Geological, geochemical and biogeochemical data on boundary zones of the Atlantic Ocean

Results of studies in two biogeochemically active zones of the Atlantic Ocean (the Benguela upwelling waters and the region influenced by the Congo River run-off) are reported in the book. A multidisciplinary approach included studies of the major elements of the ocean ecosystem: sea water, plankton, suspended matter, bottom sediments, interstitial waters, aerosols, as well as a wide complex of oceanographic studies carried out under a common program. Such an approach, as well as a use of new methodical solutions led to obtaining principally new information on different aspects of oceanology.

Oligotrophic bacteria from the Antarctic Ocean

From enrichment cultures in dialysis chambers held in natural seawater tanks, 104 strains were isolated and kept in culture. All strains proved to be Gram-negative and psychrotrophic, having optimum growth temperatures of between 20 and 24 °C. Maximal growth temperatures were 30 to 37 °C, or even higher. With 55 isolates, substrate utilizations in Biolog MicroPlates were determined, and the obtained metabolic fingerprints used for clustering. Five groups could be distinguished at the 80% similarity level. Fifteen strains belonged to cluster 1, seven strains to cluster 2, and each of the clusters 3 and 4 contained nine strains. Cluster 5 can be divided into subcluster 5a and 5b, with 6 strains showing a few substrates metabolized, and 9 strains without any reactions, or weak reactions for one or two substrates, respectively. Each cluster could be characterized by specific metabolic fingerprints. Strains from cluster 1 metabolized N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, strains from cluster 2 citric acid, formic acid, thymidine and putrescine, strains from cluster 3 glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, L-threonine and inosine, whereas strains from cluster 4 metabolized alpha-cyclodextrin and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, typically. Methylamine was not utilized by the isolates, but strains from cluster 1, 2 and 3 could grow on basal seawater agar. Morphological characteristics and photomicrographs of the oligotrophic strains are presented. Due to their typical morphologies and ampicillin resistence, the nine strains from cluster 3 can be regarded as new species of the genus Planctomyces. These bacteria have not been cultivated before.

Robust fabrication of electrospun-like polymer mats to direct cell bahaviour

Currently, cell culture systems that include nanoscale topography are widely used in order to provide cells additional cues closer to the in vivo environment, seeking to mimic the natural extracellular matrix. Electrospinning is one of the most common techniques to produce nano fiber mats. However, since many sensitive parameters play an important role in the process, a lack of reproducibility is a major drawback. Here we present a simple and robust methodology to prepare reproducible electrospun-like samples. It consists of a polydimethylsiloxane mold reproducing the fiber pattern to solvent-cast a polymer solution and obtain the final sample. To validate this methodology, poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA) samples were obtained and, after characterisation, bioactivity and ability to direct cell response were assessed. C2C12 myoblasts developed focal adhesions on the electrospun-like fibers and, when cultured under myogenic differentiation conditions, similar differentiation levels to electrospun PLLA fibers were obtained.

Combine use of Selected Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Lachancea thermotolerans Yeast Strains as an Alternative to the Traditional Malolactic Fermentation in Red Wine Production

Most red wines commercialized in the market use the malolactic fermentationprocess in order to ensure stability from a microbiological point of view. In this secondfermentation, malic acid is converted into L-lactic acid under controlled setups. Howeverthis process is not free from possible collateral effects that on some occasions produceoff-flavors, wine quality loss and human health problems. In warm viticulture regions suchas the south of Spain, the risk of suffering a deviation during the malolactic fermentationprocess increases due to the high must pH. This contributes to produce wines with highvolatile acidity and biogenic amine values. This manuscript develops a new red winemakingmethodology that consists of combining the use of two non-Saccharomyces yeast strains asan alternative to the traditional malolactic fermentation. In this method, malic acid is totallyconsumed by Schizosaccharomyces pombe, thus achieving the microbiological stabilizationobjective, while Lachancea thermotolerans produces lactic acid in order not to reduce andeven increase the acidity of wines produced from low acidity musts. This technique reducesthe risks inherent to the malolactic fermentation process when performed in warm regions.The result is more fruity wines that contain less acetic acid and biogenic amines than thetraditional controls that have undergone the classical malolactic fermentation.

