'Yes, the century is an ashen sun': poem and subject in the philosophy of Alain Badiou

This thesis examines the relation between philosophy, the poem and the subject in the mature philosophy of Alain Badiou. It investigates Badiou’s decisive contribution to these questions primarily by means of comparison, especially to Martin Heidegger, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe and Theodor Adorno, as well as by analysing Badiou’s readings of poems and prose by Paul Celan and Samuel Beckett respectively as sites of potential dialogue with his immediate predecessors. The thesis stresses the importance of French philosophy’s German heritage, emphasising not only Badiou’s radical departure from Heidegger and his legacy, but also the former’s wholesale rejection of philosophies that would, in the wake of twentieth-century violence and beyond, proclaim their own end or completion. The thesis argues Badiou’s innovative readings of Celan and Beckett to be crucial to understanding this endeavour: for Badiou, both writers use the poem to affirm novel conceptions of subjectivity capable of transcending the historical conditions of their presentation. The title quotation from Badiou’s The Century, ‘Yes, the century is an ashen sun’, anticipates both the affirmative nature of these subjective figures, and their presience, beyond the bounds of a twentieth-century ‘ashen sun’ pervaded by melancholy, for the ‘new suns’ of the twenty-first. The thesis is in four chapters. The first chapter unfolds the central concepts of Badiou’s departure from Heidegger using Paul Celan’s poems to focus the enquiry. It is guided by two of Badiou’s most condensed declarations about the poem, that, firstly, ‘the modern poem harbours a central silence’, and secondly, that ‘Celan completes Heidegger’. The second chapter exposes the political implications of Heidegger’s writings on Friedrich Hölderlin and the role of the subject therein, offering at its close some thoughts about what Badiou calls, following Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, the poem’s ‘becoming-prose’. It concludes by drawing the poem and politics into relation by way of the philosophical category of the subject. The third chapter reads Badiou’s concept of ‘anabasis’ against Heidegger’s ‘homecoming’ in order to think the possibility of a collective political subject’s formation in the wake of Auschwitz. The final chapter examines the imbrication of the Two of love and the ‘latent poem’ in Badiou’s reading of Samuel Beckett’s late prose, contrasting this ‘affirmative’ reading of Beckett to Theodor Adorno’s earlier emphases on negation. Following its investigations of subjectivity, poem and prose throughout, the thesis concludes by returning to the title quotation in order to unfold the particular relations between subject, affirmation and negation Badiou’s philosophy enacts, and to offer further routes forward for research regarding Badiou’s philosophy and aesthetic figuration.

Muzyka i muzyczność prozy japońskiej okresu Heian (794-1192)

Wydział Neofilologii: Katedra Orientalistyki

Contributo da filosofia Lean na redução do custo de uma peça metálica

Num mercado cada vez mais exigente e competitivo, torna-se imprescindível que as organizações otimizem continuamente os seus sistemas produtivos. Muitas têm visto nas filosofias e práticas Lean e Kaizen as respostas para conseguirem produzir mais sem acrescentar recursos, e de forma mais rápida, mais eficaz e mais eficiente. O envolvimento da empresa numa cultura de melhoria contínua orientada para o cliente permite a criação de valor em todas as etapas, tornando-a mais flexível e competitiva. Essa transformação cultural, aliada à aplicação de ferramentas Lean e Kaizen, permitem melhorar o desempenho global da organização, reduzindo os custos através do combate aos inibidores de performance: os desperdícios, os paradigmas, a inflexibilidade e a variabilidade. No presente trabalho pretende-se mostrar a aplicabilidade de algumas destas ferramentas no processo produtivo de um componente metálico para a indústria mobiliária, assim como os ganhos alcançados com esta abordagem. Ao longo de todo o projeto foram usadas diversas ferramentas Lean Manufacturing como organização do posto de trabalho (5S), Gestão Visual, troca rápida de ferramentas (SMED), mapeamento da cadeia de valor (VSM) e alterações de layouts (com recurso ao software Arena e AutoCad para estudar a alteração mais eficiente que permitisse uma maior produtividade com menor quantidade de recursos). Também se mostra igualmente a importância dos colaboradores no processo de mudança, através das iniciativas Kaizen, do programa de sugestões, dos inquéritos de satisfação e das ações de formação, para que eles se sintam parte integrante da organização.

