Análisis de la cultura de género en el ámbito educativo

El estudio del sexismo en el contexto educativo tiene una enorme importancia debido a que sus consecuencias se traducen en una educación desigual que genera inequidad en las oportunidades de desarrollo personal y social tanto de chicas y chicos. Desafortunadamente, vemos que el contexto educativo actúa como un medio más que transmite y perpetúa la condición de desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres que existe en nuestra sociedad. Sin embargo, la responsabilidad de que el contexto educativo sea un espacio que garantice la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres es mucho mayor que cualquier otro dado que existe una obligatoriedad por parte del Estado en que todos los ciudadanos y ciudadanas permanezcan durante un largo período de la vida inscritos en el sistema educativo. Además, es un período de la vida altamente condicionante para el desarrollo de la personalidad del ser humano. Como base teórica para este estudio ha sido utilizado el modelo de análisis de Cultura de Género Doing Gender, elaborado por West & Zimmerman (1986). Este modelo incorpora diferentes planos que permiten analizar los elementos que dibujan la Cultura de Género y que hemos analizado en el contexto educativo. Estos planos -sociocultural, relacional y personal- consiguen aunar todos los elementos, actores, receptores, etc., que pueden proporcionar un abordaje de la realidad educativa desde la mirada de género en la actualidad.

El profesorado de Educación Física como agente en la coeducación : actitudes y buenas prácticas para la construcción de género en la escuela.

Reconocer las actitudes del profesorado en Andalucía ante el proceso School Doing Gender (SDG). Explorar las actitudes del profesorado de Educación Física hacia la construcción de una cultura de género en la escuela. Comparar las puntuaciones obtenidas por el profesorado de Educación Física y el profesorado en general. Examinar Buenas Prácticas Coeducativas dentro del área de Educación Física. Se desarrolla con profesorado en activo y en formación universitaria de la Comunidad de Madrid y de Andalucía, sigue una metodología de investigación evaluativa, se caracteriza por una combinación de metodologías cuantitativa y cualitativa. Respecto a la metodología cuantitativa, se emplea técnicas de encuesta instrumentalizadas para la contrastación de las hipótesis comparativas y objetivos. La metodología cualitativa utiliza un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, interpretativo, crítico aplicando para ello un estudio de casos, la muestra participante corresponde a 1610 profesores y profesoras, de los cuales el 43,7 por ciento son hombres y el 56,3 por ciento son mujeres. El profesorado seleccionado imparte docencia en el 14,4 por ciento de los casos en Infantil en el 41,7 por ciento en Primaria, en el 33,7 de los casos en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y el 10,2 por ciento en Bachillerato. En cuanto al tipo de centro, el 18,3 por ciento del profesorado proviene de centros concertados y el 81,7 de centros públicos. Para la realización del estudio se utilizan diferentes recursos. Por un lado, una escala válida y fiable para la medición de las actitudes del profesorado. Por otro lado un recurso, de carácter informático para la selección y análisis estadísticos de datos. Finalmente cuenta con recursos económicos del proyecto de excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía, TEONXXI. Para la recogida de datos de la Comunidad de Madrid se realiza una estancia de investigación del profesor-autor en el Departamento de Expresión Musical y Corporal de dicha Universidad. Se ha establecido cuatro grandes líneas de conclusiones : con respecto al profesorado general, con respecto al profesorado de Educación Física, en relación a la comparativa entre ambos grupos de docentes, y finalmente sobre las buenas prácticas coeducativas en Educación Física. Con respecto al profesorado general se demuestra que el profesorado de Educación Física que participa, de una u otra, manera en actividades de coeducación, muestra actitudes más coeducativas que el profesorado que no lo hace, suele participar libremente en estas actividades el profesorado más inclinado actitudinalmente a favor de la perspectiva de genero. El profesorado de Educación Física alcanza puntuaciones que lo posicionan como un profesorado adaptativo, mientras que el profesorado general muestra una actitud coeducativa. Se confirma que existen Buenas Prácticas Coeducativas en el área de Educación Física, a pesar de que no siempre cumplen todos los criterios teóricamente establecidos para considerarlas 'Buenas Prácticas', obtienen unos beneficios positivos para la construcción de una cultura igualitaria en la escuela. Por un lado da visibilidad a las desigualdades y discriminaciones que se producen en la escuela y en el deporte; por otro lado, son actuaciones que, de una manera u otra, envuelven a toda la comunidad educativa; por último, las propuestas son inclusivas y se dirigen tanto a las mujeres como a los hombres, buscando construir nuevos modelos de feminidad y masculinidad compatibles con el marco de igualdad y acción social comentado y libre de violencia que la teoría de género propugna.

