou-se o elemento construtivo com face à vista de modo a averiguar a influência da camada de tijolo maciço, seguindo-se uma análise à influência da espessura desta camada. Em segundo lugar analisou-se a influência do reboco exterior, interior e em ambas as faces na camada de tijolo maciço, tendo este estudo incluído argamassa de cal, de cal e cimento, e de cimento. Em terceiro lugar são analisadas as alterações que uma reabilitação térmica pelo interior ou pelo exterior impõem numa parede de tijolo maciço. Por último quantificou-se a diferença entre o coeficiente de transmissão térmica calculado em regime permanente e em regime variável, tendo esta análise sido efectuada para todos os elementos construtivos simulados na presente dissertação. O estudo desenvolvido permitiu corroborar o facto de que a chuva incidente é a principal responsável pelo transporte de humidade no interior do elemento construtivo, e que a quantidade de chuva incidente absorvida pela superfície exterior do elemento influencia tanto o fluxo de difusão como o fluxo capilar. As análises efectuadas permitiram clarificar a importância da camada de reboco. O reboco exterior diminui a quantidade de humidade na camada de tijolo maciço, enquanto o reboco interior implica um aumento. A aplicação de reboco em ambas as faces implica uma quantidade de humidade na camada de tijolo superior à aplicação apenas de reboco exterior. Dos rebocos analisados o único que não implica um aumento da quantidade de humidade é o reboco de cimento. Conclui-se que na aplicação de isolamento pelo exterior o reboco aplicado nas faces da camada de suporte não influencia de forma significativa o comportamento do elemento construtivo. No entanto, o mesmo não pode ser afirmado para a aplicação de isolamento pelo interior, já que o reboco exterior é principal responsável pela quantidade de humidade no elemento construtivo.

O sigilo bancário e a fraude fiscal

Tax evasion and fraud threaten the economic and social objectives of modern tax systems, precluding the state funding for the satisfaction of collective needs and the fair distribution of wealth, being a violation of basic principles and values of our society. In tax law, to give tax administration the necessary powers to supervise and control the information provided by taxpayers and combat tax evasion and fraud, over the last years the grounds for a derogation of bank secrecy without judicial authorization have been extended, which raises some constitutional compatibility issues. Similarly, this tendency of making this legal regime more flexible and increasing automatic exchange of information has been followed by the European Union and the international community. Banking secrecy, as a professional secrecy, is an instrument to protect the right to privacy but also appears as an anti-abuse and repressive mechanism of evasive and fraudulent behaviors. Because of the conflict of interests will always be necessary to make a practical agreement between them, ensuring the legality and the due guarantees of the taxpayers but also an effective way to combat tax evasion and fraud. Bank secrecy cannot be one method to, behind the right to privacy, taxpayers practice illegal activities. But the practice of these irregular conducts also does not justify a total annihilation of the right to banking secrecy, uncovering all documents and bank information’s. Although considering the legislative changes, the administrative derogation of bank secrecy will always be what the tax administration does of it.

