Grand Street Boys' Association (New York, N.Y.) Records, undated, 1907-1968, bulk 1940-2000.

The Grand Street Boys' Association began in 1916 as a reunion of men who had grown up on or near Grand Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan and quickly grew into an active club, open to all men (and eventually women) regardless of religion, ethnicity, or social class. The Association promoted welfare projects, acts of fellowship and tolerance, scholarships, youth employment, war efforts, and the elimination of discrimination in sports, among other projects. The collection documents the activities of the Association, as well as the Grand Street Boys' Foundation, its financial arm established in 1945, and its Hobbycraft Program, a charitable program tasked with collecting and redistributing donated items to charitable and nonprofit organizations. Materials include administrative records, financial records, correspondence, minutes, membership records, newsletters, yearbooks, artifacts, speeches, and photographs relating to both the New York Grand Street Boys' Association and the Association's Grand Street House in England. Series I, comprising the majority of the collection, contains the records of the Grand Street Boys' Association. In it are extensive membership records, meeting minutes, annual yearbooks, financial records, administrative material, newsletters, and artifacts. Series II documents the Grand Street Boys' Foundation and contains administrative records and financial records. Some overlap of material will be found in Series I and II such as material pertaining to the relationship between the Association and Foundation. Series III consists of photographs documenting both the Association and Foundation. The photographs show members and highlight the activities of the Grand Street Boys.

Diet of dingoes and other wild dogs in peri-urban areas of north-eastern Australia

Knowledge of the resource requirements of urban predators can improve our understanding of their ecology and assist town planners and wildlife management agencies in developing management approaches that alleviate human-wildlife conflicts. Here we examine food and dietary items identified in scats of dingoes in peri-urban areas of north-eastern Australia to better understand their resource requirements and the potential for dingoes to threaten locally fragmented populations of native fauna. Our primary aim was to determine what peri-urban dingoes eat, and whether or not this differs between regions. We identified over 40 different food items in dingo scats, almost all of which were mammals. Individual species commonly observed in dingo scats included agile wallabies, northern brown bandicoots and swamp wallabies. Birds were relatively common in some areas but not others, as were invertebrates. Dingoes were identified as a significant potential threat to fragmented populations of koalas. Dietary overlap was typically very high or near-identical between regions, indicating that peri-urban dingoes ate the same types or sizes of prey in different areas. Future studies should seek to quantify actual and perceived impacts of, and human attitudes towards, peri-urban dingoes, and to develop management strategies with a greater chance of reducing human-wildlife conflicts.

