The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapeco mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients

Eight new species of the spider genus Chrysometa Simon, 1894 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) are described and illustrated. Chrysometa nubigena n. sp., C. waikoxi n. sp., C. petrasierwaldae n. sp., C. santosi n. sp., C. yanomami n. sp., C. candianii n. sp., C. lomanhungae n. sp., and C. saci n. sp. Those species were collected in a study on the diversity of spider communities along altitudinal gradients in Brazilian Amazonia. C. saci was captured at the Serra do Tapirapeco (Barcelos), while all the other species are from the Pico da Neblina (Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira), the highest mountain in Brazil. We provide new records for C. boraceia, C. flava, C. guttata, C. minuta and C. opulenta, and we describe the male of C. minuta for the first time. We also present the first results on the diversity and altitudinal distribution of the species of Chrysometa at the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapeco. We sampled the first locality at six different elevations, and obtained 336 specimens distributed in 12 species. Richness and abundance, as well as relative importance peaked at the highest sites sampled (2,000 and 2,400 m). The three most abundant species showed a segregated distribution, being dominant or exclusively distributed in different altitudes. At the Serra do Tapirapeco, sampling at four different elevations up to 1200 m, we only obtained 40 individuals divided in four species, and there was no clear relation to altitude. Most of the new species were found at mid and high altitude sites, while species from lower altitude sites represented widespread species. The comparison with other neotropical spiders inventories highlights the high diversity recorded at Pico da Neblina, which could be assigned to the large environmental variation covered in this work and to the sampling of high-altitude environments. Inventories in the Andean region and other information in the literature also seem to support the association of Chrysometa with high altitude environments.

Observation in the MINOS far detector of the shadowing of cosmic rays by the sun and moon

The shadowing of cosmic ray primaries by the moon and sun was observed by the MINOS far detector at a depth of 2070 mwe using 83.54 million cosmic ray muons accumulated over 1857.91 live-days. The shadow of the moon was detected at the 5.6 sigma level and the shadow of the sun at the 3.8 sigma level using a log-likelihood search in celestial coordinates. The moon shadow was used to quantify the absolute astrophysical pointing of the detector to be 0.17 +/- 0.12 degrees. Hints of interplanetary magnetic field effects were observed in both the sun and moon shadow. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Upper limit on the cosmic-ray photon flux above 10(19) eV using the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

A method is developed to search for air showers initiated by photons using data recorded by the surface detector of the Auger Observatory. The approach is based on observables sensitive to the longitudinal shower development, the signal risetime and the curvature of the shower front. Applying this method to the data, tipper limits on the flux of photons of 3.8 x 10(-3), 2.5 x 10(-3), and 2.2 x 10(-3) km(-2) sr(-1) yr(-1) above 10(19) eV, 2 x 10(19) eV, and 4 x 10(19) eV are derived, with corresponding limits on the fraction of photons being 2.0%, 5.1%, and 31% (all limits at 95% c.l.). These photon limits disfavor certain exotic models of sources of cosmic rays. The results also show that the approach adopted by the Auger Observatory to calibrate the shower energy is not strongly biased by a contamination from photons. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Schenberg spherical gravitational wave detector: the first commissioning runs

Here we present a status report of the first spherical antenna project equipped with a set of parametric transducers for gravitational detection. The Mario Schenberg, as it is called, started its commissioning phase at the Physics Institute of the University of Sao Paulo, in September 2006, under the full support of FAPESP. We have been testing the three preliminary parametric transducer systems in order to prepare the detector for the next cryogenic run, when it will be calibrated. We are also developing sapphire oscillators that will replace the current ones thereby providing better performance. We also plan to install eight transducers in the near future, six of which are of the two-mode type and arranged according to the truncated icosahedron configuration. The other two, which will be placed close to the sphere equator, will be mechanically non-resonant. In doing so, we want to verify that if the Schenberg antenna can become a wideband gravitational wave detector through the use of an ultra-high sensitivity non-resonant transducer constructed using the recent achievements of nanotechnology.