Aplicação do novo regime de produção distribuída de eletricidade renovável

A necessidade de reduzir a dependência energética externa de Portugal e contribuir para a mitigação das alterações climáticas, passa por uma aposta na produção de energia elétrica com origem em fontes renováveis. O elevado número de horas de Sol disponíveis e a redução dos custos dos painéis fotovoltaicos, atingindo-se a paridade em relação aos custos de compra de eletricidade pelo consumidor, tornou o aproveitamento doméstico da energia solar particularmente atraente. Nos anos recentes, face ao elevado défice tarifário, o Governo mudou a sua política de tarifas garantidas para produção de eletricidade renovável e a sua injeção na rede, substituindo-a pelo conceito de autoconsumo. Trata-se duma oportunidade estratégica que reduz o transporte de eletricidade e promove uma produção descentralizada, mas que implica um conhecimento detalhado da procura, incentivando o consumidor a gerir melhor a energia em sua casa. O presente estudo avalia a aplicação deste novo regime de produção distribuída de eletricidade renovável segundo duas abordagens. A primeira teve em conta uma amostragem muito simples dos consumos mínimos em moradias e apartamentos no Monte de Caparica, nas horas de maior produção de energia fotovoltaica. A segunda abordagem baseou-se em perfis individualizados de consumo de eletricidade para uma amostra de 19 moradias da cidade de Évora durante o ano de 2014. Foram calculados diversos parâmetros para três potências diferentes de painéis fotovoltaicos (200 Wp, 250 Wp e 500 Wp) tais como a produção fotovoltaica utilizada, poupança, gastos e período de retorno do investimento. O período de retorno teve por base preços de mercado de painéis fotovoltaicos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar a melhor solução em termos de custo para cada moradia. Constatou-se que as potências dos painéis que melhor se adequavam às moradias estudadas são 250 Wp e 500 Wp com percentagens de utilização da eletricidade produzida acima dos 80%. As poupanças potenciais no consumo total de eletricidade situam-se entre os 7% e os 30% e os períodos de retorno do investimento entre os cinco e os doze anos.

Switching mode power amplifier for bluetooth applications

Modern fully integrated transceivers architectures, require circuits with low area, low cost, low power, and high efficiency. A key block in modern transceivers is the power amplifier, which is deeply studied in this thesis. First, we study the implementation of a classical Class-A amplifier, describing the basic operation of an RF power amplifier, and analysing the influence of the real models of the reactive components in its operation. Secondly, the Class-E amplifier is deeply studied. The different types of implementations are reviewed and theoretical equations are derived and compared with simulations. There were selected four modes of operation for the Class-E amplifier, in order to perform the implementation of the output stage, and the subsequent comparison of results. This led to the selection of the mode with the best trade-off between efficiency and harmonics distortion, lower power consumption and higher output power. The optimal choice was a parallel circuit containing an inductor with a finite value. To complete the implementation of the PA in switching mode, a driver was implemented. The final block (output stage together with the driver) got 20 % total efficiency (PAE) transmitting 8 dBm output power to a 50 W load with a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 3 % and a total consumption of 28 mW. All implementations are designed using standard 130 nm CMOS technology. The operating frequency is 2.4 GHz and it was considered an 1.2 V DC power supply. The proposed circuit is intended to be used in a Bluetooth transmitter, however, it has a wider range of applications.

Primary lymphoma of the liver treated by extended hepatectomy and chemotherapy: a case report

Primary lymphoma of the liver is an extremely rare entity. A case of anaplastic large B-cell (both CD-20 and lambda positive) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that was confined to the liver in a 33-year-old man is reported. The patient was treated with an extended right hepatectomy and combination chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone. The patient was disease free 24 months after the procedure.

Prognostic factors in locally advanced colon cancer treated by extended resection

The impact of clinical, pathologic, and surgical variables on the postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival of patients undergoing extended resections of colon carcinoma were evaluated. METHODS: The medical records of 95 patients who underwent extended resections for colon carcinoma between 1953 and 1996 were reviewed. In all cases, in addition to colectomy, 1 or more organs and/or structures were resected en bloc due to a macroscopically based suspicion of tumor invasion. The clinical, pathologic, and surgical parameters were analyzed. Overall survival rates were analyzed according to the method of Kaplan and Meier. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were treated by curative surgeries and the remaining by palliative resections. Invasion of the organs and/or adjacent structures and regional lymph nodes was found microscopically in 48 and 31 patients, respectively. The median follow-up without postoperative mortality was 47.7 months. The 5-year overall survival rates was 52.6%. The 5-year overall survival rates for patients undergoing curative and palliative surgeries was 58.3% and 0%, respectively. The mean survival time in the palliative surgery group was 3.1 months. Multivariate analysis showed that Karnofsky performance status was strongly related to the risk of postoperative complications (P = .01), and postoperative deaths were associated with the type of surgery and Karnofsky performance status at the time of admission (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Some patients with locally advanced colon adenocarcinomas undergoing extended resections have a 5-year overall survival rates of 58.3%. Patients could benefit from palliative-intent procedures, but these measures should cautiously be indicated and avoided in patients with low Karnofsky performance status due to high rates of postoperative mortality and poor survival.

