A Importância do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) nos territórios da cidadania dos Estados de Minas Gerais e da Bahia : Criação de novos mercados a partir da visão dos Agentes de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ATER)

This article aims to identify how the Foodstuff Acquisition Program has influenced market creation for family farmers in two Brazilian states - Minas Gerais e Bahia and also the limitations and benefits of the program from the point of view of the extension agents. A bibliographic research and a quantitative exploratory study were conducted, questionnaires were sent to extension agents who work for public rural extension agencies, municipalities, NGOs, cooperatives and producers' associations, during the year 2010-2011.

A Importância do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) nos territórios da cidadania dos Estados de Minas Gerais e da Bahia : Criação de novos mercados a partir da visão dos Agentes de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ATER)

This article aims to identify how the Foodstuff Acquisition Program has influenced market creation for family farmers in two Brazilian states - Minas Gerais e Bahia and also the limitations and benefits of the program from the point of view of the extension agents. A bibliographic research and a quantitative exploratory study were conducted, questionnaires were sent to extension agents who work for public rural extension agencies, municipalities, NGOs, cooperatives and producers' associations, during the year 2010-2011.

A Importância do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) nos territórios da cidadania dos Estados de Minas Gerais e da Bahia : Criação de novos mercados a partir da visão dos Agentes de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ATER)

This article aims to identify how the Foodstuff Acquisition Program has influenced market creation for family farmers in two Brazilian states - Minas Gerais e Bahia and also the limitations and benefits of the program from the point of view of the extension agents. A bibliographic research and a quantitative exploratory study were conducted, questionnaires were sent to extension agents who work for public rural extension agencies, municipalities, NGOs, cooperatives and producers' associations, during the year 2010-2011.

O programa de aquisição de alimentos (PAA) e as transformações socioterritoriais no Rio Grande do Norte

The Acquisition Food Program (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos – PAA) is one of the governmental public politics proposed, in the year of 2003, that has the focus in the family-run farm in Brazil. This Program has as objectives: commercialize the familyrun farm products, bought by the government agencies; to encourage production, and promoting actions that improve quality food of people facing starving risk. This Program has been working, to some extent, as complement to the Program of family-run farm Enhancement (PRONAF). The present study has as its focus to analyse the social territorials changes observed in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, as a result of the PAA implementation. In this sense, it was promoted a discussion between territory and rules. I this work, public politics are understood as rules. This procedure was important in order to understand how the rules have influenced territorial changes, creating new social and territorial relations. In the research process was used scientific and institutional texts on the subject. It was applied a quiz with 97 PAA’s supplying farmers, and interviews were done with the Program managers in Federal (MDA), State (CONAB and EMATER) and municipal (local office of EMATER and Departments of Agriculture) levels. Social public politics were also analyzed with the aim of understand the context where PAA is situated in relation with the public politics directed to familyrun farm as a whole since 1980, within new Brazilian democratization process. With the information collected in the field, plus the secondary data, maps, charts, tables and cartograms were made. With all of this, a socio-economical profile of the family-run farm in the Rio Grande do Norte was traced, as well as the included in this research. Before this picture, we concluded that PAA indeed represents a forward in public politics directed to family-run farm. However, in spite of the importance of the Program for the family-run farmers to come of age, but in order to the rural and family-run farm reality in the Rio Grande do Norte come to present meaningful changes much still remain to be done.

Programa de aquisição de alimentos (2003-2010): avaliação da implementação pela CONAB no Rio Grande do Norte

This thesis aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Food Acquisition Program(PAA) through CONAB RN in the period of 2003-2010 with the perception of all agents involved in the implementation of the government program.For the methodological trajectory it was adopted a descriptive bibliographical and documentary approach with triangular qualitative and quantitative, also called evaluative research.The theoretical model was supported by the authors Draibe (2001), Aguilar and Ander-Egg (1994) and Silva(2001), among others, that focused on family farming and evaluation of implementation of public policy having as a category of analysis the size implementation of policy and the latter divided into 10 theoretical dimensions.The universe consisted of three groups: the first were the managers and technicians from CONAB(RN and Brasilia), totaling 15 subjects. The second group was of associations/cooperatives that participated in the programin 2010, totaling a sample in each access of 15 representatives. The third group of subjects totaled with 309 representatives of governmental and non-governmental organizations that received donations of food for the same period. Semi-structured interviews and forms were adopted as instruments of data collection.The data were processed qualitatively by the analysis of content (interviews and documents) and quantitatively by means of statistical tests that allowed inferences and adoption of frequencies. Among the key find ingests that the program is not standing as a structure supported by planning. The interests of the performers do not necessarily converge with the objectives of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA). A shockof goals was identified (within the same program) when comparingthe financial agent (Ministry of Rural Development and of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger Ministry r) and the executor, CONAB/RN. Within the assessed dimensions, the most fragileis the sub-managerial decision-making and Organizational Environment and internal assessment, still deserves attention the sizeof logistical and operational Subsystem, as this also proved weak.The focusin the quest toexpand thequantificationof the resultsof theFood Acquisition Program (PAA)by CONAB/RN does forget a quality management focused on what really should be:the compliance with the institutional objectives of the government program.Finally, the perspective for the traded implementation should be re-examined because excessive discretion by managers along with technical staff has characterized there al role of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) as public policy. We conclude that the implementation model, which apparently aggregates values to the benefitted citizens, has weakened the context of work on family farms having the management model of the implementation process be reviewed by the Federal Government and point too ther paths, which have as a guide line the emancipation and developmentof the field or in the field andat the same time enables the reduction of nutritional deficiency of beneficiaries in a balanced and coherent way