Influence of sequential fermentations with Torulaspora delbrueckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on wine quality

Torulaspora delbrueckii is a non-Saccharomyces yeast with interesting metabolic and physiological properties of potential use in oenology. This work examines the fermentative behaviour of five strains of T. delbrueckii in sequential fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, analysing the formation of aromatic compounds, polyalcohols and pigments. The fermentative power of these five strains ranged between 7.6 and 9.0% v/v ethanol; the associated volatile acidity was 0.2e0.7 g/l acetic acid. The production of glycerol was inferior to that of S. cerevisiae alone. The mean 2,3-butanediol concentration reached in single-culture S. cerevisiae fermentations was 73% higher than in the five sequential T. delbrueckii/S. cerevisiae fermentations. However, these fermentations produced larger quantities of diacetyl, ethyl lactate and 2-phenylethyl acetate than single-culture S. cerevisiae fermentation. 3-ethoxy propanol was produced only in the sequential fermentations. The five sequential fermentations produced smaller quantities of vitisin A and B than single-culture S. cerevisiae fermentation. In tests performed prior to the addition of the S. cerevisiae in the sequential fermentations, none of the T. delbrueckii strains showed any extracellular hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase activity. They therefore produced no vinyl phenolic pyranoanthocyanins.

Stimulation of neurite outgrowth using an electrically conducting polymer

Damage to peripheral nerves often cannot be repaired by the juxtaposition of the severed nerve ends. Surgeons have typically used autologous nerve grafts, which have several drawbacks including the need for multiple surgical procedures and loss of function at the donor site. As an alternative, the use of nerve guidance channels to bridge the gap between severed nerve ends is being explored. In this paper, the electrically conductive polymer—oxidized polypyrrole (PP)—has been evaluated for use as a substrate to enhance nerve cell interactions in culture as a first step toward potentially using such polymers to stimulate in vivo nerve regeneration. Image analysis demonstrates that PC-12 cells and primary chicken sciatic nerve explants attached and extended neurites equally well on both PP films and tissue culture polystyrene in the absence of electrical stimulation. In contrast, PC-12 cells interacted poorly with indium tin oxide (ITO), poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) surfaces. However, PC-12 cells cultured on PP films and subjected to an electrical stimulus through the film showed a significant increase in neurite lengths compared with ones that were not subjected to electrical stimulation through the film and tissue culture polystyrene controls. The median neurite length for PC-12 cells grown on PP and subjected to an electrical stimulus was 18.14 μm (n = 5643) compared with 9.5 μm (n = 4440) for controls. Furthermore, animal implantation studies reveal that PP invokes little adverse tissue response compared with poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid).

Cerebral protein synthesis in a genetic mouse model of phenylketonuria

Local rates of cerebral protein synthesis (lCPSleu) were measured with the quantitative autoradiographic [1-14C]leucine method in a genetic mouse model (Pahenu2) of phenylketonuria. As in the human disease, Pahenu2 mice have a mutation in the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase. We compared adult homozygous (HMZ) and heterozygous (HTZ) Pahenu2 mice with the background strain (BTBR). Arterial plasma concentrations of phenylalanine (Phe) were elevated in both HMZ and HTZ mutants by 21 times and 38%, respectively. In the total acid-soluble pool in brain concentrations of Phe were higher and other neutral amino acids lower in HMZ mice compared with either HTZ or BTBR mice indicating a partial saturation of the l-amino acid carrier at the blood brain barrier by the elevated plasma Phe concentrations. In a series of steady-state experiments, the contribution of leucine from the arterial plasma to the tRNA-bound pool in brain was found to be statistically significantly reduced in HMZ mice compared with the other groups, indicating that a greater fraction of leucine in the precursor pool for protein synthesis is derived from protein degradation. We found reductions in lCPSleu of about 20% throughout the brain in the HMZ mice compared with the other two groups, but no reductions in brain concentrations of tRNA-bound neutral amino acids. Our results in the mouse model suggest that in untreated phenylketonuria in adults, the partial saturation of the l-amino acid transporter at the blood–brain barrier may not underlie a reduction in cerebral protein synthesis.