O regime penal das imunidades dos titulares dos órgãos políticos de soberania

Portugal is one of the countries that has a constitutional regime of immunity. This protects certain individuals in political positions from prosecution under the law. These individuals are said to have a privileged status when compared to ordinary citizens. The purpose of this study is to examine the immunities enjoyed by President, the members of Parliament and the government ministers. The regime of immunities can be found to generate a certain sense of injustice and feelings of mistrust since the individual can not, albeit temporarily, be held criminally responsible for criminal conduct. It is urgent, therefore, to find a consistent justification with the principles and values of the Criminal Law. The Parliament is the place of the exercise of democratic power and, therefore, a member of Parliament assumes a central position in parliamentary activity. For this reason, it will be necessary to determine analysis to determine the meaning the prerogative of criminal irresponsibility. One question that must be asked is to know how the dogmatic plan that the immunities of the political organs of sovereignty must be seen.

Processo especial de revitalização

The following report aims to present the internship developed under the Master in Legal Sciences Business in the Legal Affairs management of Caixa Geral de Depósitos S.A. Activities were developed in the field of Banking Law, focusing on the Special Revitalization Process. The aim of these activities was to promote the construction of a study that, apart from its doctrinal and jurisprudential research, also excels in the practical adequacy of the regime lectured. The revitalizing effectiveness of the Special Revitalization Process is erected in the Article 17-E, nº 1, which establishes a series of procedural – stand still effects - which aim to allow the debtor "breathing space", ie, a period during which creditors are prevented from setting up "actions for debt collection" against him, suspending the pending actions with identical purposes. Therefore, this report essentially studies these effects, considering "actions in debt collection" executive actions that are intended to recover a debt of any kind, including anticipatory precautionary procedures of an action of this nature. In addition, it is necessary to set boundaries temporally and subjectively to the standstill period, understanding that this period should be extended beyond the legally established period, in order to preserve the ratio of the process, concretely, until the recovery plan effects. In turn, we understand that the standstill effects only apply to the established material in connection with the debtor, remaining the rights of creditors unaffected over the ones of the guarantors and debtors.

Fuel switching

The present Master dissertation is a project whose main objective is to identify value creation opportunities through fuel switching in the Portuguese industry, services, agriculture and fishing sectors. Fuel switching opportunities are characterized by type of fuel transition, type of technology transition, economy subsectors prone to have fuel switching and value created through fuel shift. Results suggest tomato concentrate, dairy, beer manufacturing and sugar refining subsectors is where prevalence of fuel oil steam boilers is high, for such cases conversion to natural gas steam boilers should result in operations having a ratio of NPV over CAPEX larger than ten and a payback period just under one year. Results further suggest food, beverages, textile, chemicals and wood subsectors currently operate between ten and twenty cogeneration Diesel engines that can be either modified to operate with natural gas or replaced by new natural gas cogeneration systems. Financial modeling indicates that both options have great value creation potential. The current analysis aims to be used by natural gas suppliers and energy project promoters to identify new potential deals as well as by heavy energy consumers to mitigate their energy related costs.

