920 resultados para Direito ambiental
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Inclui bibliografia
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A presente dissertação de mestrado consiste em um estudo de caso de três programas de pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos - PSE, que ajudaram a definir o papel que o direito deve assumir na implementação e manutenção desses mecanismos. Buscou-se, primeiramente, delimitar algumas bases teóricas, sobretudo, o que se entende por desenvolvimento sustentável e sustentabilidade institucional. Para tanto, optamos por demonstrar a evolução conceitual de serviços ambientais para serviços ecossistêmicos e entender este como uma segunda fase daquele, destacando os reflexos desse entendimento na estrutura jurídica dos programas de pagamento por serviços ambientais, que optamos por chama-lo de pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos. Em seguida, descrevemos toda a evolução das discussões sobre REDD+, exemplo de PSE, para enfatizar os desafios que o direito assume com essa nova concepção de serviços ecossistêmicos. A experiência indica que o sucesso dos programas analisados são, em grande medida, consequência da ideia de função promocional do direito, bem como da observação das suas funcionalidades, quais sejam, orquestração, sinergia, flexibilização e legitimidade, que garantem, antes de mais nada, a sustentabilidade institucional dos mecanismos, permitindo sua perfeita adequação à realidade em que se insere e, mais do que isso, permitindo a manutenção desses instrumentos, mesmo diante de mutações do meio em que estão inseridos.
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Refugiados ambientais são refugiados não convencionais e são migrantes forçados, interna ou internacionalmente, temporária ou permanentemente, em situação de vulnerabilidade e que se veem obrigados a deixar sua morada habitual por motivos ambientais de início lento ou de início rápido, causados por motivos naturais, antropogênicos ou pela combinação de ambos. Embora não existam reconhecimento e proteção específica para esses migrantes no direito internacional em escala global, alguns instrumentos jurídicos regionais e leis nacionais assim o fazem. Argumenta-se, nesta tese de doutorado, que os refugiados ambientais possuem modos de proteção geral em certas áreas do direito internacional e que as possibilidades atuais e futuras de proteção específica podem ser encontradas nas fontes primárias do direito internacional, indicadas no artigo 38(1) do Estatuto da Corte Internacional de Justiça. Foram identificadas sete vias de proteção dos refugiados ambientais no direito internacional e no direito interno estatal: (i) a via da ação humanitária, (ii) a via da proteção complementar, (iii) a via da legislação nacional, (iv) a via da justiça climática, (v) a via da responsabilidade compartilhada, (vi) a via da judicialização do refúgio ambiental e (vii) a via do tratado internacional. Sugere-se, ainda, o estabelecimento de uma governança migratória-ambiental global baseada nos regimes internacionais e na ação dos atores nos níveis local, nacional, regional e internacional para a execução das formas de proteção e para o atendimento das necessidades dos refugiados ambientais no mundo.
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From the second half of the twentieth century the state bega n to use exaction beyond your fiscalist character, also as a means of alignment deformities economic and social balance, influencing in different directions, according to economic, social and political policy. It is what is usually called the extrafiscalit y. It is in light of this phenomenon and the constitutional perspective, the present work aims to analyze item IV of article. 8 of Law n. 6.967/96, regulatory Property Tax Vehicle Automotive (property taxes) in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in view of its possible incompatibility with the principles of the Basic Statute and with international guidelines for protection of the environment The problem of this research is Seated in art. 225 of the Constitution, which provides that everyone has the right to an ecologically balanced environment. From the reading of this standard, extracted it is the responsibility of the state protecting the environment, which requires the adoption of suitable actions to that end. However, we look to state law cited follows th e constitutional path, since it exempts the collection of property taxes automotive vehicles with over 10 years of manufacturing, which could encourage the conservation of a fleet of old vehicles, mostly more polluting and harmful to the environment and hu man health. Would the state legislature oblivious to the constitutional principles and the global trend of environmental preservation? Thus questions whether such an incentive for more polluting vehicles, emitting more gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, th e international community is already moving through important conventions in an attempt to minimize and control global warming and climate change. Predicting the theme in CF/88 demonstrates that the country is no stranger to the issue. Thus, the work is a retelling of Law No. 6.967/96 order to check whether it is compatible with the existing system. The methodology consists of a documentary, deductive, dialectical literature. At the end of the survey, it was found that provide a tax benefit to these vehicle s is encouraged to maintain them in circulation and contribute to the increase in air and noise pollution, in addition to the traffic problems generated. Thus, this potiguar anything standard can be expressed extrafiscality because the medium and long term there is encouragement and worsening environmental problem. Despite the ability to pay clause, but this remission is an affront to legally protected interests. Thus, this device goes in reverse order compared to the values of the legal system and in relat ion to sustainable development. Modern Tax Law should be used as a tool to achieve the purposes collimated by the State, and not otherwise. It was noticed that the vast majority of Brazilian states does not follow this rule, including Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais have no such exemption. Therefore, the RN State does not constitute a model for sustainable public policies, nor example of environmental protection by state law.