Reinventing Nordic Openness : Transparency and State Information in Finland

The study explores new ideational changes in the information strategy of the Finnish state between 1998 and 2007, after a juncture in Finnish governing in the early 1990s. The study scrutinizes the economic reframing of institutional openness in Finland that comes with significant and often unintended institutional consequences of transparency. Most notably, the constitutional principle of publicity (julkisuusperiaate), a Nordic institutional peculiarity allowing public access to state information, is now becoming an instrument of economic performance and accountability through results. Finland has a long institutional history in the publicity of government information, acknowledged by law since 1951. Nevertheless, access to government information became a policy concern in the mid-1990s, involving a historical narrative of openness as a Nordic tradition of Finnish governing Nordic openness (pohjoismainen avoimuus). International interest in transparency of governance has also marked an opening for institutional re-descriptions in Nordic context. The essential added value, or contradictory term, that transparency has on the Finnish conceptualisation of governing is the innovation that public acts of governing can be economically efficient. This is most apparent in the new attempts at providing standardised information on government and expressing it in numbers. In Finland, the publicity of government information has been a concept of democratic connotations, but new internationally diffusing ideas of performance and national economic competitiveness are discussed under the notion of transparency and its peer concepts openness and public (sector) information, which are also newcomers to Finnish vocabulary of governing. The above concepts often conflict with one another, paving the way to unintended consequences for the reforms conducted in their name. Moreover, the study argues that the policy concerns over openness and public sector information are linked to the new drive for transparency. Drawing on theories of new institutionalism, political economy, and conceptual history, the study argues for a reinvention of Nordic openness in two senses. First, in referring to institutional history, the policy discourse of Nordic openness discovers an administrative tradition in response to new dilemmas of public governance. Moreover, this normatively appealing discourse also legitimizes the new ideational changes. Second, a former mechanism of democratic accountability is being reframed with market and performance ideas, mostly originating from the sphere of transnational governance and governance indices. Mobilizing different research techniques and data (public documents of the Finnish government and international organizations, some 30 interviews of Finnish civil servants, and statistical time series), the study asks how the above ideational changes have been possible, pointing to the importance of nationalistically appealing historical narratives and normative concepts of governing. Concerning institutional developments, the study analyses the ideational changes in central steering mechanisms (political, normative and financial steering) and the introduction of budget transparency and performance management in two cases: census data (Population Register Centre) and foreign political information (Ministry for Foreign Affairs). The new policy domain of governance indices is also explored as a type of transparency. The study further asks what institutional transformations are to be observed in the above cases and in the accountability system. The study concludes that while the information rights of citizens have been reinforced and recalibrated during the period under scrutiny, there has also been a conversion of institutional practices towards economic performance. As the discourse of Nordic openness has been rather unquestioned, the new internationally circulating ideas of transparency and the knowledge economy have entered this discourse without public notice. Since the mid 1990s, state registry data has been perceived as an exploitable economic resource in Finland and in the EU public sector information. This is a parallel development to the new drive for budget transparency in organisations as vital to the state as the Population Register Centre, which has led to marketization of census data in Finland, an international exceptionality. In the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the post-Cold War rhetorical shift from secrecy to performance-driven openness marked a conversion in institutional practices that now see information services with high regards. But this has not necessarily led to the increased publicity of foreign political information. In this context, openness is also defined as sharing information with select actors, as a trust based non-public activity, deemed necessary amid the global economic competition. Regarding accountability system, deliberation and performance now overlap, making it increasingly difficult to identify to whom and for what the public administration is accountable. These evolving institutional practices are characterised by unintended consequences and paradoxes. History is a paradoxical component in the above institutional change, as long-term institutional developments now justify short-term reforms.

The Restless Love of Thinking : The Concept Liebe in Hegel's Philosophy

The German philosopher G.W.F.Hegel (1770–1831) is best known for his idealistic system philosophy, his concept of spirit [Geist] and for his dictum that the existing and the rational overlap. This thesis offers a new perspective: it examines the working of the concept ‘love’ in Hegel’s philosophy by looking at the contexts and function he puts it to, from his earliest writings to the very last lectures he gave. The starting point of the inquiry is that he applied the concept Liebe to different contexts for different purposes, but each time to provide an answer to a specific philosophical problem. His formulation, reformulation and use of ‘love’ give possible solutions to problems the solving of which was crucial to the development of his thought as a whole. The study is divided into three parts, each analysing the different problems and solutions to which Hegel applied the concept of love. The first part, "Love, morality and ethical life", examines these interconnected themes in Hegel’s early work. The main questions he addressed during this period concerned how to unite Kant’s philosophy and the Greek ideal of the good life. In this context, the concept ‘love’ did three things. First, it served to formulate his grounding idea of the relation between unity and difference, or the manifold. Secondly, it was the key to his attempt to base an ideal folk religion on Christianity interpreted as a religion of love. Finally, it provided the means to criticise Kant’s moral philosophy. The question of the moral value of love helped Hegel to break away from Kant’s thought and develop his own theory about love and ethical life. The second part of the study, "Love and the political realm", considers the way 'Liebe' functions in connection with questions concerning the community and political life in Hegel’s work. In addition to questioning the universal applicability of the concept of recognition as a key to his theory of social relations, the chapters focus on gender politics and the way he conceptualised the gender category ‘woman’ through the concept ‘love’. Another line of inquiry is the way the figure of Antigone was used to conceptualise the differentiated spheres of action for men and women, and the part ‘love’ played in Hegel’s description of Antigone’s motives. Thirdly, Hegel’s analogy of the family and the state and the way ‘love’ functions in an attempt to promote understanding of the relation between citizens and the state are examined. The third and final part of the study, "Love as absolute spirit", focuses on ‘love’ within Hegel’s systemic thought and the way he continued to characterise Geist through the language of Liebe up until and including his very last works. It is shown how Liebe functions in his hierarchical organisation of the domains of art, religion and philosophy, and how both art and religion end up in similar structural positions with regard to philosophy. One recurrent theme in the third part is Hegel’s complex relation to Romantic thought. Another line of investigation is how he reconstructed Christianity as a religion of love in his mature work. In striking contrast to his early thought, in his last works Hegel introduced a new concept of love that incorporated negativity, and that could also function as the root of political action.