A prestação de contas e o regime especial da invalidade das deliberações

The obligation of accountability, or the need to make known the economic and financial state of the companies, ceased to be a purely internal activity, becoming a necessity of a general nature. The knowledge of the financial state of the companies, wich is provided by accountability documents, reveals more and more elementary for all interested in the results obtained, whether in terms of profitability, either with a view to assessing the economic and financial health of the companies. This essay aims to a deeper analysis to matters of accountability, in particular, to the special invalidity scheme of corporate resolutions, wich is enshrined in art. 69º of Portuguese Companies Code. We chose to reference the accrual basis accounts approval, through the analysis of financial statements, laying down a set of principles and criteria applicable to different entities. After consideration of the special scheme versed in art. 69º, we conclude there is a certain ambiguity in the adoption of the criteria do delimit each of the hypotheses of the precept, since the legislator uses indeterminate concepts. Nevertheless, if there is a rule, this will be the annulment, and only exceptionally will apply the nullity scheme, where there is injury to the public interest and the interests of the creditors.

REGIME DE RADIAÇÃO SOLAR E CARACTERÍSTICAS DA VEGETAÇÃO - MODELOS DE INVERSÃO.

Um tratamento do regime de radiação no interior de florestas em conexão com a inversão de modelos matemáticos para estimar as características da vegetação (densidade de área foliar, LAI, etc.) é apresentado e discutido neste estudo. Medidas de radiação solar (PAR) realizadas no período de janeiro a abril de 1994 na Reserva Florestal Ducke (Manaus, AM) foram utilizadas para testar o algoritmo resultante e a distribuição vertical de área foliar para a vegetação local foi estabelecida.

Modificações do microclima e regime hidrológico devido ao desmatamento na Amazônia: estudo de um caso em Rondônia (Ro), Brasil

As mudanças no microclima e no balanço hídrico devido ao desmatamento na Amazônia (região de Ji-Paraná-RO) foram estudadas com dados meteorológicos coletados de janeiro/92 até outubro/93, em sítios experimentais de floresta tropical e de pastagem. Observou-se que a troca de vegetação (desmatamento) reduz a precipitação total em 10%, diminui a evapotranspiração real de 24% e também apresenta uma maior amplitude térmica da temperatura do ar de 1,6 °C. A análise do balanço hídrico mostra claramente que a floresta tropical consegue extrair mais água do que o sítio de pastagem durante a estação seca, embora os dois sítios possuam comportamentos similares durante a estação chuvosa.

Caracterização do regime pluviométrico da região do projeto Rio Formoso na bacia do Araguaia, to., Brasil

A caracterização do regime pluviométrico é fundamental para a tomada de decisão junto às práticas agrícolas para a safra e entresafra, no município de Formoso do Araguaia - TO. Foram obtidos dados diários de precipitação pluviométrica no período de 1981 a 1997, excluídos os anos de 1991, 1992 e 1993, totalizando 14 anos de observações. Os dados foram analisados via sistemas ANFLPLUVIE.EXE e Chuva (Assad et al, 1994). Analisou-se as precipitações médias anuais e mensais; as frequências mensais, quinzenais e decendiais em 20%, 50% e 80% de probabilidade de ocorrência e a quantificação e frequência dos veranicos. A precipitação média anual foi de 1.675,7 mm; e a precipitação média mensal do período chuvoso foi maior em dezembro (330,9 mm) e menor em abril (109,3 mm), 95,16% das chuvas na região ocorreram entre os meses de outubro a abril; em 85,71% dos anos observados, o índice pluviométrico foi superior a 1.000 mm anuais.

Implementation and comparison of different switching techniques for shunt active power filters

This paper presents a comparison between three switching techniques that can be used in three-phase four-wire Shunt Active Power Filters (SAPFs). The implemented switching techniques are: Periodic-Sampling (PS), Triangular Carrier Pulse-Width Modulation (TC-PWM) and Space Vector PWM (SVPWM). The comparison between them is made in terms of the compensated currents THD%, implementation complexity, necessary CPU time and SAPF efficiency. To perform this comparison are presented and analyzed several experimental results, obtained with a 20 kVA Shunt Active Power Filter prototype, specially developed for this purpose. The control system of the developed SAPF is based in the p-q Theory with a grid synchronization algorithm p-PLL.