Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Spain. A Quantitative Analysis

A growing number of authors have been suggesting the necessary incorporation of children in the analysis of gender violence and, specifically, in the analysis of intimate partner violence against women (IPV). Such incorporation would be relevant not only for reducing children's invisibility and vulnerability, but also for achieving a better understanding of the characteristics and dynamics of IPV. Based on these considerations, we present in this paper the results of a secondary analysis applied to the data obtained in the last Spanish Survey on Violence Against Women. The available information allows us to analyze: 1) the presence of children exposed to IPV, 2) the relationship between this presence and the probability of reporting the violence, and 3) women's perception about the parental role of the aggressors.

Infancia y violencia de género: cuantificación y percepciones

Cada vez más autores destacan la necesaria incorporación de la infancia en el estudio de la violencia de género y, en concreto, de la violencia contra la mujer por parte del compañero íntimo (VCI). Tal incorporación puede facilitar no sólo una menor invisibilidad y desprotección de niños y niñas, sino también una mejor comprensión de la propia violencia, sus características y dinámicas. Partiendo de estas consideraciones, en este artículo se presentan los resultados de un análisis secundario de los datos obtenidos en la última macroencuesta sobre violencia contra las mujeres en España. La información disponible permite analizar: 1) la presencia de menores expuestos a VCI; 2) la posible relación entre esta presencia y la formulación de denuncias; y 3) la percepción que tienen las mujeres víctimas de VCI en torno al rol parental de los agresores.

L'expérience d'être parent d'un enfant polyhandicapé hébergé

L'hébergement d'un enfant polyhandicapé, c'est-à-dire un enfant présentant une association de déficience motrice et intellectuelle sévère et profonde, est existant au Québec et peu connu de la population. Jusqu’à maintenant, les savoirs sur l’hébergement pédiatrique et l’expérience des parents sont peu nombreux et ne permettent pas de guider le développement d’interventions infirmières adaptées aux besoins des parents. Pour pallier cette situation, une étude d’inspiration phénoménologique a été effectuée afin d’explorer la signification de l’expérience d’être parent d’un enfant polyhandicapé hébergé en établissement de longue durée pédiatrique. Sept entretiens semi-structurés individuels ont été réalisés avec le parent d’un enfant polyhandicapé hébergé dans un établissement pédiatrique de la grande région montréalaise. Afin d’adopter une vision systémique et contextuelle au domaine des sciences infirmières, l’approche systémique familiale selon le modèle de Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) a été utilisée comme cadre de référence. Cette étude d’inspiration phénoménologique a permis de faire émerger trois thèmes quant au phénomène à l’étude, soit : a) héberger son enfant : une décision difficile à accepter, b) la signification de l’hébergement : une expérience tant positive que négative et c) la réappropriation du rôle de parent. Cette étude novatrice permet de fournir des résultats inédits sur l’expérience d’être parent d’un enfant gravement handicapé hébergé. Ils permettent aussi de mettre en évidence les sentiments des parents, leurs impressions et l’adaptation de leur rôle parental lorsque leur enfant est hébergé. Ces résultats pourront influencer ou guider les infirmières dans l’application quotidienne d’interventions familiales adaptées et personnalisées au besoin des parents vivant une situation semblable.

L'expérience d'être parent d'un enfant polyhandicapé hébergé.

L'hébergement d'un enfant polyhandicapé, c'est-à-dire un enfant présentant une association de déficience motrice et intellectuelle sévère et profonde, est existant au Québec et peu connu de la population. Jusqu’à maintenant, les savoirs sur l’hébergement pédiatrique et l’expérience des parents sont peu nombreux et ne permettent pas de guider le développement d’interventions infirmières adaptées aux besoins des parents. Pour pallier cette situation, une étude d’inspiration phénoménologique a été effectuée afin d’explorer la signification de l’expérience d’être parent d’un enfant polyhandicapé hébergé en établissement de longue durée pédiatrique. Sept entretiens semi-structurés individuels ont été réalisés avec le parent d’un enfant polyhandicapé hébergé dans un établissement pédiatrique de la grande région montréalaise. Afin d’adopter une vision systémique et contextuelle au domaine des sciences infirmières, l’approche systémique familiale selon le modèle de Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) a été utilisée comme cadre de référence. Cette étude d’inspiration phénoménologique a permis de faire émerger trois thèmes quant au phénomène à l’étude, soit : a) héberger son enfant : une décision difficile à accepter, b) la signification de l’hébergement : une expérience tant positive que négative et c) la réappropriation du rôle de parent. Cette étude novatrice permet de fournir des résultats inédits sur l’expérience d’être parent d’un enfant gravement handicapé hébergé. Ils permettent aussi de mettre en évidence les sentiments des parents, leurs impressions et l’adaptation de leur rôle parental lorsque leur enfant est hébergé. Ces résultats pourront influencer ou guider les infirmières dans l’application quotidienne d’interventions familiales adaptées et personnalisées au besoin des parents vivant une situation semblable.