Programa de aquisição de alimentos (2003-2010): avaliação da implementação pela CONAB no Rio Grande do Norte

This thesis aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Food Acquisition Program(PAA) through CONAB RN in the period of 2003-2010 with the perception of all agents involved in the implementation of the government program.For the methodological trajectory it was adopted a descriptive bibliographical and documentary approach with triangular qualitative and quantitative, also called evaluative research.The theoretical model was supported by the authors Draibe (2001), Aguilar and Ander-Egg (1994) and Silva(2001), among others, that focused on family farming and evaluation of implementation of public policy having as a category of analysis the size implementation of policy and the latter divided into 10 theoretical dimensions.The universe consisted of three groups: the first were the managers and technicians from CONAB(RN and Brasilia), totaling 15 subjects. The second group was of associations/cooperatives that participated in the programin 2010, totaling a sample in each access of 15 representatives. The third group of subjects totaled with 309 representatives of governmental and non-governmental organizations that received donations of food for the same period. Semi-structured interviews and forms were adopted as instruments of data collection.The data were processed qualitatively by the analysis of content (interviews and documents) and quantitatively by means of statistical tests that allowed inferences and adoption of frequencies. Among the key find ingests that the program is not standing as a structure supported by planning. The interests of the performers do not necessarily converge with the objectives of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA). A shockof goals was identified (within the same program) when comparingthe financial agent (Ministry of Rural Development and of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger Ministry r) and the executor, CONAB/RN. Within the assessed dimensions, the most fragileis the sub-managerial decision-making and Organizational Environment and internal assessment, still deserves attention the sizeof logistical and operational Subsystem, as this also proved weak.The focusin the quest toexpand thequantificationof the resultsof theFood Acquisition Program (PAA)by CONAB/RN does forget a quality management focused on what really should be:the compliance with the institutional objectives of the government program.Finally, the perspective for the traded implementation should be re-examined because excessive discretion by managers along with technical staff has characterized there al role of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) as public policy. We conclude that the implementation model, which apparently aggregates values to the benefitted citizens, has weakened the context of work on family farms having the management model of the implementation process be reviewed by the Federal Government and point too ther paths, which have as a guide line the emancipation and developmentof the field or in the field andat the same time enables the reduction of nutritional deficiency of beneficiaries in a balanced and coherent way