Optimal static and sequential design : a critical review

The aim of this thesis is to review and augment the theory and methods of optimal experimental design. In Chapter I the scene is set by considering the possible aims of an experimenter prior to an experiment, the statistical methods one might use to achieve those aims and how experimental design might aid this procedure. It is indicated that, given a criterion for design, a priori optimal design will only be possible in certain instances and, otherwise, some form of sequential procedure would seem to be indicated. In Chapter 2 an exact experimental design problem is formulated mathematically and is compared with its continuous analogue. Motivation is provided for the solution of this continuous problem, and the remainder of the chapter concerns this problem. A necessary and sufficient condition for optimality of a design measure is given. Problems which might arise in testing this condition are discussed, in particular with respect to possible non-differentiability of the criterion function at the design being tested. Several examples are given of optimal designs which may be found analytically and which illustrate the points discussed earlier in the chapter. In Chapter 3 numerical methods of solution of the continuous optimal design problem are reviewed. A new algorithm is presented with illustrations of how it should be used in practice. It is shown that, for reasonably large sample size, continuously optimal designs may be approximated to well by an exact design. In situations where this is not satisfactory algorithms for improvement of this design are reviewed. Chapter 4 consists of a discussion of sequentially designed experiments, with regard to both the philosophies underlying, and the application of the methods of, statistical inference. In Chapter 5 we criticise constructively previous suggestions for fully sequential design procedures. Alternative suggestions are made along with conjectures as to how these might improve performance. Chapter 6 presents a simulation study, the aim of which is to investigate the conjectures of Chapter 5. The results of this study provide empirical support for these conjectures. In Chapter 7 examples are analysed. These suggest aids to sequential experimentation by means of reduction of the dimension of the design space and the possibility of experimenting semi-sequentially. Further examples are considered which stress the importance of the use of prior information in situations of this type. Finally we consider the design of experiments when semi-sequential experimentation is mandatory because of the necessity of taking batches of observations at the same time. In Chapter 8 we look at some of the assumptions which have been made and indicate what may go wrong where these assumptions no longer hold.

Perceção dos enfermeiros sobre as competências de supervisão clínica

Introdução: A evolução da ciência e tecnologia, as mudanças no seio das organizações de saúde, as novas e emergentes filosofias de cuidados, exigem dos profissionais de saúde uma participação ativa na formação dos seus pares, tendo o processo de supervisão clínica uma importância relevante. Objetivos: Identificar a perceção dos enfermeiros tutores especialistas sobre as competências do supervisor clínico na área de saúde infantil e pediatria. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo exploratório descritivo, fenomenológico, numa amostra de dez enfermeiros tutores dos serviços da área de pediatria do Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM. Recorremos à entrevista semiestruturada e áudio gravada. Efetuámos análise de conteúdo ao “corpus” de todas as entrevistas, com definição de subcategorias e indicadores. Resultados:. Emergiu a categoria competências do supervisor clínico e as subcategorias mais referenciadas foram as caraterísticas pessoais com 38% de unidade de registo e as competências profissionais (25,7%). Nos aspetos relevantes em saúde infantil e pediatria destacaram-se também as competências pessoais e profissionais com 40,4% cada. O principal fator facilitador da supervisão foi o ser um processo estruturado (21,6%), e o dificultador foi o deficit no relacionamento interpessoal (21,7%). No global houve mais unidades de registo relacionadas com os aspetos dificultadores. Conclusão: Conscientes das perceções dos supervisores numa área tão específica como é a área de saúde infantil e pediatria, pensamos que este estudo poderá contribuir para melhorar a qualidade do processo supervisivo na enfermagem. É necessário o esforço conjunto entre o supervisor e supervisionado, melhorando os processos mediados entre as instituições e os atores, onde proliferam a partilha de saberes, experiências e objetivos profissionais. Palavras-chave: Supervisor, Mentor, Supervisor clínico, Enfermagem, Supervisão.