Trigger and aperture of the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, for the study of extensive air showers (EAS) generated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We describe the trigger hierarchy, from the identification of candidate showers at the level of a single detector, amongst a large background (mainly random single cosmic ray muons), up to the selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences. Such trigger makes the surface detector array fully efficient for the detection of EAS with energy above 3 x 10(18) eV, for all zenith angles between 0 degrees and 60 degrees, independently of the position of the impact point and of the mass of the primary particle. In these range of energies and angles, the exposure of the surface array can be determined purely on the basis of the geometrical acceptance. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory

Atmospheric parameters, Such as pressure (P), temperature (T) and density (rho proportional to P/T), affect the development of extensive air showers initiated by energetic cosmic rays. We have Studied the impact of atmospheric variations on extensive air showers by means of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The rate of events shows a similar to 10% seasonal modulation and similar to 2% diurnal one. We find that the observed behaviour is explained by a model including the effects associated with the variations of P and rho. The former affects the longitudinal development of air showers while the latter influences the Moliere radius and hence the lateral distribution of the shower particles. The model is validated with full simulations of extensive air showers using atmospheric profiles measured at the site of the Pierre Auger Observatory. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The ""hybrid"" detection mode combines the information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are used in both simulation and reconstruction. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

A renewable copper electrode as an amperometric flow detector for nitrate determination in mineral water and soft drink samples

A novel approach was developed for nitrate analysis in a FIA configuration with amperometric detection (E=-0.48 V). Sensitive and reproducible current measurements were achieved by using a copper electrode activated with a controlled potential protocol. The response of the FIA amperometric method was linear over the range from 0.1 to 2.5 mmol L(-1) nitrate with a detection limit of 4.2 mu mol L(-1) (S/N = 3). The repeatability of measurements was determined as 4.7% (n=9) at the best conditions (flow rate: 3.0 mL min(-1), sample volume: 150 mu L and nitrate concentration: 0.5 mmol L(-1)) with a sampling rate of 60 samples h(-1). The method was employed for the determination of nitrate in mineral water and soft drink samples and the results were in agreement with those obtained by using a recommended procedure. Studies towards a selective monitoring of nitrite were also performed in samples containing nitrate by carrying out measurements at a less negative potential (-0.20 V). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A compact and high-resolution version of a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector

An all-in-one version of a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector is introduced. The absence of moving parts (potentiometers and connectors) makes it compact (6.5 cm(3)) and robust. A local oscillator, working at 1.1 MHz, was optimized to use capillaries of id from 20 to 100 lam. Low noise circuitry and a high-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) (21 bits effective) grant good sensitivities for capillaries and background electrolytes currently used in capillary electrophoresis. The fixed frequency and amplitude of the signal generator is a drawback that is compensated by the steady calibration curves for conductivity. Another advantage is the possibility of determining the inner diameter of a capillary by reading the ADC when air and subsequently water flow through the capillary. The difference of ADC reading may be converted into the inner diameter by a calibration curve. This feature is granted by the 21-bit ADC, which eliminates the necessity of baseline compensation by hardware. In a typical application, the limits of detection based on the 3 sigma criterion (without baseline filtering) were 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8 mu mol/L for K(+), Ba(2+), Ca(2+), Na(+), Mg(2+), and Li(+), respectively, which is comparable to other high-quality implementations of a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector.

Fast and reliable analyses of sulphite in fruit juices using a supramolecular amperometric detector encompassing in flow gas diffusion unit

A new compact system encompassing in flow gas diffusion unit and a wall-jet amperometric FIA detector, coated with a supramolecular porphyrin film, was specially designed as an alternative to the time-consuming Monier-Williams method, allowing fast, reproducible and accurate analyses of free sulphite species in fruit juices. In fact, a linear response between 0.64 and 6.4 ppm of sodium sulphite. LOD = 0.043 ppm, relative standard deviation of +/- 1.5% (n = 10) and analytical frequency of 85 analyses/h were obtained utilising optimised conditions. That superior analytical performance allows the precise evaluation of the amount of free sulphite present in foods, providing an important comparison between the standard addition and the standard injection methods. Although the first one is most frequently used, it was strongly influenced by matrix effects because of the unexpected reactivity of sulphite ions with the juice matrixes, leading to its partial consumption soon after addition. In contrast, the last method was not susceptible to matrix effects yielding accurate results, being more reliable for analytical purposes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dose única versus dose fracionada diária de Gentamicina em infecções da via biliar : importância do pico de concentração