Whole body nitric oxide synthesis in healthy men determined from [15N] arginine-to-[15N]citrulline labeling.

The rates of whole body nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, plasma arginine flux, and de novo arginine synthesis and their relationships to urea production, were examined in a total of seven healthy adults receiving an L-amino acid diet for 6 days. NO synthesis was estimated by the rate of conversion of the [15N] guanidino nitrogen of arginine to plasma [15N] ureido citrulline and compared with that based on urinary nitrite (NO2-)/nitrate (NO3-) excretion. Six subjects received on dietary day 7, a 24-hr (12-hr fed/12-hr fasted) primed, constant, intravenous infusion of L-[guanidino-15N2]arginine and [13C]urea. A similar investigation was repeated with three of these subjects, plus an additional subject, in which they received L-[ureido-13C]citrulline, to determine plasma citrulline fluxes. The estimated rates (mean +/- SD) of NO synthesis over a period of 24 hr averaged 0.96 +/- 0.1 mumol .kg-1.hr-1 and 0.95 +/- 0.1 mumol.kg-1.hr-1, for the [15N]citrulline and the nitrite/nitrate methods, respectively. About 15% of the plasma arginine turnover was associated with urea formation and 1.2% with NO formation. De novo arginine synthesis averaged 9.2 +/- 1.4 mumol. kg-1.hr-1, indicating that approximately 11% of the plasma arginine flux originates via conversion of plasma citrulline to arginine. Thus, the fraction of the plasma arginine flux associated with NO and also urea synthesis in healthy humans is small, although the plasma arginine compartment serves as a significant precursor pool (54%) for whole body NO formation. This tracer model should be useful for exploring these metabolic relationships in vivo, under specific pathophysiologic states where the L-arginine-NO pathway might be altered.

Inhibitors of HIV-1 replication that inhibit HIV integrase.

HIV-1 replication depends on the viral enzyme integrase that mediates integration of a DNA copy of the virus into the host cell genome. This enzyme represents a novel target to which antiviral agents might be directed. Three compounds, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1-methoxyoxalyl-3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and L-chicoric acid, inhibit HIV-1 integrase in biochemical assays at concentrations ranging from 0.06-0.66 microgram/ml; furthermore, these compounds inhibit HIV-1 replication in tissue culture at 1-4 microgram/ml. The toxic concentrations of these compounds are fully 100-fold greater than their antiviral concentrations. These compounds represent a potentially important new class of antiviral agents that may contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral integration. Thus, the dicaffeoylquinic acids are promising leads to new anti-HIV therapeutics and offer a significant advance in the search for new HIV enzyme targets as they are both specific for HIV-1 integrase and active against HIV-1 in tissue culture.

Phosphonate and quinoxaline cavitands for molecular recognition and sensing

In the last decade, phosphonate and quinoxaline cavitand have been extensively studied, highlighting their outstanding recognition properties. Their successful applications in material science and sensing open the way to new potential applications, such as border security, environmental monitoring and chiral recognition. The present thesis explores the recognition properties of phosphonate and quinoxaline cavitands towards new targets, for molecular recognition and sensing applications. Chapter 2 highlights the enantioselective behavior of phosphonate cavitands towards chiral guests in the solid state and in solution. Phosphonate cavitands were exploited for the molecular recognition of L-lactic acid (chapter 3), a widespread natural molecule which offer multiple potential applications, and a human sweat marker used for the detection of human presence (chapter 4). The second part is devoted to sensing applications of quinoxaline cavitands. Chapter 5 describes the use of QxCav for the preconcentration of drugs precursors, while chapter 6 reports the design, synthesis and grafting of a rigidified EtQxBox on a silicon wafer.