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The Federal Constitution of 1988 gave special treatment to the issue of the environment, raising this diffuse right to the status of a fundamental right. In order to preserve it, the constitutional order is provided with various means to this purpose, including the possibility of using taxation. Several principles both constitutional, as infraconstitucional, support the use of taxation as a legal instrument to protect the environment. There is an intense legal debate about the suitability, characteristics, purposes and principles which underlie and restrict the environmental taxation. Discussions and proposals for reform of the tax system in order to include the ecological aspect at its core have been developed. The use of taxation as a way to fund public expenditures related to environmental causes, promote the internalization of negative externalities and as a way to induce behavior to benefit the environment finds support in the Brazilian legal system. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the national tax system is fully able to act as a tool available to the state for the implementation of the fundamental right to an ecologically balanced environment, whether through the taxes fiscal role or due, mainly, through the phenomenon of extrafiscality. Also, it is intended, through doctrinal, jurisprudential analysis and concrete cases, to investigate whether the tax system can be effective in protecting the environment in the way it is currently constructed, or if there is need to proceed with changes in its structure in order to achieve this goal
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In our first chapter was recorded the perception of fishermen and gatherers of Patané about the absence of local forests, was collected a list of species considered locally as strategic use, the ethnoknowledge associated with those, and identify which of these plants are already perceived as scarce in the region. In the second chapter, was studied all species of plants known by the community, the associated knowledge and the various uses. Were used individual interviews, formal and semi-structured, that have been consecutively applied to sampled respondents not probabilistically by snowball. Were collected socioeconomic data of informants. A adequacy test was performed. Guided tours were conducted to gather photographs and samples witnesses of plants, all identified by the usual methods of botany. Excerpts of the interviews on perceptions appear by looking for consensual information. Some data were presented by descriptive statistics. Were mounted two lists of plants, one with the strategic use and one with all the species listed in the study. It was shown that knowledge about plants remains resilient despite the forest resources now no longer be available.
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In our first chapter was recorded the perception of fishermen and gatherers of Patané about the absence of local forests, was collected a list of species considered locally as strategic use, the ethnoknowledge associated with those, and identify which of these plants are already perceived as scarce in the region. In the second chapter, was studied all species of plants known by the community, the associated knowledge and the various uses. Were used individual interviews, formal and semi-structured, that have been consecutively applied to sampled respondents not probabilistically by snowball. Were collected socioeconomic data of informants. A adequacy test was performed. Guided tours were conducted to gather photographs and samples witnesses of plants, all identified by the usual methods of botany. Excerpts of the interviews on perceptions appear by looking for consensual information. Some data were presented by descriptive statistics. Were mounted two lists of plants, one with the strategic use and one with all the species listed in the study. It was shown that knowledge about plants remains resilient despite the forest resources now no longer be available.
