La responsabilité sociale des multinationales lors de licenciements collectifs

Cette thèse porte sur l’exploration des facteurs d’influence et des déterminants qui peuvent décrire et expliquer le comportement d’une entreprise multinationale lors d’un licenciement collectif pour fermeture d’usine mesuré à l’aune de l’idée de responsabilité sociale. Nous prenons pour base les conséquences sociales et économiques néfastes des licenciements collectifs sur les employés et les communautés ainsi que la faiblesse à cet égard du droit du travail québécois. De plus, nous établissons le lien entre la nature de la responsabilité sociale d’un point de vue théorique et la perspective empirique dans le cadre d’un processus de licenciement collectif. Pour arriver à cette fin, au niveau théorique, c’est à travers les critères éthiques de Garrett et Klonoski (1986) soit la juste cause, la minimisation des effets dommageables et la justice procédurale, que notre recherche a démontré qu’il était possible de déterminer de la responsabilité sociale d’une entreprise d’un point de vue empirique dans un contexte de licenciement collectif. Nous avons aussi regardé de près les différentes théories de la responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise pour finalement retenir une théorie instrumentale des parties-prenantes. Au plan méthodologique, nous avons utilisé une étude de cas unique soit celle de la fermeture partielle de l’usine de Rio Tinto Alcan située à Beauharnois au Québec. De plus, il a été possible de catégoriser l’approche adoptée par cette entreprise sous une taxonomie théorique de la responsabilité sociale, c’est donc une approche intégrative à deux niveaux : local et corporatif qui ressort de notre analyse. Au niveau local, nous avons identifié une perspective éthique reliée aux valeurs personnelles des individus devant mettre en place les mécanismes. Au niveau corporatif, c’est davantage une perspective instrumentale qui ressort. En ce sens, la multinationale estime devoir rendre des comptes à la fois à ses actionnaires et aux financiers afin d’établir une légitimité nécessaire ainsi qu’au politique (entre autre municipal et provincial) afin d’avoir accès aux ressources convoitées et nécessaires à son exploitation, de là l’importance de son image corporative. Le type d’entreprise doit être pris en considération, dans le secteur des ressources naturelles, le rôle et l’implication du politique s’avère central car il permet un accès aux ressources, essentiels à la survie de l’entreprise. L’apport de cette recherche se retrouve principalement dans l’étude du concept de responsabilité sociale à travers un phénomène important pour les relations industrielles soit celui des licenciements collectifs. Elle élargie aussi le champ théorique habituelle des relations industrielles en prenant en compte un cadre de la responsabilité sociale qui permet d’étudier des phénomènes sous un nouvel angle qui tient compte des priorités actuelles des multinationales dans un contexte d’ouverture des marchés et de recherche de légitimité.

Liderazgo y resiliencia organizacional en la crisis financiera global del 2008–2009

Durante la crisis financiera global de 2008 muchas organizaciones y mercados financieros tuvieron que terminar sus operaciones o replantearlas debido a los choques que golpearon el bienestar de sus empresas. A pesar de esta grave situación, en la actualidad se pueden encontrar empresas que se recuperaron y salieron del terrible panorama que les presentó la crisis, incluso encontrando nuevas oportunidades de negocio y fortaleciendo su futuro. Esta capacidad que algunas organizaciones tuvieron y que permitió su salida victoriosa de la crisis se denomina resiliencia, la cual es la capacidad de sobreponerse a los efectos negativos de choques internos o externos (Briguglio, Cordina, Farrugia & Vella 2009). Por tanto en el presente trabajo se estudiará esta capacidad tanto en la organización como en los líderes para hallar factores que mejoren el desempeño de las empresas en crisis como la que ocurrió en el 2008 – 2009. Primero se realizará un estudio sobre los sucesos y el desarrollo de la crisis subprime del año 2008 para tener un entendimiento claro de sus antecedentes, desarrollo, magnitud y consecuencias. Posteriormente se realizará un estudio profundo sobre la teoría de la resiliencia organizacional y la resiliencia en el líder como individuo y los estilos de liderazgo. Finalmente teniendo un sustento teórico tanto de la crisis como del concepto de resiliencia se tomarán casos de estudio de empresas que lograron perdurar en la crisis financiera del 2008 y empresas que no lograron sobrevivir para posteriormente hallar características del líder y del liderazgo que puedan aumentar o afectar la capacidad de resiliencia de las organizaciones con el objetivo de brindar herramientas a los líderes actuales para que manejen de forma eficiente y eficaz las empresas en un mundo complejo y variable como el actual.