The perturbational treatment of the process of hydrogen abstraction by ketones

The change in energy during hydrogen abstraction by ketones is estimated for different electronic states as a function of the intermolecular orbital overlap employing perturbation theory. The results suggest that ketones preferentially undergo the in-plane reaction and abstract a hydrogen atom in their triplet nπ* state. For ketones where the triplet ππ* state lies below the triplet nπ* state, hydrogen abstraction can take place in the ππ* state owing to the crossing of the zero order reaction surfaces of the nπ* and ππ* states.

Theoretical calculations of base-base interactions in nucleic acids: I Stacking interactions in free bases

Stacking interactions in free bases were computed on the basis of molecular association. The results of the calculations were compared with the stacking patterns observed in a few single crystals of nucleic acid components as examples. The following are the conclusions: (i) there can be two types of stacking pattern classified as normal and inverted types for any two interacting bases and both can be energetically favourable (ii) in both the types the stacking interaction is a combined effect of the overlap of the interacting bases and relative positions and orientations of the atomic centres of the two bases (iii) crystal symmetry and H-bonding interaction may influence stacking patterns.

Do dholes (Cuon alpinus) live in packs in response to competition with or predation by large cats?

Interactions between carnivores during the defence of kills may be one reason why certain carnivores live in groups. This is especially true of lions, hyaenas and the African wild dog, The dhole or the Asiatic wild dog, primarily a pack living animal, has been observed to regularly interact with both tigers and leopards, Such interactions have taken place over kills and otherwise. In this report, five such interactions are described, It was found that the pack's behaviour of surrounding bushes acid trees on which the cat was confined precluded immediate escape. The presence of sentinels, while the pack was resting, warned the pack of the presence of a big cat and the pack grouped when a big cat appeared, Costs to both individuals within the dhole packs and the cats involved in the encounters were found to be slight, The reasons for such potentially costly encounters could be competition for finite food resources or thwarting predation, Dholes have a significant diet overlap with both leopards and tigers and aggressively encounter with leopards but not with tigers, Differences between diet overlaps may not be the basis behind the differences in aggression, It is more likely that, the small size of leopards and the fact that they predate more often on dholes, cause dhole packs to be more aggressive to leopards than to tigers, The size of carnivore groups may thus pose an advantage during competitive interactions among carnivore species.

Adiabatic quantum computation with a one-dimensional projector Hamiltonian

Adiabatic quantum computation is based on the adiabatic evolution of quantum systems. We analyze a particular class of quantum adiabatic evolutions where either the initial or final Hamiltonian is a one-dimensional projector Hamiltonian on the corresponding ground state. The minimum-energy gap, which governs the time required for a successful evolution, is shown to be proportional to the overlap of the ground states of the initial and final Hamiltonians. We show that such evolutions exhibit a rapid crossover as the ground state changes abruptly near the transition point where the energy gap is minimum. Furthermore, a faster evolution can be obtained by performing a partial adiabatic evolution within a narrow interval around the transition point. These results generalize and quantify earlier works.