Obtenção e caracterização de amido termoplástico e de suas misturas com polipropileno.

Este trabalho está dividido em: obtenção e caracterização de amido termoplástico (TPS); estudo do envelhecimento do TPS e blendas de PP/TPS. O estudo do TPS, foi realizado utilizando amido de milho, 30% em massa de glicerol e outros componentes que variam entre as amostras. Primeiramente foi realizado um planejamento estatístico para obter a composição ótima de TPS. Foram escolhidos cinco parâmetros de entrada: 2 de composição (umidade e teor de ácido cítrico) e 3 de processamento (temperatura, velocidade dos rotores e tempo), visando obter um TPS com propriedades térmicas e mecânicas superiores. De acordo com os resultados de infravermelho, termogravimetria, microscopia ótica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foram escolhidas 2 composições. Estas foram calandradas e confeccionadas para obtenção dos corpos de prova de tração. Os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos mostraram que amostras com teor de ácido cítrico de aproximadamente 2% em massa apresentam os maiores valores de módulo de elasticidade e resistência à tração. Com estes resultados foram realizadas novas composições com outros ácidos carboxílicos: adípico, málico e tartárico e amostras sem ácidos. As curvas de torque indicaram que as amostras sem ácido carboxílico e com ácido adípico perdem água durante o processamento. Analisando os resultados verifica-se que o TPS com os ácidos málico e tartárico apresentam melhores propriedades mecânicas e térmicas. Também foi analisado o envelhecimento, e notou-se que com o tempo as amostras tendem a perder plastificante, modificando suas propriedades mecânicas e sua cristalinidade. Entretanto, durante o intervalo de um ano, as amostras de TPS com ácido málico e tartárico não sofreram perda significativa de plastificante. Por último, foram obtidas blendas de PP reciclado com TPS nas composições 50/50, 60/40 e 70/30 em massa, respectivamente, com e sem adição de ácidos: cítrico, málico e tartárico e anidrido maleico. As amostras foram caracterizadas por FTIR, DRX, reometria capilar, MEV e por teste de resistência à tração. Micrografias obtidas por MEV indicaram que todas as composições estudadas possuem morfologia predominantemente co-contínua. A presença dos ácidos, geralmente, reduz os valores das propriedades mecânicas da blenda de PP com TPS e a adição de PP-g-MA é mais efetiva nas blendas sem adição de ácido. Ao analisar o envelhecimento das blendas com adição de ácidos tartárico e málico, notou-se que as propriedades mecânicas não foram alteradas em função do tempo de estocagem.

Avaliação da influência do efeito de ultrassom na lixiviação de metais de placas de circuito impresso obsoletas.