W stronę radykalnego pluralizmu religijnego

Książka stanowi poszerzoną i uzupełnioną wersję pracy magisterskiej, napisanej pod kierunkiem prof. Tadeusza Buksińskiego w Instytucie Filozofii im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu.

Relatório de estágio na GESTAMP Aveiro: a melhoria contínua aplicada à gestão de processos logísticos

O presente Relatório de Estágio procura fornecer uma visão global das atividades realizadas ao longo do estágio no Departamento de Logística, na Gestamp Aveiro. O relatório inicia-se com uma apresentação da empresa acolhedora, bem como do departamento de logística. Após esta apresentação é feito um enquadramento teórico que se debruça sobre o conceito de logística e as filosofias de melhoria contínua na eliminação de desperdícios (Kaizen e Lean), seguindo-se a apresentação das tarefas desenvolvidas ao longo dos seis meses de estágio. Considerando que todas as atividades desenvolvidas são resultado de implementações e/ou sugestões de melhoria aplicadas à empresa, este relatório realça a importância do espírito crítico na procura incessante pela melhoria da eficácia e eficiência em todas as áreas empresariais.

Entrepreneurial Orientation: do we actually know as much as we think we do?

International audience

Mutual Information-based RBM Neural Networks

(Deep) neural networks are increasingly being used for various computer vision and pattern recognition tasks due to their strong ability to learn highly discriminative features. However, quantitative analysis of their classication ability and design philosophies are still nebulous. In this work, we use information theory to analyze the concatenated restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) and propose a mutual information-based RBM neural networks (MI-RBM). We develop a novel pretraining algorithm to maximize the mutual information between RBMs. Extensive experimental results on various classication tasks show the eectiveness of the proposed approach.

Rompendo com o fascínio pelo conceito abstrato : alguns motivos práticos e teóricos na elaboração da dialética especulativa

Este artigo pretende reconstruir alguns dos motivos práticos e teóricos da dialética hegeliana. Uma introdução geral deve servir ao propósito de delinear os contornos gerais do ponto de vista da dialética especulativa, o que será tentado a partir da apropriação crítica feita por Hegel do conceito kantiano de juízo reflexionante (1). A partir disso, pretendo apresentar a versão hegeliana do projeto da “filosofia da unificação” enquanto crítica da moral kantiana (2). Em seguida, o objetivo é mostrar como Hegel antecipa, nos escritos de juventude, uma compreensão da constituição orgânica e intersubjetiva da comunidade (3). Em terceiro lugar, indicaremos como Hegel vincula a elaboração de sua noção de dialética nas linhas gerais de um diagnóstico das dificuldades de integração social na modernidade política, a serem neutralizadas pelo pensamento de uma articulação imanente entre universal e particular (4). Finalmente, pretendo concluir com uma discussão de elementos da filosofia da religião no jovem Hegel como preâmbulo da crítica à filosofia da reflexão e do nascedouro do ponto de vista dialético-especulativo (5). ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

The Rhythm of our Lives. Aesthetic Perspectives East & West

The leading approach to everyday aesthetics for the past few decades has departed from analytic philosophical grounds, generating some tensions or dichotomies regarding its foundational cornerstones: the ordinary vs. extraordinary character of everyday aesthetic experience, contextual familiarity vs. strangeness, object vs. processual orientation, etc. Although John Dewey has been widely acclaimed as a sort of foundational figure for this burgueoning sub-discipline of aesthetics, maybe not enough emphasis has been laid on his very different pragmatist approach. In this regard, his reliance on Hegelian cum Darwinian premises might allow for a connection with other branches of continental as well as Asian philosophies, from which also some research on everyday aesthetics has been made. It is from this wider ontological framework that the notion of rhythm could be vindicated as a pivotal aspect of the aesthetic dimension of our everyday lives. Dewey deals extensively with it in Art as Experience, conceiving it as a sort of pattern of accomplished experiences, accounting also for his naturalistic approach and art and life continuity thesis. On the other hand, neo-pragmatist exponent Richard Shusterman, among others, has posited links of connection between Pragmatist aesthetics and East-Asian philosophies. Particularly, Dewey’s resonances with Asian philosophies have been studied, with a preeminence on the notions of harmony and rhythm. This paper will depart from the analysis of the notion of rhythm in Dewey’s philosophy, trying to hint at some possible developments of its implications. Particularly, it will expand on some East Asian paralelisms to his philosophy, trying to link them with the notion of rhythm as an epitomizing ground for the conjunction of the extraordinary (art) and the ordinary (life).