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The work is to demonstrate the scope of modern-day major regulatory provisions and the policies implemented to adoption of biofuels in the national energy matrix. The adoption of biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels, is based on the realization of the fundamental right to an ecologically balanced environment mitigating hazards and environmental hazards arising from a postmodern society. However, the change in the Brazilian energy matrix observe the precepts of certain environmental principles to essentially environmental preservation The proposed Environmental rule of law is founded on the realization of the right (duty) key to an ecologically balanced environment for sustainable development. Thus, it is up to the State, in addition to considering the dangers and risks fruits of government decisions, present the possible instruments to mitigate the irreversible environmental damage to the environment. The management of environmental risks present in the ideals of an Environmental rule of law, plays an important role in the preservation and economic development, using, therefore, of acautelatórios legal instruments, such as environmental licensing and the ecological-economic zoning, measures adopted in the light of the principles of precaution and preservation. The adoption of research in the environmental field, improvement and development of environmental technology, building a system to observe ecological changes, imposition of environmental policy objectives to be achieved in the medium and long term and systematization of organizations plan a protection policy environmental, are essential measures to control possible environmental risks and damage guided by the aforementioned environmental principles. Thus, it will be used the inductive method of approach, starting from the analysis of the new perspective of Environmental rule of law and the implementation of biofuels in the context of a post-modern society, marked by uncertainty and the risk of damage, from the study of the principles of caution, maintaining and cautionary measures in mitigating the hazards and potential risks.
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This work presents a reflection on possibilities and boundaries of consolidation and expansion of human settlements characterized as traditional communities that are located within protected areas, using as study reference the State Sustainable Development Reserve Ponta do Tubarão, at Rio Grande do Norte state. The main topics highlight the conflict between the right to housing and the prevalence of fundamental rights of traditional populations, opposed to the diffuse right to environment, according to the regulatory framework of the Brazilian Urban and Environmental Policies. At the same time that these settlements, historically built, are substantiated by the principles of recognition of rights to traditional populations, they are in a condition of complexity to the resolution of conflicts in its urban dimension and lead to an impairment of natural sites. This work questions how the instruments of land use and occupation are defined and relate to environmental planning, especially considering that the settlements are located in Permanent Preservation Areas (APP). It aims to further the discussion of the urban dimension in settlements, characterizing its formation and growth process, to identify the gaps and convergences between the Urban and Environmental Policy, under the foundations of a socio-environmental approach. The results spotlights the conflicts between occupation and natural areas, inferring that the definition of Urban Policies instruments and its integration with Environmental Policies instruments account for essential and priority actions to the achievement to the rights to a sustainable city, as determined in the Cities Statute and environmental protection goals, defined for the Conservation Units
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This work presents a reflection on possibilities and boundaries of consolidation and expansion of human settlements characterized as traditional communities that are located within protected areas, using as study reference the State Sustainable Development Reserve Ponta do Tubarão, at Rio Grande do Norte state. The main topics highlight the conflict between the right to housing and the prevalence of fundamental rights of traditional populations, opposed to the diffuse right to environment, according to the regulatory framework of the Brazilian Urban and Environmental Policies. At the same time that these settlements, historically built, are substantiated by the principles of recognition of rights to traditional populations, they are in a condition of complexity to the resolution of conflicts in its urban dimension and lead to an impairment of natural sites. This work questions how the instruments of land use and occupation are defined and relate to environmental planning, especially considering that the settlements are located in Permanent Preservation Areas (APP). It aims to further the discussion of the urban dimension in settlements, characterizing its formation and growth process, to identify the gaps and convergences between the Urban and Environmental Policy, under the foundations of a socio-environmental approach. The results spotlights the conflicts between occupation and natural areas, inferring that the definition of Urban Policies instruments and its integration with Environmental Policies instruments account for essential and priority actions to the achievement to the rights to a sustainable city, as determined in the Cities Statute and environmental protection goals, defined for the Conservation Units
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A produção do espaço urbano tem na sua essência as marcas sociedade que o produz. O espaço é uma expressão material do processo de apropriação da natureza pela sociedade através da atuação de classes sociais distintas, portanto essa espacialização também representará as contradições e desigualdades sociais, características da sociedade capitalista. O presente trabalho analisa a produção desigual do espaço urbano de Vitória da Conquista, resultado do processo de apropriação diferenciado do espaço, sobremodo das áreas de risco ambiental que não são valorizadas e especuladas pelo setor imobiliário, sendo então ocupadas pelas classes sociais excluídas e desprovidas de recursos. A pesquisa está sendo realizada a partir de leituras que contemplem os temas da urbanização, produção do espaço e problemática ambiental. Como metodologia tem–se utilizado pesquisa documental em arquivos públicos e bibliotecas municipais, levantamento de dados pluviométricos, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas com moradores das referidas áreas. Tem-se concluindo que, para compreender e analisar as questões de ordem ambiental. É essencial conhecer e estudar os aspectos sociais e econômicos, tendo em vista que as pessoas que sofrem com os problemas ambientais foram historicamente negadas e excluídas do direito a cidade, sobretudo, da garantia de habitação digna e segura.