G??nero y educaci??n f??sica : an??lisis de buenas pr??cticas coeducativas

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Chinese Men and "Leftover Women" : How do Chinese Men Position Themselves in Relation to the Concept of Labelling Women as "Leftover"?

In recent years there has been a resurgence of gender inequality in China. Today, women are pressured to get married by the state and their social surroundings, as they told if they remain unmarried and have the "three highs"; high age, education and salary, they will become leftovers on the marriage market. Previous research on the concept of labelling women as "leftover" has 4 shown that labelling women as "leftover" can have several different negative impacts. In this thesis, both the theory of masculine hegemony and the theory of symbolic interaction have been used. The concept creates a hegemonic masculinity as it is a normative practice that promotes the subordination of women. However, as the concept is based on the notion that all Chinese men, or at least those of relevant social standing, would find the "three highs" undesirable, it is relevant to see how Chinese men in fact do position themselves in relation to the hegemonic masculinity on an individual level. In symbolic interaction, the concept of gender is created through social construction when people attach special meanings to the sex of a person, a process which is called "doing gender". Therefore symbolic interaction is used to see what special meaning Chinese men attach to women having the "three highs" and masculine hegemony to put their answers into a larger context. If it could be shown that Chinese men do not comply with the hegemonic masculinity, Chinese women would not have to feel obliged to adjust to the hegemonic masculinity and thereby making it easier for them to pursue higher education, high paying jobs and marrying at a later age. However, as this thesis is a qualitative study, and therefore a limited number of data subjects, the generalizability of the result should not be exaggerated. The interviews that were conducted for this thesis showed that the data subjects were familiar with the concept and that they considered it to be natural for there to be women China labelled as "leftover". Nevertheless, in relation to their own marital choices, the data subjects did not attach the negative meaning as set out by the hegemonic masculinity, a result which to some extent was confirmed by the data subjects’ experiences and other control questions. The result is interesting, and enforces Connell and MesserSchmidt’s theory, that even though a hegemonic masculinity is normative, not everyone has to comply with it. As the cornerstone of the concept is that Chinese men find women with the "three highs" undesirable, the result of the study shows that there is a need for the concept to be further examined and questioned.

Leva som man lär? : En studie av spänningsfältet mellan genusvetande och genusgörande

Practice as you preach? Gender scholars’ reflections on practising gender theory Being a gender scholar – to what extent is it possible to practice as you preach? This study investigates how gender scholars relate to using and practicing theoretical knowledge on gender.Ten in-depth interviews are conducted with gender scholars at Swedish universities. A semi-structured interview guide, based on ambitions, possibilities and obstacles regarding using theoretical knowledge in practice, is used. The results indicate that being a gender scholar is a highly reflective project, since it involves turning your gender theoretical gaze towards yourself. Practicing as you preach seems to be interpreted as undoing gender. Attempts to undo gender are said to be hindered by gender normative structures rendering gender scholar women and gender scholar men different possibilities to practice the undoing of gender. The analysis show that gender scholars perform a balancing act by adding some expressions for the opposite gender to their everyday doings and their physical appearance, thus combining a doing with an undoing of gender. The pace and force of change in these doings and undoings are rather small. Nevertheless, small as they may be, these steps are interpreted as part of a strategy to change gender normative structures, making possible yet other and freer gender performances.

Moving from Awareness to Knowing, Understanding, Speaking and Doing: Indigenous Women Academics in Higher Education. National Tertiary Education Women's Conference, 18-19 July 2009, South Melbourne, Victoria.