Assessment of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders in a naturalistic schizophrenia population

The prevalence and assessment of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders (NIMDs) in a naturalistic schizophrenia population that uses conventional neuroleptics were studied. We recruited 99 chronic schizophrenic institutionalized adult patients from a state nursing home in central Estonia. The total prevalence of NIMDs according to the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) was 61.6%, and 22.2% had more than one NIMD. We explored the reliability and validity of different instruments for measuring these disorders. First, we compared DSM-IV with the established observer rating scales of Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) (for neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, NIP) and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) (for tardive dyskinesia), all three of which have been used for diagnosing NIMD. We found a good overlap of cases for neuroleptic-induced akathisia (NIA) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) but somewhat poorer overlap for NIP, for which we suggest raising the commonly used threshold value of 0.3 to 0.65. Second, we compared the established observer rating scales with an objective motor measurement, namely controlled rest lower limb activity measured by actometry. Actometry supported the validity of BARS and SAS, but it could not be used alone in this naturalistic population with several co-existing NIMDs. It could not differentiate the disorders from each other. Quantitative actometry may be useful in measuring changes in NIA and NIP severity, in situations where the diagnosis has been made using another method. Third, after the relative failure of quantitative actometry to show diagnostic power in a naturalistic population, we explored descriptive ways of analysing actometric data, and demonstrated diagnostic power pooled NIA and pseudoakathisia (PsA) in our population. A subjective question concerning movement problems was able to discriminate NIA patients from all other subjects. Answers to this question were not selective for other NIMDs. Chronic schizophrenia populations are common worldwide, NIMD affected two-thirds of our study population. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of NIMDs warrant more attention, especially in countries where typical antipsychotics are frequently used. Our study supported the validity and reliability of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for NIMD in comparison with established rating scales and actometry. SAS can be used with minor modifications for screening purposes. Controlled rest lower limb actometry was not diagnostically specific in our naturalistic population with several co-morbid NIMDs, but it may be sensitive in measuring changes in NIMDs.

Multicarrier conduction and Boltzmann transport analysis of heavy hole mobility in HgCdTe near room temperature

Magnetotransport measurements in pulsed fields up to 15 T have been performed on mercury cadmium telluride (Hg1-xCdxTe, x similar to 0.2) bulk as well as liquid phase epitaxially grown samples to obtain the resistivity and conductivity tensors in the temperature range 220-300 K. Mobilities and densities of various carriers participating in conduction have been extracted using both conventional multicarrier fitting (MCF) and mobility spectrum analysis. The fits to experimental data, particularly at the highest magnetic fields, were substantially improved when MCF is applied to minimize errors simultaneously on both resistivity and conductivity tensors. The semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation has been solved without using adjustable parameters by incorporating the following scattering mechanisms to fit the mobility: ionized impurity, polar and nonpolar optical phonons, acoustic deformation potential, and alloy disorder. Compared to previous estimates based on the relaxation time approximation with outscattering only, polar optical scattering and ionized impurity scattering limited mobilities are shown to be larger due to the correct incorporation of the inscattering term taking into account the overlap integrals in the valence band.

Selective detection of single-enantiomer spectrum of chiral molecules aligned in the polypeptide liquid crystalline solvent: Transition selective one-dimensional H-1-H-1 COSY

One-dimensional (1D) proton NMR spectra of enantiomers are generally undecipherable in chiral orienting poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG)/CDCl3 solvent. This arises due to large number of couplings, in addition to superposition of spectra from both the enantiomers, severely hindering the H-1 detection. On the other hand in the present study the benefit is derived front the presence of several couplings among the entire network of interacting protons. Transition selective 1D H-1-H-1 correlation experiment (1D-COSY) which utilizes the Coupling assisted transfer of magnetization not only for unraveling the overlap but also for the selective detection of enantiopure spectrum is reported. The experiment is simple, easy to implement and provides accurate eanantiomeric excess in addition to the determination of the proton-proton couplings of an enantiomer within a short experimental time (few minutes). (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spectroscopy of tissue triglyceride composition : In vitro and in vivo studies