Os aminoglicosídeos permanecem sendo um dos principais antibióticos no tratamento de infecções causadas por bactérias gram-negativas, apesar do surgimento de novos antibióticos. Na Unidade de Endoscopia Digestiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre os aminoglicosídeos, combinados com antibióticos ß-lactâmicos, têm sido utilizados no tratamento de infecções das vias biliares e como antibiótico profilático em procedimento como a colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a eficácia terapêutica da dose única total diária com dose fracionada diária de gentamicina no tratamento da infecção das vias biliares, baseando-se na concentração biliar de gentamicina obtida nesses dois regimes terapêuticos e sua relação com a concentração inibitória mínima das principais bactérias isoladas na bile de pacientes com infecção do trato biliar. Os pacientes selecionados foram randomizados para tratamento com gentamicina na dose de 4mg/kg de peso por meio intravenoso sendo divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 1 recebeu dose única diária dividida em 3 horários (8 / 8 horas) e o grupo 2 recebeu o fármaco como dose única total diária. Os resultados do estudo evidenciaram que os níveis biliares de gentamicina nos pacientes tratados com dose única diária de gentamicina (grupo 2) ultrapassaram de 3 a 6 vezes as concentrações inibitórias mínimas das bactérias gram-negativas isoladas, enquanto que os níveis de gentamicina à nível biliar nos pacientes tratados com dose fracionada de gentamicina (grupo 1) conseguiram igualar ou ultrapassar no máximo e 3 vezes, dependendo da bactéria gram-negativa testada, as concentrações inibitórias. Além disto, os níveis biliares de gentamicina dos pacientes tratados com dose única diária permaneceram por intervalo superior a 14 horas acima das concentrações inibitórias mínimas destas bactérias, reforçando ainda mais o efeito pós-antibiótico obtido no intervalo de tempo onde não são detectados mais níveis de gentamicina na bile. Baseado nos efeitos bactericida dependente da concentração e efeito pós-antibiótico dos aminoglicosídeos,os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a dosagem única diária de gentamicina apresenta maior eficácia terapêutica que a dosagem fracionada diária no tratamento da infecção das vias biliares.

Pico de força das articulações do membro inferior e ativação muscular da coluna dorso-lombar durante o manuseio de carga com estilo livre

o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o pico de força articular (FA) do tornozelo, joelho e quadril do membro inferior direito, e a ativação eletromiográfia (AE) da musculatura da coluna dorso-lombar no manuseio de carga, no movimento de colocar e retirar uma caixa situada no chão e na altura dos olhos. Foram utilizadas cargas correspondentes a I% e 10% da massa corporal do sujeito, totalizando-se oito tarefas. A amostra foi composta por 4 mulheres e 4 homens, na faixa etária entre 23 a 36 anos. Nenhuma instrução foi dada em relação à forma de execução da tarefa caracterizando-a como estilo livre. Para a análise do pico de FA utilizou-se a dinâmica inversa 2D, com auxílio de rotinas desenvolvidas no software MATLAB. Para análise da AE foi utilizada a eletromiografia de superfície. Adotou-se um Índice Postural (IP) nas tarefas de altura baixa para quantificar a postura no início da retirada da carga, e no final da colocação da mesma. Para o tratamento estatístico foi realizado o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wlik, e de homogeneidade de Levene após a ANOVA e post-hoc Tukey-b. O nível de significância foi p< 0.05. Em todas as situações o pico de FA apresentou um padrão em que os valores foram maiores no tornozelo, seguidos pelo joelho e depois pelo quadril. O fator que influenciou significativamente o pico de FA, o valor RMS e pico de AE foi a altura, sendo os maiores valores encontrados na altura baixa com peso pesado no movimento de retirar. Em uma relação temporal, os picos de FA e picos de AE na tarefa da altura baixa no movimento de retirar, em sua maioria, ocorreram na primeira metade do movimento, e no movimento de colocar na segunda metade. Já em uma relação temporal na tarefa da altura alta, não houve um padrão. O IP identificou que a amostra realizou uma postura predominantemente de agachamento, não havendo diferença intra e entre os sujeitos. Durante o manuseio de carga na altura baixa, o instante do pico de FA ocorreu quando o joelho e o quadril estavam em flexão máxima, e o tornozelo em desiflexão. Infere-se, então, que as articulações estudadas podem estar mais suscetíveis a lesões nestes espaços temporais ao se manusearem cargas que se encontram ao nível do chão.