Bronwyn Fredericks was asked to outline some of the issues faced by Indigenous women academics.

Women are people too : the problem of designing for gender

Cultural theory breaks with Modern analysis by rejecting traditional notions of race, gender, class and sexuality. In doing so, alternative frameworks such as Post-Feminism emerge which are useful for thinking about culture, technology and what our interactions with it mean. From a Post-Feminist perspective it can be seen how in our multi-cultural, post-industrial, digitized world, there is space to move beyond traditional ways of dividing up society such as ‘male’ and ‘female’. We are then free to re-construct our identity in light of a rich diversity of individually relevant experiences. Therefore, in order to get a better understanding of the highly nuanced cultural interactions that characterize our use of technology, this paper argues against using the inherently stereotyped lens of gender and allowing a new set of user needs to emerge.

Queers doing theory : Australian queer student activist print media’s representations of capitalism

Queer university student print media often represents capitalism in a framework which could be classified as Marxism. However, at the same time, queer student media extensively publishes ideas which could be classified as academic queer theory. This chapter features analysis of these representations from the 2003, 2004 and 2006 editions of national queer student publication, Querelle, and from a sample of queer student media from four Australian universities. The perspectives of Marxism and academic queer theory are often argued to be contradictory (See for example, Hennessy 1994; Morton 1996b; Kirsch 2007), and thus the students’ application of these theories in tandem could be considered problematic. McKee asks ‘Who gets to be an intellectual?’ (2004) and suggests that the intellectualising undertaken by mainstream and alternative cultural creators is just as valid as that undertaken by university academics. He also raises concerns that the concept of theory is seen to be kept separate from everyday culture (McKee 2002). This chapter argues that in the construction and representation of their politics in this manner the queer student activists are creating their own version of queer theory. This analysis of queer student media contributes to research on queer communities and queer theory, demonstrating how one specific cultural subset theorises queerness and queer politics, thereby contributing to the genealogy of queer.

Gender studies : Intersex by Catherine Harper

Intersex is the condition whereby an individual is born with biological features that are simultaneously perceived as male and female. Ranging from the ambiguous genitalia of the true 'hermaphrodite' to the 'mildly or internally intersexed', the condition may be as common as cleft palate. Like cleft palate, it is hidden and surgically altered, but for very different reasons. Intersex draws heavily on the personal testimony of intersexed individuals, their loved ones and medical carers. The impact of early sex-assignment surgery on an individual's later life is examined within the context of ethical and clinical questions. Harper challenges the conventional and radical 'treatment' of intersexuality through non-consensual infant sex-assignment surgery. In doing so, she exposes powerful myths, taboos and constructions of gender - the perfect phallus, a bi-polar model of gender and the infallibility of medical decisions. Handling sensitive material with care, this book deepens our understanding of a condition that has itself only been medically understood in recent years.

The serious and playful work of gender : talk and social order in a preschool classroom

This chapter reports some observations made of the social interactions of girls and boys, aged 3 to 5 years, in play situations in a preschool classroom of a childcare centre. It provides an alternate framework for early childhood educators to become aware of how preschool children construct their gendered social organizations. As girls and boys organise and build their social worlds of play through their talk-in-interaction, they are building their social orders. In this chapter, an analysis of one episode of children's play has, as its focus , the methods that some girls and boys use in their talk and activity to make sense of their everyday interactions. The analysis of play shows the children's real life work of constructing and maintaining gendered social orders in their lived everyday social worlds. A close reading of the transcript of an episode illustrates how two girls turn they boys' masculine practices o ritualized threats into performance. By so doing, they show that while they know masculine discourse, and can perform it themselves, they do not actually 'own' it in the same way that the boys do. In this way, gender is established not as a social density but as a shaped dynamic practice that is ongoing, build by relational encounters and shaped by the collective performances of the participants.