Lipid analysis is commonly performed by gas chromatography (GC) in laboratory conditions. Spectroscopic techniques, however, are non-destructive and can be implemented noninvasively in vivo. Excess fat (triglycerides) in visceral adipose tissue and liver is known predispose to metabolic abnormalities, collectively known as the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance is the likely cause with diets high in saturated fat known to impair insulin sensitivity. Tissue triglyceride composition has been used as marker of dietary intake but it can also be influenced by tissue specific handling of fatty acids. Recent studies have shown that adipocyte insulin sensitivity correlates positively with their saturated fat content, contradicting the common view of dietary effects. A better understanding of factors affecting tissue triglyceride composition is needed to provide further insights into tissue function in lipid metabolism. In this thesis two spectroscopic techniques were developed for in vitro and in vivo analysis of tissue triglyceride composition. In vitro studies (Study I) used infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a fast and cost effective analytical technique well suited for multivariate analysis. Infrared spectra are characterized by peak overlap leading to poorly resolved absorbances and limited analytical performance. In vivo studies (Studies II, III and IV) used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), an established non-invasive clinical method for measuring metabolites in vivo. 1H-MRS has been limited in its ability to analyze triglyceride composition due to poorly resolved resonances. Using an attenuated total reflection accessory, we were able to obtain pure triglyceride infrared spectra from adipose tissue biopsies. Using multivariate curve resolution (MCR), we were able to resolve the overlapping double bond absorbances of monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat. MCR also resolved the isolated trans double bond and conjugated linoleic acids from an overlapping background absorbance. Using oil phantoms to study the effects of different fatty acid compositions on the echo time behaviour of triglycerides, it was concluded that the use of long echo times improved peak separation with T2 weighting having a negligible impact. It was also discovered that the echo time behaviour of the methyl resonance of omega-3 fats differed from other fats due to characteristic J-coupling. This novel insight could be used to detect omega-3 fats in human adipose tissue in vivo at very long echo times (TE = 470 and 540 ms). A comparison of 1H-MRS of adipose tissue in vivo and GC of adipose tissue biopsies in humans showed that long TE spectra resulted in improved peak fitting and better correlations with GC data. The study also showed that calculation of fatty acid fractions from 1H-MRS data is unreliable and should not be used. Omega-3 fatty acid content derived from long TE in vivo spectra (TE = 540 ms) correlated with total omega-3 fatty acid concentration measured by GC. The long TE protocol used for adipose tissue studies was subsequently extended to the analysis of liver fat composition. Respiratory triggering and long TE resulted in spectra with the olefinic and tissue water resonances resolved. Conversion of the derived unsaturation to double bond content per fatty acid showed that the results were in accordance with previously published gas chromatography data on liver fat composition. In patients with metabolic syndrome, liver fat was found to be more saturated than subcutaneous or visceral adipose tissue. The higher saturation observed in liver fat may be a result of a higher rate of de-novo-lipogenesis in liver than in adipose tissue. This thesis has introduced the first non-invasive method for determining adipose tissue omega-3 fatty acid content in humans in vivo. The methods introduced here have also shown that liver fat is more saturated than adipose tissue fat.