Composição corporal, taxa metabólica basal e pico de consumo de oxigênio após um treinamento físico misto em meninos adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade

A obesidade entre adolescentes vem aumentando sendo considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a composição corporal, a taxa metabólica basal (TMB), o pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico) e a força muscular de adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade de um grupo submetido a 16 semanas de treinamento físico misto em circuito com um grupo controle. Participaram 28 meninos púberes e pós-púberes, sendo 18 do grupo experimental (EXP) (13,4 anos de idade) e 10 do grupo controle (CON) (13,8 anos de idade). A massa corporal magra (MCM) e de gordura corporal (GC) foram obtidas por meio da Absortometria Radiológica de Dupla-Energia (DEXA); a TMB, por meio de calorimetria indireta (MGC-CPX/D); o VO2pico, mediante teste em cicloergômetro (McMaster); e as forças de flexão de cotovelo (FCo) e extensão de joelho (EJ), mediante teste de 1RM. O treinamento foi realizado três vezes por semana, durante uma hora e foi composto por nove exercícios contra-resistência, intercalados com 3 a 5 minutos de exercícios aeróbios. Foram utilizados a ANOVA de medidas repetidas e o teste T pareado e independente para comparações intra e intergrupos, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas nas variáveis IMC, GC (kg), TMB e VO2pico relativo à MCM entre os grupos nos pré e pós-testes. Houve aumento significativo e igual entre os grupos nas variáveis estatura (EXP pré 166,8±8,67 cm e pós 168,7±8,31 cm; CON pré 164,0±8,39 cm e pós 165,8±8,91 cm) e MCM (EXP pré 46,0±10,5 kg e pós 48,8±10,5 kg; CON pré 44,8±8,99 kg e pós 46,9±9,55 kg) após o período do estudo. O grupo CON apresentou aumento significativo na MC (EXP pré 78,6±10,1 kg e pós 79,8±11,4 kg; CON pré 74,7±9,04 kg e pós 76,8±9,45 kg). O grupo EXP apresentou diminuição significativa no %GC (EXP pré 38,7±8,91% e pós 36,4±8,54%; CON pré 37,3±8,24% e pós 36,0±9,15%) e aumentos significativos no VO2pico absoluto (EXP pré 2,25±0,48 l/min e pós 2,52±0,47 l/min; CON pré 2,33±0,54 l/min e pós 2,44±0,53 l/min) e VO2pico relativo à MC (EXP pré 28,6±4,57 ml/kg/min e pós 31,4±4,06 ml/kg/min; CON pré 31,0±5,09 ml/kg/min e pós 31,9±5,27 ml/kg/min). O grupo EXP apresentou aumentos maiores de força muscular do que os do grupo CON tanto em FCo (EXP pré 13,3±4,84 kg e pós 19,6±4,89 kg; CON pré 13,8±5,60 kg e pós 15,1±5,48 kg) quanto em EJ (EXP pré 31,2±9,19 kg e pós 43,9±10,8 kg; CON pré 26,7±4,62 kg e pós 29,8±5,48 kg). O treinamento físico misto em circuito em adolescentes obesos não aumentou a TMB, mas demonstrou benefícios na composição corporal, no pico de consumo de oxigênio e na força muscular comparado a um grupo controle.