Hábitos de consumo de alimentos enriquecidos com fitoesteróis

O interesse crescente pelos alimentos enriquecidos com esteróis vegetais deve-se ao fato de que estes diminuem as concentrações sanguíneas de colesterol sem efeitos adversos colaterais. Neste contexto, o enriquecimento de alimentos com esteróis vegetais poderá constituir uma ajuda importante na proteção da população contra a aterosclerose e doenças cardiovasculares. As informações sobre o comportamento alimentar são praticamente inexistentes em Portugal, pelo que se torna indispensável perceber a importância dos produtos funcionais nos hábitos de consumo. O presente trabalho pretendeu avaliar os hábitos de consumo de uma população de Viseu relativamente aos leites fermentados com baixo teor de gordura enriquecidos com esteróis vegetais e margarinas enriquecidas com fitoesteróis. Para cada produto foram feitos 577 inquéritos a indivíduos escolhidos aleatoriamente numa população que efetuava as suas compras semanais em vários hipermercados da cidade de Viseu. Inquiriu-se sobre vários parâmetros respeitantes a leites fermentados com baixo teor de gordura enriquecidos com esteróis vegetais e margarinas enriquecidas com fitoesteróis. Os resultados preliminares obtidos mostraram que, para a maioria dos inquiridos a compra dos alimentos era condicionada pelo seu custo elevado. Os indivíduos que afirmaram consumir os produtos eram maioritariamente mulheres com idade entre os 40≤65 anos. Relativamente aos parâmetros avaliados não se observam diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre ambos os sexos. Estes inquiridos ingeriam maioritariamente o alimento 1vez/dia (leites fermentados, margarina (fatia/dia)) fazendo esta escolha por apresentarem colesterol elevado ou por lhes atribuírem efeitos preventivos para a doença. Para além disso quer os que estavam sob terapêutica antidislipidémica quer os que não estavam declararam observar efeitos positivos na hipercolesterolemia. Parece evidente que são as preocupações com a saúde que influenciam a aquisição dos leites fermentados com baixo teor de gordura e margarinas enriquecidos com fitoesteróis. As declarações feitas sobre os níveis de colesterol, ingestão declarada e efeitos observados parecem sugerir uma ingestão com quantidade e frequência suficiente. Também a faixa etária que mais consome parece estar de acordo com as recomendações. A elevada taxa de não consumidores encontrada no estudo e que alega não necessidade e descrença de efeitos mesmo quando tal não acontece pode atribuir-se à escassez de informação nos rótulos e/ou custo acrescido do produto. Esclarecer sobre a importância da inclusão destes produtos na dieta sozinhos ou como coadjuvantes de terapêutica instituída poderá ser uma forma de conseguir o equilíbrio na gestão da hipercolesterolemia.

Determinación preliminar de los principales alimentos que conforman la dieta de las gallinas criadas en libertad, en comunidades rurales del Municipio del Sauce, Departamento de León, Nicaragua

El estudio se realizo en tres comunidades rurales del Municipio del Sauce. León, Nicaragua, con el objetivo de determinar de manera preliminar, los principales alimentos que de manera espontánea consumen las gallinas criadas en libertad por los campesinos. A través de análisis estereoscópicos de las heces, se determinaron las principales clases de plantas y ordenes de insectos consumidos. El estudio se realizó en dos fases, una de observación de muestras recolectadas en el campo y otra consistente en la revisión de excretas procedentes de pruebas de alimentación controladas. Esto último se realizo para fijar patrones de comparación y obtener valores a ser utilizados en la determinación de factores de ajustes que se emplearon en las determinaciones de las proporciones de peso seco de los alimentos en la dieta. Lo anterior se apoyo con observaciones in situ y observaciones de los contenidos de los buches de individuos que fueron sacrificados para la identificación de las principales especies de plantas que las aves consumen durante el pastoreo. Con los porcentajes de fragmentos cuantificados por comarca y época del año, de los alimentos que se encontraron constantes en la dieta de las gallinas, se realizo un análisis de varianza. Se encontró que las gallinas consumen unas 20 especies de plantas dicotiledóneas, y 10 especies de monocotiledóneas .Referente a los insectos se identificaron seis ordenes y dentro de ellos 24 especies, siendo los ordenes Coleópteros y Himenópteros, los que permanente mente forman parte de la dieta de las gallinas. Se registro también el consumo por parte de las gallinas, de otros animales como arácnidos, moluscos y mamíferos. En las proporciones de peso seco dentro de la dieta, correspondió a las monocotiledóneas el mayor porcentaje relativo por año con 1.9%, (dentro de los cuatro alimentos principales identificados), que por comarcas alcanzo 3.07 % en Los Panales y por época 2.8 % en el periodo de lluvias. Tales porcentajes en los insectos fueron mayores en los formícidos (Himenóptera), los cuales, en la comarca El Guayabo, llegaron a 0.25 %, por época alcanzaron en el verano 0.32 % y durante el año en promedio 0.14 %. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas por época, y por comarca en cuanto a la presencia de fragmentos de plantas monocotiledóneas y dicotiledóneas, al igual que insectos del orden Coleóptero. En el caso de Formícidos del orden Himenóptera, se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas entre épocas, ( α = 0.0.1). La prueba de separación de medias de Tukey indico que estos insectos tienen mayor presencia en la época de verano.