Leukoencephalopathies in childhood : Delineation of phenotypes

Within the last 15 years, several new leukoencephalopathies have been recognized. However, more than half of children with cerebral white matter abnormalities still have no specific diagnosis. Our aim was to classify unknown leukoencephalopathies and to identify new diseases among them. During the study, three subgroups of patients were delineated and examined further. First, we evaluated 38 patients with unknown leukoencephalopathy. Brain MRI findings were grouped into seven categories according to the predominant location of the abnormalities. The largest subgroups were myelination abnormalities (n=20) and periventricular white matter abnormalities (n=12). Six patients had uniform MRI findings with signal abnormalities in hemispheric white matter and in selective brain stem and spinal cord tracts. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed elevated lactate and decreased N-acetylaspartate in the abnormal white matter. The patients presented with ataxia, tremor, distal spasticity, and signs of dorsal column dysfunction. This phenotype - leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and elevated white matter lactate (LBSL) - was first published elsewhere in 2003. A new finding was development of a mild axonal neuropathy. The etiopathogenesis of this disease is unknown, but elevated white matter lactate in MRS suggests a mitochondrial disorder. Secondly, we studied 22 patients with 18q deletions. Clinical and MRI findings were correlated with molecularly defined size of the deletion. All patients with deletions between markers D18S469 and D18S1141 (n=18) had abnormal myelination in brain MRI, while four patients with interstitial deletions sparing that region, had normal myelination pattern. Haploinsufficiency of myelin basic protein is suggested to be responsible for this dysmyelination. Congenital aural atresia/stenosis was found in 50% of the cases and was associated with deletions between markers D18S812 (at 18q22.3) and D18S1141 (at q23). Last part of the study comprised 13 patients with leukoencephalopathy and extensive cerebral calcifications. They showed a spectrum of findings, including progressive cerebral cysts, retinal telangiectasias and angiomas, intrauterine growth retardation, skeletal and hematologic abnormalities, and severe intestinal bleeding, which overlap with features of the previously reported patients with "Coats plus" syndrome and "leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts", suggesting that these disorders are related. All autopsied patients had similar neuropathologic findings showing calcifying obliterative microangiopathy. Our patients may represent an autosomally recessively inherited disorder because there were affected siblings and patients of both sexes. We have started genealogic and molecular genetic studies of this disorder.

Stuffed fullerenelike boron carbide nanoclusters

Viable stuffed fullerenelike boron carbide nanoclusters, C50B34, C48B36-2, and their isomers based on an icosahedral B-84 fragment of elemental beta-rhombohedral boron have been investigated using density functional theory calculations. The structure and the stability of these clusters are rationalized using the polyhedral skeletal electron counting and ring-cap orbital overlap compatibility rules. The curvature of the fullerene was found to play a vital role in achieving the most stable isomer C50B34(3B). The large highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gaps, three dimensional aromaticity, and electron detachment energies support their high stability. Further, the IR and Raman active modes were recognized.

Comparison and integration of MEG and fMRI

MEG directly measures the neuronal events and has greater temporal resolution than fMRI, which has limited temporal resolution mainly due to the larger timescale of the hemodynamic response. On the other hand fMRI has advantages in spatial resolution, while the localization results with MEG can be ambiguous due to the non-uniqueness of the electromagnetic inverse problem. Thus, these methods could provide complementary information and could be used to create both spatially and temporally accurate models of brain function. We investigated the degree of overlap, revealed by the two imaging methods, in areas involved in sensory or motor processing in healthy subjects and neurosurgical patients. Furthermore, we used the spatial information from fMRI to construct a spatiotemporal model of the MEG data in order to investigate the sensorimotor system and to create a spatiotemporal model of its function. We compared the localization results from the MEG and fMRI with invasive electrophysiological cortical mapping. We used a recently introduced method, contextual clustering, for hypothesis testing of fMRI data and assessed the the effect of neighbourhood information use on the reproducibility of fMRI results. Using MEG, we identified the ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SMI) as a novel source area contributing to the somatosensory evoked fields (SEF) to median nerve stimulation. Using combined MEG and fMRI measurements we found that two separate areas in the lateral fissure may be the generators for the SEF responses from the secondary somatosensory cortex region. The two imaging methods indicated activation in corresponding locations. By using complementary information from MEG and fMRI we established a spatiotemporal model of somatosensory cortical processing. This spatiotemporal model of cerebral activity was in good agreement with results from several studies using invasive electrophysiological measurements and with anatomical studies in monkey and man concerning the connections between somatosensory areas. In neurosurgical patients, the MEG dipole model turned out to be more reliable than fMRI in the identification of the central sulcus. This was due to prominent activation in non-primary areas in fMRI, which in some cases led to erroneous or ambiguous localization of the central sulcus.