Creating healthy food environments in NSW: A knowledge and evidence synthesis to inform advocacy and action. Seven separate documents across the domains: Overview

Summaries evidence across seven domains of potential food policy action to improve food environments and food supply to prevent obesity for NSW Health

The purification and properties of peroxidase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and its possible role in the mechanism of action of isonicotinic acid hydrazide

Peroxidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was purified to homogeneity. The homogeneous protein exhibits catalase and Y (Youatt's)-enzyme activities in addition to peroxidase activity. Further confirmation that the three activities are due to a single enzyme was accomplished by other criteria, such as differential thermal inactivation, sensitivity to different inhibitors, and co-purification. The Y enzyme (peroxidase) was separated from NADase (NAD+ glycohydrolase) inhibitor by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The molecular weights of peroxidase and NADase inhibitor, as determined by gel filtration, are 240000 and 98000 respectively. The Y enzyme shows two Km values for both isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide) and NAD at low and high concentrations. Analysis of the data by Hill plots revealed that the enzyme has one binding site at lower substrate concentrations and more than one at higher substrate concentration. The enzyme contains 6g-atoms of iron/mol. Highly purified preparations of peroxidases from different sources catalyse the Y-enzyme reaction, suggesting that the nature of the reaction may be a peroxidatic oxidation of isoniazid. Moreover, the Y-enzyme reaction is enhanced by O2. Isoniazid-resistant mutants do not exhibit Y-enzyme, peroxidase or catalase activities, and do not take up isoniazid. The Y-enzyme reaction is therefore implicated in the uptake of the drug.

Inhibitory action of norepinephrine on the induction of tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase by cortisol: Mediation by the I-receptor

Induction of hepatic tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in rats by cortisol or corticosterone was inhibited on treatment with norepinephrine. The I-adrenergic blockers showed a small potentiating effect of the norepinephrine-mediated inhibition. The I-adrenergic blockers significantly reversed this inhibition, suggesting that norepinephrine acts Image the I-receptor in inhibition of the cortisol-mediated induction of this enzyme.

Mode of Action of a Purified Antitumor Protein from the Proteinaceous Crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis on Yoshida Ascites Sarcoma Cells

A purified antitumor protein from the proteinaceous crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis inhibits the growth of Yoshida ascites sarcoma both in vivo and in vitro. Exogenous respiration of the tumor cells was unaffected by the protein at a concentration as high as 500 µg/ml. The antitumor protein inhibits the uptake and incorporation of labeled precursors into macromolecules. However, the ratio of incorporation over uptake is not affected by the protein. Further, the protein brings about the leakage of 260-nm-absorbing material, proteins, and 32P-labeled cellular constituents from the Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells. The results show that the action of the antitumor protein appears to alter the cellular permeability of the tumor cells.

Effect of membrane action on the plastic collapse load of circular orthotropic slabs with fixed edges

In the case of reinforced concrete slabs fixed at the boundaries, considerable enhancement in the load carrying capacity takes place due to compressive membrane action. In this paper a method is presented to analyse the effects of membrane action in fixed orthotropic circular slabs, carrying uniformly distributed loads. Depending on the radial moment capacity being greater or less than the circumferential moment capacity, two cases of orthotropy have been considered. Numerical results are worked out for certain assumed physical parameters and for different coefficients of orthotropy. Variations of load and bending moments with the central deflection are presented.

Site of action of iron in the induction of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase in Neurospora crassa

δ-Aminolevulinate (ALA) dehydratase, the second and rate limiting enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway in the mold Neurospora crassa is induced maximally in 30 min by the addition of iron to iron-deficient cultures. The induction of the enzyme is blocked by cycloheximide, protoporphyrin, 8-azaguanine and cordycepin. Iron also brings about an increase in poly(A)-containing RNA synthesis under conditions of induction. The iron dependent increase in poly(A)-containing RNA synthesis is blocked by protoporphyrin. It is suggested that at the time intervals examined, bulk of the messenger RNA synthesized in response to iron addition represents the messenger for ALA dehydratase.

Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity in the action of antidepressants and morphine

Neuronal plasticity is a well characterized phenomenon in the developing and adult brain. It refers to capasity of a single neuron to modify morphology, synaptic connections and activity. Neuronal connections and capacity for plastic events are compromised in several pathological disorders, such as major depression. In addition, neuronal atrophy has been reported in depressive patients. Neurotrophins are a group of secretory proteins functionally classified as neuronal survival factors. Neurotrophins, especially brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have also been associated with promoting neuronal plasticity in dysfunctional neuronal networks. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases plastic events including neurogenesis and arborization and branching of neurites in distinct brain areas, such as the hippocampus. One suggested mode of action is where the antidepressants elevate the synaptic levels of BDNF thus further activating several signaling cascades via trkB-receptor. In our studies we have tried to clarify the mechanisms of action for antidepressants and to resolve the role of BDNF in this process. We found that chronic antidepressant treatment increases amount of markers of neuronal plasticity in both hippocampus and in the medial prefrontal cortex, both of which are closely linked to the etiology of major depression. Secondary actions of antidepressants include rapid activation of the trkB receptor followed by a phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB. In addition, activation of CREB by phosphorylation appears responsible for the regulation of the expression of the BDNF gene. Using transgenic mice we found that BDNF-induced trkB-mediated signaling proved crucial for the behavioral effects of antidepressants in the forced swimming test and for the survival of newly-born neurons in the adult hippocampus. Antidepressants not only increased neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus but also elevated the turnover of hippocampal neurons. During these studies we also discovered that another trkB ligand, NT-4, is involved in morphine-mediated anti-nociception and tolerance. These results present a novel role for trkB-mediated signaling in plastic events present in the opioid system. This thesis evaluates neuronal plasticity and trkB as a target for future antidepressant treatments.

Human action recognition from video sequences

This PhD research has proposed new machine learning techniques to improve human action recognition based on local features. Several novel video representation and classification techniques have been proposed to increase the performance with lower computational complexity. The major contributions are the construction of new feature representation techniques, based on advanced machine learning techniques such as multiple instance dictionary learning, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and Sparse coding. A Binary-tree based classification technique was also proposed to deal with large amounts of action categories. These techniques are not only improving the classification accuracy with constrained computational resources but are also robust to challenging environmental conditions. These developed techniques can be easily extended to a wide range of video applications to provide near real-time performance.

Calculating the bound spectrum by path summation in action-angle variables

The density of states n(E) is calculated for a bound system whose classical motion is integrable, starting from an expression in terms of the trace of the time-dependent Green function. The novel feature is the use of action-angle variables. This has the advantages that the trace operation reduces to a trivial multiplication and the dependence of n(E) on all classical closed orbits with different topologies appears naturally. The method is contrasted with another, not applicable to integrable systems except in special cases, in which quantization arises from a single closed orbit which is assumed isolated and the trace taken by the method of stationary phase.

Mechanism of action of selenious acid in the electrodeposition of manganese

The effect of selenious acid as an addition agent in the electrodeposition of manganese was studied by analysing the current-potential curves for manganese deposition. The mechanism of action of this addition agent was found to be essentially similar to that proposed for sulphur dioxide, namely to affect the manganese deposition indirectly by influencing the hydrogen evolution reaction which is a parallel reaction at the electrode surface.

Educational action research in Singapore: To prove or improve?

The rise of educational action research amongst schools in Singapore can be attributed to the government’s belief that educational research and reform can improve school performance and help Singapore keep pace with the impact of globalization. However, against a backdrop of neo-liberal educational reform where efficiency, accountability and demonstrable outcomes are valued, the underlying intent of the action research projects would seem to be inconsistent with the emancipatory intent normally associated with action research. A systematic review was conducted of 71 action research projects submitted to a local educational conference in 2006. Of concern to us is how action research has been narrowly interpreted and recruited simply as an evaluative tool with the emancipatory potential largely ignored. The paper is theoretically framed by governmentality and performativity to explore the embedded power relations that may “fabricate” the action research projects. The findings and discussions suggest a need for the government, schools and teacher-researchers to reflexively question the current expectation of action research and to be clear about its broader purpose

Bustle behind the scenes of action : nemosis as a model for fibroblast inflammatory activation