Disponibilidad y acceso a los alimentos de pobladores rurales del municipio de San José de Cusmapa, Madriz en el año 2008

El tema disponibilidad y acceso se enmarca dentro de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional; específicamente, es un análisis de las variables disponibilidad, acceso y aprovechamiento de alimentos de los pobladores rurales del Municipio de San José de Cusmapa (El Mojón, El Rodeo, Los Llanitos, Los á n geles I, II III, San Francisco de Imires y La Fuente). En el estudio se planteó disponer de información respecto a la situación alimentaria de la localidad, para que los decisores orienten líneas, políticas y estrategias en función de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pobladores rurales del municipio. La metodología utilizada fue participativa con pobladores rurales de San José, líderes comunales, representantes de ONG’s, autoridades municipales, del Ministerio de Educación y Salud. Ellos brindaron información que fue recopilada a través de la observación, encuestas y entrevistas que luego, fue analizada y presentada ante las autoridades locales de las cuales surgieron sugerencias que fueron incorporadas al estudio. Se seleccionó a las comunidades de San José de Cusmapa porque representan el 87.1% de extrema pobreza, según mapa de pobreza de Nicaragua realizado en el 2001. Con relación a la variable disponibilidad, los resultados demostraron que el 71.4% de la población no logra satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias, cifra coincidente con el estudio de pobreza del 2001. Respecto al acceso a los alimentos, sólo un 10.2% de pobladores tiene un acceso pleno y suficiente a los mismos; el 79.6% sólo a medias lo logra, y el 10.2% lo hace de forma insuficiente. Sobre higiene uso y aprovechamiento de los alimentos, un 93.9% de la población conoce y hace uso adecuado de los mismos. Ello se explica porque la mayoría de los pobladores han recibido capacitación al respecto. San José de Cusmapa presenta una aguda situación de inseguridad alimentaria, debido a que solo un 28.6% de sus pobladores dispone de alimentos seguros y estables; un 10.2% tiene acceso a los alimentos y el 90% aprovecha y utiliza higiénicamente los alimentos poco disponible y accesible. Los factores de riesgos de la seguridad alimentaria están asociados a las prolongadas sequías, insuficientes factores de producción, bajo rendimiento de cultivos, alta incidencia de plagas y enfermedades, escasez de fuentes de agua y semillas, poca presencia y apoyo de organizaciones y los altos precios de los alimentos.

Inocuidad de los alimentos

La Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), pone en manos de la comunidad educativa superior nicaragüense y en manos de la sociedad en general, el libro de texto Inocuidad de los alimentos, cuya autoría corresponde a la médico veterinaria Varinia Paredes V. MSc., miembro del claustro de profesores de la Facultad de Ciencia Animal. El documento está en correspondencia con las temáticas que se abordan en el Curso Inocuidad de los Alimentos, de la Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria de la facultad en mención. La profesora Paredes ha sido una estudiosa de principios generales que rigen la inspección veterinaria de los alimentos, las enfermedades que pueden ser transmitidas por éstos y la inocuidad de los productos de origen animal. En su obra analiza las causas de las alteraciones a la salud provocadas por los alimentos y las alteraciones de los mismos. Nos pone en perspectiva los métodos para la conservación de los alimentos y luego analiza cada uno de los productos alimenticios de origen animal enfatizando en las buenas prácticas para la obtención de productos inocuos durante la industrialización de los mismos. Al final del texto, la autora incluye información sobre normas internacionales básicas para la industria de los alimentos, enfatizando sobre la importancia y beneficio de dichas normas.

El hambre en Argentina. Los bancos de alimentos y la necesidad de una acción integral del Estado para terminar con este problema

El hambre es un problema real que afecta a millones de habitantes de nuestro país y tiene graves consecuencias sobre los niños y adolescentes. Sin embargo, según la Organización para la Agricultura y la Alimentación de la ONU, Argentina produce comida suficiente para alimentar a 442 millones de personas. Es evidente que no se trata de un problema de disponibilidad de alimentos, sino de falta de acceso a éstos por parte de los sectores más pobres de la población. En este número de Empleo y Desarrollo Social examinamos la información disponible sobre esta problemática y las actividades de los Bancos de Alimentos. Estas acciones de la sociedad deben ser reforzadas con un apoyo más decidido del Estado

Determinacion del valor nutritivo de los alimentos

Desde el punto de vista cualitativo Valor Nutritivo se define como la proporción de cada uno de los nutrientes constituyentes del alimento en base seca (Proteínas, Carbohidratos, Lípidos, Minerales, etc.), que se determinan en laboratorios mediante los métodos de: Método de Weende, Método de Van Soest. Desde el punto de vista cuantitativo Valor Nutritivo se determina midiendo la proporción del alimento que no es excretado con las heces y que se supone ha sido absorbida por el animal. Esto se lleva a cabo mediante mediciones en el animal o pruebas de laboratorio determinando: Digestibilidad In Vivo, Digestibilidad In Vitro y Digestibilidad In Situ