La dualité démocratique : entre l’État administratif et la société civile

Les démocraties s’articulent autour de deux pôles qui ne se réduisent pas l’un à l’autre, mais qui doivent communiquer constamment : la société civile et l’État. Or, l’équilibre à rechercher entre ces deux éléments est mis à mal par la consolidation de l’État administratif qui tend à autonomiser son action par rapport au reste de la société ; la société civile y est d’ordinaire exclue des prises de décisions. Cette exclusion peut toutefois être considérée positivement ou négativement. Comme il sera discuté à partir des philosophies de John Dryzek et d’Iris Marion Young, on devrait tenter de penser à la fois l’inclusion de la société civile dans certaines prises de décisions étatiques et son indépendance pour favoriser sa dimension critique envers l’État. De là, l’État administratif peut être considéré simultanément comme une opportunité de démocratisation et comme une évolution de l’État à surveiller et à critiquer.

La philosophie face au public : Kant, Herder et la Popularphilosophie

La pénétration en Allemagne des philosophies des lumières françaises et écossaises concorde avec l’émergence de la Popularphilosophie. Ce courant, prenant conscience de la place de la philosophie dans la société, suscite un repositionnement du discours philosophique en l’envisageant comme s’exerçant publiquement. Cet article se propose d’examiner certaines conséquences de cette mutation par le prisme d’un débat entre deux philosophes : Kant et Herder. Tous deux inspirés par l’Aufklärung, leurs conceptions de l’articulation entre raison et langage les mènent pourtant dans deux directions opposées : vers l’universalité et la clarté avec Kant ou vers le particularisme et l’expressivité avec Herder.

Regionalism as trading blocks, a comparative analysis of the legal structure of the EC and NAFTA within the context of the WTO

Geography has almost become obsolete. The world’s goods and services can now be accessed instantaneously by electronic commerce. Small and medium sized countries have felt the cold winds of change blowing, and have adopted the “safety in numbers” philosophy. Regional organisations throughout the world have sprung up, with their original raison d'être the encouragement and development of regional trading blocks. Two of the most developed regional groupings are the EU/EC and NAFTA. These two organisations represent two quite different philosophies of regional trade groupings, with contrasting legal structures. The advent of Trade Globalisation, with the founding of the WTO has brought these two approaches into confrontation, as each side of the Atlantic Ocean tries to influence the development on the naissant WTO. This paper examines the two contrasting legal structures, and the conflict on an inter regional level that they are engendering.

La dualité démocratique : entre l’État administratif et la société civile

Les démocraties s’articulent autour de deux pôles qui ne se réduisent pas l’un à l’autre, mais qui doivent communiquer constamment : la société civile et l’État. Or, l’équilibre à rechercher entre ces deux éléments est mis à mal par la consolidation de l’État administratif qui tend à autonomiser son action par rapport au reste de la société ; la société civile y est d’ordinaire exclue des prises de décisions. Cette exclusion peut toutefois être considérée positivement ou négativement. Comme il sera discuté à partir des philosophies de John Dryzek et d’Iris Marion Young, on devrait tenter de penser à la fois l’inclusion de la société civile dans certaines prises de décisions étatiques et son indépendance pour favoriser sa dimension critique envers l’État. De là, l’État administratif peut être considéré simultanément comme une opportunité de démocratisation et comme une évolution de l’État à surveiller et à critiquer.