Reflexão sobre a parentalidade em contexto comunitário

O experimento da parentalidade vai ser sempre único, seja o primeiro filho ou não, a experiência vai reger-se pela individualidade de cada criança e também pelas experiências vividas pelos pais. Deste modo, muitas vezes os pais não se sentem preparados, ou encontram dificuldades e inseguranças nesta tarefa. De acordo com Santos e Morais (s/data) a falta de preparação e as inseguranças que os levam a cometer erros na parentalidade podem advir de falta de experiência própria, ou então das falhas nos métodos e técnicas. Contudo, o papel dos pais é fundamental para o desenvolvimento da criança, tal como a família. A parentalidade pode ser encarada pelo adulto como sendo um desafio, e como sendo o mais exigente, sendo assim, também o que lhe irá proporcionar mais satisfação. Este desafio vai carecer que o adulto se aplique psicologicamente, fisicamente e intelectualmente. Ao viver a parentalidade, cada pai/mãe, vai experienciar o seu papel de diversas formas e deste modo, os pais vão avaliar o seu próprio desempenho, permitindo que estes se sintam mais ou menos competentes. Ao avaliar as suas competências e falhas como pais, permite que haja um bom ajuste ao papel parental e permite uma abertura a práticas parentais positivas. Os recentes problemas económicos que atravessam o país, têm vindo a constituir-se como um fator de mudanças na família. Neste contexto, diversas instituições de apoio comunitário, propõem-se a um acompanhamento e intervenção a nível parental e familiar. Deste modo, o presente estudo debruçou-se em compreender as necessidades das famílias acompanhadas em contexto social e comunitário numa IPSS, de forma a possibilitar um planeamento de uma intervenção mais adequada e eficaz, que lhes permita uma melhoria da qualidade da vida familiar. Pretende-se assim, dar resposta a determinadas questões como: Qual o estilo parental mais evidente nos agregados familiares; Quais os principais problemas familiares; quais as maiores dúvidas dos pais/tutores; Qual o modelo de intervenção em Educação parental mais apropriado; qual o nível de intervenção e finalmente que tipo de intervenção será a mais adequada.

Parental physical activity : exploring the role of social support

Objectives: To explore the influence of social support on parental physical activity (PA). Methods: Forty parents (21 mothers, 19 fathers) participated in semistructured individual or group interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis.---------- Results: Instrumental (eg, providing child care, taking over chores), emotional (eg, encouragement, companionship), and informational support (eg, ideas and advice) as well as reciprocal support (eg, giving as well as receiving support) and autonomy support (eg, respecting one’s choices) are important for parents’ PA behavior. However, having support for being active is not straightforward in that many parents discussed issues that inhibited the facilitative nature of social support for PA performance (eg, guilt in getting help). Conclusions: Results highlight the complex nature of social support in facilitating parental PA.

Understanding parental physical activity : meanings, habits, and social role influence

Objectives: The research aimed to explore parents’ understandings of physical activity (PA), patterns of PA-related behaviour, and how constructions of social role expectations might influence their PA behaviour. Design and Method: Using a qualitative descriptive design and adopting a social constructionism approach to broaden interpretations of parents’ understandings, 40 adults (21 mothers, 19 fathers; aged 23 to 49 years) living in South East Queensland, Australia participated in semi-structured individual and group interviews. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Parents had clear understandings of what constitutes PA and engaged in various activities which were integrated with or independent of the children. Being active with children, however, was not always constructed favourably in which many parents described the difficulties of being active with their children. All individuals experienced changes in their PA behaviours after having children. For most, a decline in PA level, intensity, and structure was experienced; however, some did experience parenthood as a time to be active. A level of acceptance for the lack of activity performed was also expressed as were feelings of resentment and envy for those who maintained previous activity habits. Parenting and partner roles were considered most influential on PA-related behaviour and were constructed in ways that had both positive and negative influences on activity performance. Parents, however, were empowered to construct strategies to resolve conflicts between social role performance and being active. Conclusion: Results show that parents experience unique difficulties that intervention work should consider when designing programs aimed at increasing parental PA.