Wound healing is a complex process that requires an interplay between several cell types. Classically, fibroblasts have been viewed as producers of extracellular matrix, but more recently they have been recognized as orchestrators of the healing response, promoting and directing, inflammation and neovascularization processes. Compared to those from healthy tissue, inflammation-associated fibroblasts display a dramatically altered phenotype and have been described as sentinel cells, able to switch to an immunoregulatory profile on cue. However, the activation mechanism still remains largely uncharacterized. Nemosis is a model for stromal fibroblast activation. When normal human primary fibroblasts are deprived of growth support they cluster, forming multicellular spheroids. Clustering results in upregulation of proinflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2 and secretion of prostaglandins, proteinases, cytokines, and growth factors. Fibroblasts in nemosis induce wound healing and tumorigenic responses in many cell types found in inflammatory and tumor microenvironments. This study investigated the effect of nemotic fibroblasts on two components of the vascular system, leukocytes and endothelium, and characterized the inflammation-promoting responses that arose in these cell types. Fibroblasts in nemosis were found to secrete an array of chemotactic cytokines and attract leukocytes, as well as promote their adhesion to the endothelium. Nuclear factor-kB, the master regulator of many inflammatory responses, is activated in nemotic fibroblasts. Nemotic fibroblasts are known to produce large amounts of hepatocyte growth factor, a motogenic and angiogenic factor. Also, as shown in this study, they produce vascular endothelial growth factor. These two factors induced migratory and sprouting responses in endothelial cells, both required for neovascularization. Nemotic fibroblasts also caused a decrease in the expression of adherens and tight junction components on the surface of endothelial cells. The results allow the conclusion that fibroblasts in nemosis share many similarities with inflammation-associated fibroblasts. Both inflammation and stromal fibroblasts are known to be involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Nemosis may be viewed as a model for stromal fibroblast activation, or it may correlate with cell-cell interactions between adjacent fibroblasts in vivo. Nevertheless, due to nemosis-derived production of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors, fibroblast nemosis may have therapeutic potential as an inducer of controlled tissue repair. Knowledge of stromal fibroblast activation gained through studies of nemosis, could provide new strategies to control unwanted inflammation and tumor progression.

A Team of Continuous-Action Learning Automata for Noise-Tolerant Learning of Half-Spaces

Learning automata are adaptive decision making devices that are found useful in a variety of machine learning and pattern recognition applications. Although most learning automata methods deal with the case of finitely many actions for the automaton, there are also models of continuous-action-set learning automata (CALA). A team of such CALA can be useful in stochastic optimization problems where one has access only to noise-corrupted values of the objective function. In this paper, we present a novel formulation for noise-tolerant learning of linear classifiers using a CALA team. We consider the general case of nonuniform noise, where the probability that the class label of an example is wrong may be a function of the feature vector of the example. The objective is to learn the underlying separating hyperplane given only such noisy examples. We present an algorithm employing a team of CALA and prove, under some conditions on the class conditional densities, that the algorithm achieves noise-tolerant learning as long as the probability of wrong label for any example is less than 0.5. We also present some empirical results to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Cytotoxicity of half sandwich ruthenium(II) complexes with strong hydrogen bond acceptor ligands and their mechanism of action

Neutral and cationic organometallic ruthenium(II) piano stool complexes of the type [(eta(6)-cymene)R-uCl(X)(Y)] (complexes R1-R8) has been synthesized and characterized. In cationic complexes, X, Y is either a eta(2) phosphorus ligand such as 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (DPPM) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) or partially oxidized ligands such as 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane monooxide (DPPMO) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane monooxide (DPPEO) which are strong hydrogen bond acceptors. In neutral complexes. X is chloride and Y is a monodentate phosphorous donor. Complexes with DPPM and DPPMO ligands ([(eta(6)-cymene)Ru(eta(2)-DPPM)Cl]PF6 (R2), [(eta(6)-cymene)Ru(eta(2)-DPPMO)Cl]PF6 (R3), [(eta(6)-cymene)Ru(eta(1)-DPPM)Cl-2] (R5) and [(eta(6)-cymene)Ru(eta(1)-DPPMO)Cl-2] (R6) show good cytotoxicity. Growth inhibition study of several human cancer cell lines by these complexes has been carried out. Mechanistic studies for R5 and R6 show that inhibition of cancer cell growth involves both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Using an apoptosis PCR array, we identified the sets of antiapoptotic genes that were down regulated and pro-apoptotic genes that were up regulated. These complexes were also found to be potent metastasis inhibitors as they prevented cell invasion through matrigel. The complexes were shown to bind DNA in a non intercalative fashion and cause unwinding of plasmid DNA in cell-free medium by competitive ethidium bromide binding, viscosity measurements, thermal denaturation and gel mobility shift assays.