To see and be seen : cinematic constructions of gender and spectatorship in contemporary screen-based art

To See and Be Seen: Cinematic Constructions of Gender and Spectatorship in Contemporary Screen-Based Art addresses how gendered representation can be structured within visual art practice through a series of creative moving-image works. Using the aesthetic language of French New Wave cinema as its primary point of departure, this research project investigates how gendered representations are constructed by cinematic language. In doing this, it proposes latent possibilities present within the dominant gaze created by patriarchal relations of power. This project, in a series of creative works, demonstrates how the 'masculine' authorial gaze is learnt culturally, and by examining the gendered syntax of film, reveals how this can be recontextualised by the female artist.

The Biopolitics of Gender

This dissertation inquires into the relationship between gender and biopolitics. Biopolitics, according to Michel Foucault, is the mode of politics that is situated and exercised at the level of life. The dissertation claims that gender is a technology of biopower specific to the optimisation of the sexual reproduction of human life, deployed through the scientific and governmental problematisation of declining fertility rates in the mid-twentieth century. Just as Michel Foucault claimed that sexuality became a scientific and political discourse in the nineteenth century, gender has also since emerged in these fields. In this dissertation, gender is treated as neither a representation of sex nor a cultural construct or category of identity. Rather, a genealogy of gender as an apparatus of biopower in conducted. It demonstrates how scientific and theoretical developments in the twentieth century marshalled gender into the sex/sexuality apparatus as a new technology of liberal biopower. Gender, I argue, has become necessary for the Western liberal order to recapture and re-optimise the life-producing functions of sex that reproduce the very object of biopolitics: life. The concept of the life function is introduced to analyse the life-producing violence of the sex/sexuality/gender apparatus. To do this, the thesis rereads the work of Michel Foucault through Gilles Deleuze for a deeper grasp of the material strategies of biopower and how it produces categories of difference and divides population according to them. The work of Judith Butler, in turn, is used as a foil against which to rearticulate the question of how to examine gender genealogically and biopolitically. The dissertation then executes a genealogy of gender, tracing the changing rationalities of sex/sexuality/gender from early feminist thought, through mid-twentieth century sexological, feminist, and demographic research, to current EU policy. According to this genealogy, in the mid-twentieth century demographers perceived that sexuality/sex, which Foucault observed as the life-producing biopolitical apparatus, was no longer sufficiently disciplining human bodies to reproduce. The life function was escaping the grasp of biopower. The analysis demonstrates how gender theory was taken up as a means of reterritorialising the life function: nature would be disciplined to reproduce by controlling culture. The crucial theoretical and genealogical argument of the thesis, that gender is a discourse with biopolitical foundations and a technology of biopower, radically challenges the premises of gender theory and feminist politics, as well as the emancipatory potential often granted to the gender concept. The project asks what gender means, what biopolitical function it performs, and what is at stake for feminist politics when it engages with it. In so doing, it identifies biopolitics and the problem of life as possibly the most urgent arena for feminist politics today.

‘Doing it with men’: feminist research practice and patriarchal inheritance practices in Welsh family farming

Internationally, the gender relations of the family farming ‘way of life’ have beenshown to be stubbornly persistent in their adherence to patriarchal inheritancepractices. This article demonstrates how such ‘agri-cultural’ practices are situated bothwithin the subjective sphere of farming individuals’ and within global agri-economics,bringing new challenges to patrilineal farm survival. It is suggested here that the recenttendency for post-structuralist theorisation in rural studies has underestimated theexistence and impact of patrilineal patterns in family farming. Such patterns mean thatwomen are shown to largely occupy relational gender identities as the ‘helper’, whilstmen are strongly identified as the ‘farmer’. Drawing on repeated life-history interviewsconducted with farming men and women from Powys, Mid Wales, the aim of thisarticle is to generate debate as to the extent to which men can be brought into feministresearch practice in order to reveal patriarchy to a greater degree. The article begins bysituating the near-exclusion of men from feminist research practice within theoreticaldevelopments in feminist geography. This discussion also assists in deriving issues ofresearch methods, positionality and interpretive power which focus the integration ofempirical material in the methodological reflections provided in section three. In sectiontwo, the rationale for the epistemological stance taken in the research is provided. Thearticle provides an example of the successful integration of men into a feminist researchframe, suggests avenues for theoretical development and identifies future researchdirections which can be informed by ‘doing it with men’.

Keywords: epistemology; family farming; feminist res