Efecto de la competencia en la escogencia de estándares educativos

En la literatura económica no se ha estudiado como la competencia entre las instituciones educativas afecta específicamente la escogencia de estándares educativos y el valor de matrícula. Usando un modelo teórico analizo como la competencia entre las instituciones educativas afectan la escogencia de estándares académicos, comparando la solución en competencia con la solución eficiente y la solución de monopolio. Los individuos son heterogéneos y se diferencian en su habilidad, las instituciones educativas compiten estableciendo en una primera etapa el estándar educativo, y en una segunda etapa el valor de matrícula. Una vez definidos los estándares y los valores de matrícula, estos son información pública, permitiendo a los individuos escoger entre ingresar o no a una institución educativa o a que institución educativa ingresar de acuerdo a la habilidad innata y al costo asociado al esfuerzo. En los resultados se muestra que el bienestar social aumenta cuando en la economía existe más de una institución educativa con estándares diferentes, y la solución de mercado, en monopolio o en competencia, obliga a los estudiantes a ejercer un mayor esfuerzo para alcanzar el título. Independiente a la relación de costos, el valor de matrícula es siempre mayor para la institución con estándar educativo más alto, y mayor en la solución de mercado. Cuando el costo unitario de la institución con estándar más alto es mayor o igual al costo de la institución con menor estándar, los estándares educativos escogidos por el planificador son mayores y el esfuerzo requerido por los individuos es menor respecto a la solución de mercado.

One step forward, and two steps back: women and career progression in academia during times of uncertainty

While there is an extensive and still growing body of literature on women in academia and the challenges they encounter in career progression, there is little research on their experience specifically within a business school setting. In this study, we attempt to address this gap and examine the experiences and career development of female academics in a business school and how these are impacted by downsizing programmes. To this end, an exploratory case study is conducted. The findings of this study show that female business school academics experience numerous challenges in terms of promotion and development, networking, and the multiple and conflicting demands placed upon them. As a result, the lack of visibility seems to be a pertinent issue in terms of their career progression. Our data also demonstrates that that, paradoxically, during periods of downsizing women become more visible and thus vulnerable to layoffs as a consequence of the challenges and pressures created in their environment during this process. In this paper, we argue that this heightened visibility, and being subject to possible layoffs, further reproduces inequality regimes in academia.

Perspektiv på HR-arbete vid nedskärningar : - en studie om effekter och handlingar, utifrån tre perspektiv, för den fortsatta överlevnaden

Studien ämnar till att skapa en profil för tre olika empirinära perspektiv, vilka alla spelar en roll före, under och efter en nedskärningsprocess. Dessa tre perspektiv är: ledningsperspektivet, perspektivet för kvarvarande anställda och uppsagda arbetare. Författaren lägger tyngd på den tidigare vetenskapliga forskningen som får agera likt en mall för hur en optimal hantering ska ske under en nedskärningsprocess. Syftet med studien är att detektera bristande överrensstämmelser mellan perspektiven som förhindrar att hanteringen blir optimal för alla parter, samt kunna se om teorin används i det praktiska utövandet.Ledarskapsperspektivet är representerat i två underkategorier: sekundärintervjuer och expertintervjuer. I sekundärintervjuerna så presenteras svar från auktoriteter inom området som förmedlar den erfarenhetsbaserade kunskapen; medan i expertintervjuerna presenteras svar från fyra olika, representerade, företag inom olika branscher i Borlänge. Perspektivet för kvarvarande anställda representeras av en enkätundersökning och en djupare intervju med en kvarvarande anställd. Det tredje empirinära perspektivet, för uppsagda arbetare, representeras av en enkätundersökning och en djupare intervju med en uppsagd arbetare.I resultatet så visar det sig att författaren har kunnat detektera bristande överrensstämmelser på flera punkter, främst inom den uppfattade kommunikationen, mellan perspektiven. Detta tolkas som att de framlagda teorierna inte följs av praktiken och därför råder det ingen optimal situation för något av de representerade perspektiven.