Os equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (EEE) possuem uma grande importância na sociedade contemporânea, e estão presentes no cotidiano das pessoas de forma ubíqua. Com o aumento no consumo de EEE juntamente com a obsolescência precoce, surge um novo tipo de resíduo, chamado de Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos (REEE). Os REEE não devem ser descartados em aterros, pelo risco de contaminação e pelo desperdício de material. Assim, a reciclagem se faz necessária. As placas de circuito impresso (PCI) estão presentes na grande maioria do REEE e contem a maior variedade de metais, incluindo metais valiosos como Au, Ag, Pt e Cu. A complexidade torna a reciclagem destas placas muito difícil. Rotas hidrometalúrgicas tem surgido como uma alternativa mais limpa para o tratamento de PCI, em detrimento aos processos pirometalúrgicos. Nas rotas hidrometalúrgicas, os metais são extraídos pela lixiviação realizada por ácidos ou bases. O efeito ultrassônico tem sido empregado na síntese de novas substâncias e também em alguns casos no tratamento de resíduos. O processo central no uso de ultrassom é a cavitação acústica, capaz de produzir microbolhas na solução com temperatura da ordem de 5000 K e pressão de 500 atm localmente. Além disto, a implosão das bolhas de cavitação em meio heterogêneo causa um jato de solução na superfície, que pode alcançar velocidade de 100 m.s-1. Assim, esta tese tem como objetivo a investigação do efeito do ultrassom sobre PCI obsoletas. Dois efeitos foram investigados: o efeito da cominuição das PCI promovido pela cavitação e a influência da cavitação na lixiviação com ácido sulfúrico de Fe, Al e Ni. Os parâmetros investigados na cominuição foram: tipo de placa, granulometria da placa moída e potência de ultrassom. Os parâmetros de lixiviação avaliados foram: razão sólido-líquido (S/L), concentração de ácido e potência de ultrassom. Também foram realizados ensaios de lixiviação sonicados com meio oxidante. Foi feita a análise cinética para se determinar qual é o controle da reação de lixiviação.

I'industria tartarica; materie prime derivanti dal vino.

Mode of access: Internet.

Neuroprotectant effects of iso-osmolar D-mannitol to prevent Pacific ciguatoxin-1 induced alterations in neuronal excitability: A comparison with other osmotic agents and free radical scavengers

The basis for the neuroprotectant effect of D-mannitol in reducing the sensory neurological disturbances seen in ciguatera poisoning, is unclear. Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1), at a concentration 10 nM, caused a statistically significant swelling of rat sensory dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that was reversed by hyperosmolar 50 MM D-mannitol. However, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, it was found that P-CTX-1 failed to generate hydroxyl free radicals at concentrations of toxin that caused profound effects on neuronal excitability. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from DRG neurons revealed that both hyper- and iso-osmolar 50 MM D-mannitol prevented the membrane depolarisation and repetitive firing of action potentials induced by P-CTX-1. In addition, both hyper- and iso-osmolar 50 MM D-mannitol prevented the hyperpolarising shift in steady-state inactivation and the rise in leakage current through tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na-v channels, as well as the increased rate of recovery from inactivation of TTX-resistant Nav channels induced by P-CTX-1. D-Mannitol also reduced, but did not prevent, the inhibition of peak TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant I-Na amplitude by P-CTX-1. Additional experiments using hyper- and isoosmolar D-sorbitol, hyperosmolar sucrose and the free radical scavenging agents Trolox (R) and L-ascorbic acid showed that these agents, unlike D-mannitol, failed to prevent the effects of P-CTX-1 on spike electrogenesis and Na-v channel gating. These selective actions of D-mannitol indicate that it does not act purely as an osmotic agent to reduce swelling of nerves, but involves a more complex action dependent on the Nav channel subtype, possibly to alter or reduce toxin association. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identification and analysis of venom gland-specific genes from the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and related species

Australian terrestrial elapid snakes contain amongst the most potently toxic venoms known. However, despite the well-documented clinical effects of snake bite, little research has focussed on individual venom components at the molecular level. To further characterise the components of Australian elapid venoms, a complementary (cDNA) microarray was produced from the venom gland of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and subsequently screened for venom gland-specific transcripts. A number of putative toxin genes were identified, including neurotoxins, phospholipases, a pseudechetoxin-like gene, a venom natriuretic peptide and a nerve growth factor together with other genes involved in cellular maintenance. Venom gland-specific components also included a calglandulin-like protein implicated in the secretion of toxins from the gland into the venom. These toxin transcripts were subsequently identified in seven other related snake species, producing a detailed comparative analysis at the cDNA and protein levels. This study represents the most detailed description to date of the cloning and characterisation of different genes associated with envenomation from Australian snakes.