Pondering policy and parental perspectives : how parents view their role in shaping early childhood public policy

The focus of this paper is the role of Australian parents in early childhood education and care (ECEC), in particular, their role in shaping ECEC public policy. The paper reports the findings of a study investigating the different ways in which a group of parents viewed and experienced this role. Set against a policy backdrop where parents are positioned as 'consumers' and 'participants' in ECEC, the study employed a phenomenographic research approach to describe this role as viewed and experienced by parents. The study identified four logically related, qualitatively different ways of constituting this role among this group of parents, ranging from 'no role in shaping public policy' (the no role conception) to 'participating in policy decision-making, particularly where policy was likely to affect their child and family (the participating in policy decision-making conception). The study provides an insider-perspective on the role of parents in shaping policy and highlights variation in how this role is constituted by parents. The study also identifies factors perceived by parents as influencing their participation and discusses their implications for both policy and practice.

Understanding Parental Influence on Educational Outcomes Among 9 Year Olds in Ireland: The Mediating Role of Resources, Attitudes and Children's Own Perspectives

The relationship between parental background and children's educational outcomes has been a dominant theme within the sociology of education. There has been an on-going debate as to the relative merits of explanations which focus on the role of socio-cultural reproduction and those which focus on rational choice. However, many empirical studies within the social stratification tradition fail to allow for children's own agency in shaping the relationship between social background and schooling outcomes. This paper draws on the first wave of a large-scale longitudinal study of over 8,000 nine-year-old children in Ireland, which combines information from parents, school principals, teachers and children themselves. Both social class and parental education are found to have significant effects on reading and mathematics test scores among nine year olds. These effects are partly mediated by home-based educational resources and activities, parents' educational expectations for their child, and parents' formal involvement in the school. More importantly, children's own engagement with, and attitudes to, school significantly influence their academic performance. The influence of children's own attitudes and actions can thus reinforce or mitigate the effect of social background factors. The analysis therefore provides a bridge between the large body of research on the intergenerational transmission of inequality and the emerging research and policy literature on children's rights.

The role of parental investments for cognitive and noncognitive skill formation : evidence for the first 11 years of life. 'El papel de la influencia de los padres en el desarrollo cognitivo y la formación de habilidades cognitivas : evidencias de los primeros 11 años de vida'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Children's Vocabulary Development : The role of parental input, vocabulary composition and early communicative skills

The aim of this thesis is to examine the early vocabulary development of a sample of Swedish children in relation to parental input and early communicative skills. Three studies are situated in an overall description of early language development in children. The data analyzed in the thesis was collected within a larger project at Stockholm University (SPRINT- “Effects of enhanced parental input on young children’s vocabulary development and subsequent literacy development” [VR 2008-5094]). Data analysis was based on parental report via SECDI, the Swedish version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, and audio recordings. One study examined parental verbal interaction characteristics in three groups of children with varying vocabulary size at 18 months. The stability of vocabulary development at 18 and 24 months was investigated in a larger study, with focus on children’s vocabulary composition and grammatical abilities. The third study examined interrelations among early gestures, receptive and productive vocabulary, and grammar measured with M3L, i.e. three longest utterances, from 12 to 30 months. Overall results of the thesis highlight the importance of early language development. Variability in different characteristics in parental input is associated with variability in child vocabulary size. Children with large early vocabularies exhibit the most stability in vocabulary composition and the earliest grammatical development. Children’s vocabulary composition may reflect individual stylistic variation. Use of early gestures is associated differentially with receptive and productive vocabulary. Results of the thesis have implications for parents, child- and healthcare personnel, as well as researchers and educational practitioners. The results underscore the importance of high quality in adult-child interaction, with rich input fine-tuned to children’s developmental levels and age, together with high awareness of early language development.

Determinants of blood pressure in preschool children: the role of parental smoking

Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although accumulating evidence suggests tracking of blood pressure from childhood into adult life, there is little information regarding the relative contributions of genetic, prenatal, biological, behavioral, environmental, and social determinants to childhood blood pressure.