Enxugamentos de pessoal em empresas no Brasil: pesquisa de campo comparativa sobre moderadores organizacionais dos efeitos de demissões coletivas em empresa e indivíduo

O estudo aqui exposto envolve uma pesquisa empírica qualitativa, de natureza exploratória, cuja meta é ilustrar empiricamente algumas conclusões teóricas da tese de doutoramento do autor, em especial aquelas que sugerem que certos fatores (moderadores - variáveis independentes) sob controle da organização podem mediar os efeitos (variáveis dependentes) de enxugamentos na empresa, nos remanescentes e nos demitidos. O método do estudo foi baseado na análise comparada em profundidade de um painel de 4 empresas no Brasil que conduziram processos enxugamentos de pessoal nos últimos anos, e inclui o levantamento e a comparação estruturada de dados junto à direção de cada empresa, sindicatos, líderes comunitários, demitidos e remanescentes.

Redes sociais digitais e a comunicação interna: manual de conduta como ferramenta estratégica para as organizações

Pós-graduação em Comunicação - FAAC

Career Crisis? Impacts of Financial Shock on the Entry-Level Labor Market: Evidence from Thailand

We utilize Thailand's the financial crisis in 1997 as a natural experiment which exogenously shifts labor demand. Convincing evidence from the Thailand Labor Force Survey support the hypothesis that both employment opportunities and wages shrunk for new entrants after the crisis. We find that workers who entered before the crisis experienced job losses and wage losses. But these losses were smaller than those of new entrants after the crisis. We also find that new entrants after the crisis experienced a 10% reduction in the overtime wages compared to new entrants before the crisis.

Are Job Networks Localized in a Developing Economy? Search Methods for Displaced Workers in Thailand

Effects of localized personal networks on the choice of search methods are studied in this paper using evidence of displaced workers by establishment closure in Thailand Labor Force Survey, 2001. For the blocks/villages level, there is less significant evidence of local interactions between job-seekers and referrals in developing labor markets. The effects of localized personal networks do not play an important role in the probability of unemployed job-seekers seeking assistance from friends and relatives. Convincing evidence from the data supports the proposition that both self-selection of individual background-like professions and access to large markets determine the choice of job search method.

Political crisis and suspension of duty-free access in Madagascar : assessment of impacts on the garment industry

The export-oriented garment industry in Madagascar has displayed robust growth, thus both contributing to the economy and creating formal employment opportunities. However, it experienced a critical situation after the political turmoil that occurred in 2009. Our investigation using the trade data demonstrates that suspension of duty-free access to the US market (AGOA) resulting from the turmoil had a greater impact on exports, 64%–78% reduction, than the turmoil itself. Our original factory-level data demonstrates that AGOA suspension increased the probability of closure by 57.8% for the factories supplying exclusively to US market, and reduced 6405 jobs for low-skilled positions during the post turmoil period. The factory-level adverse impacts are much less than those on export value at the industry level because of the maintained duty-free access to EU, which has provided an alternative market. It suggests that if EU also had cancelled duty-free access, adverse impacts would have been enormous. Given the general pattern of comparative advantage in low-income countries, unplanned cancellation of duty-free access for them hurts labor-intensive industries and low-skilled workers.