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O presente trabalho aborda a questão do saneamento ambiental nos municípios integrantes da Região Integrada de Desenvolvimento do Entorno do Distrito Federal e a sua configuração espacial. O processo de ocupação territorial dessa região funda-se na implantação da cidade de Brasília que encontra-se sob processo de metropolização. Tal situação é agravada pela forte atração populacional exercida pela oferta de empregos fez com que surgissem cidades dormitórios ao redor de Brasília. Mesmo que o desenvolvimento econômico se deva em grande parte a essa população, a mesma não é beneficiada pela elevada concentração de renda e índices excelentes de infra-estrutura urbana que não chegam a suas cidades. A pesquisa analisa a questão do saneamento básico enquanto serviço inserido na noção de direito a cidade. A pesquisa resulta na identificação de territórios de tensão em nove municípios caracterizados por forte processo de degradação ambiental, pobreza urbana, violência entre outros problemas.
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O modelo vigente de desenvolvimento, baseado no crescimento ilimitado e exploração irracional dos recursos naturais, é o grande responsável pela crise ecológica atual. As cidades contemporâneas vivenciam valores antropocêntricos relacionados ao racionalismo moderno e estes se contrapõem às variáveis da sustentabilidade, portanto sofrem constates embates e disputas de poder quando buscam se tornar sustentáveis. Questionamentos surgem quando se procurar garantir não apenas a teoria, mas também uma prática sustentável mínima no espaço urbano e para além desse, referentes, principalmente ao papel da sociedade e do poder público. Neste contexto, surgem dúvidas também a respeito da educação ambiental: como ela se encaixa no processo de transformação desta civilização atual que “tem como eixo articulador não a vida, a sua grandiosidade, a sua defesa e a sua expansão, mas o próprio poder e os meios de mais poder que é a dominação.”(BOFF, 1996)? Por outro lado, sobre o direito fundamental à sadia qualidade de vida, previsto constitucionalmente como direito de todos, gerações atuais e futuras, quando e como deixará ser privilégio de poucos? Com objetivo de contribuir com o debate relativo à construção do conceito de cidades sustentáveis o presente artigo apresenta abordagens que pretendem estimular o pensamento crítico a respeito deste tema tão urgente e atual.
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Resumen: El presente trabajo aborda la temática del análisis de nuevos fundamentos de una ética ambiental para el desarrollo sustentable. Se comienza por la discusión de las limitaciones de planteos éticos precedentes mostrando la herencia moderna y las posturas metafísicas que las fundan. Esto llevará a un análisis básico de las nociones de “hombre” y de “mundo”. Examinaremos luego la necesidad de una revaloración de la metafísica tradicional para encontrar nuevas expresiones de sus verdades, que justifique un nuevo hombre cuya concepción de sí y de su la relación entre el Ser y los seres, derive en nuevas posturas y cursos de acción más adecuados con relación al medio ambiente.
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Resumen: En el presente trabajo abordamos la modalidad social en el pensamiento ambiental multimodal. La reflexión requiere primero la descripción del método de acceso, motivo por el cual revisamos la actividad logos en el análisis de la aprehensión primordial. El estudio de la dimensión social requiere repasar la aprehensión de las cosas y luego de los hechos sociales, para finalmente interesarnos por el estudio de la acción. Esto permite mostrar cómo el ambiente y los otros están siempre ya presentes en cada acción propia. Los resultados obtenidos permiten desarrollar una estructura de base para cualquier construcción teórica posterior que dé cuenta de la integración del hombre con la naturaleza y con los otros, mostrando la inseparable relación del ser humano con su ambiente y con su prójimo. Lo anterior sirve como protosociología de la modalidad social.