Poder empresarial e cobertura de analistas financeiros

Este estudo buscou investigar duas relações de interesse: a relação entre poder e cobertura de analistas financeiros no mercado acionário brasileiro, e a relação entre poder e assimetria informacional neste mercado, nos períodos de 2000 a 2010. O objetivo desta pesquisa envolveu verificar se o poder empresarial aumenta a assimetria informacional decorrentes dos custos de agência envolvidos e possibilidade de expropriação de valor (Jensen & Meckling, 1976), ou diminui a assimetria, uma vez que administração da empresa não se sente vulnerável a demissões ou possíveis embaraços a sua atuação, e opta por não omitir informações aos stakeholders (Bertrand & Mullainathan, 2003). Ainda relacionado ao ambiente informacional impactado pelo poder empresarial, buscou-se verificar se os analistas financeiros acompanham empresas que apresentam uma maior assimetria informacional, e assim cumprindo sua função de monitoramento da gestão empresarial (Healy & Palepu, 2001), ou menor assimetria, em decorrência dos custos envolvidos em se obter informações privadas (Frankel, Kothari & Weber, 2006). Com o uso de proxies criadas pela análise fatorial para capturar as especificidades relacionadas a poder empresarial e assimetria informacional no ambiente empresarial brasileiro, foram observadas uma relação negativa entre cobertura de analistas financeiros e poder empresarial e uma relação positiva entre assimetria e poder empresarial. Pelas hipóteses esquematizadas por Jiraporn, Liu e Kim (2012), que abarcam todas as relações possíveis entre assimetria, poder empresarial e cobertura de analistas financeiros, os resultados se enquadram na Hipótese da Opacidade.

Managing Layoff Survivors

‰Û÷Survivor syndrome' or negative consequences of a layoff on survivors is the key reason why layoffs fail. This Capstone Project draws on downsizing-related research and proposes a customizable plan to revitalize the surviving workforce after a downsizing initiative. The plan divides downsizing-related interventions into three phases: pre-downsizing, day of the announcement, and post-downsizing. Key elements of this plan include linking the plan to a revised vision, detailed planning of the process, open, two-way communication systems, employee involvement in all stages of the process, respectable treatment of departing employees, plans to support survivors, training frontline managers, and implementing a top talent retention strategy. The Capstone also addresses roles and responsibilities of leaders, HR professionals, and managers in the survivor management process.

News.

Chiefly tables of statistics.

New dimensions on the economics of the entrepreneurial process

This thesis examines the transition of employees into entrepreneurship, with particular emphasis on the role of workplace characteristics in influencing this movement. The first main chapter examines whether the determinants of becoming an intrapreneur differ from those that support transitions into independent entrepreneurship. The results show that intrapreneurs resemble employees rather than entrepreneurs, contrary to what the entrepreneurship theory would suggest. Yet it shows that those intrapreneurs that expect to acquire an ownership stake in the business, unlike the rest of intrapreneurs, possess traditional entrepreneurial traits. Chapter 3 investigates how workers’ degree of specialisation determines their decision to found a firm. It shows that entrepreneurs emerging from small firms, i.e. generalists, transfer knowledge from more diverse aspects of the business and create firms more related to the main activity of their last employer. Workers in large firms, however, benefit from higher returns to human capital that increase their opportunity costs to switch to entrepreneurship. Since becoming an entrepreneur would make part of their specialised skills unutilised, the minimum quality of the idea at which they would be willing to leave will be higher and, therefore, entrepreneurs emerging from large firms will be of highest quality. Chapter 4 analyses whether the reason to terminate an employment contract is associated with the fact that the majority of entrepreneurs appear to set up their business after having worked for a small firm. Moreover, it studies how this pattern varies as the labour market conditions worsen. The effect of layoffs turns out to be a key driver in the entry to entrepreneurship and it is found to exert a greater effect the smaller the firm workers are dismissed from. This has been reflected in an overall larger flow of employees from small firms moving into entrepreneurship over the recession.

Leveraged Buyouts in the Hospitality Industry: Five Years Later

When the author wrote her first article for the FIU Hospitality Review on leveraged buyouts' some five years ago, this business strategy was beginning to enjoy increasing popularity. Since that time leveraged buyouts grew to unprecedented levels both in number and size of transactions. However, following the failure of the UAL proposal and the collapse of the junk bond market in 1989, there has been a marked slowdown in buyout activity this article examines major developments affecting leveraged buyouts over the past five years and addresses their future implications for the hospitality industry.