Water balance modelling in a tropical watershed under deciduous forest (Mule Hole, India): Regolith matric storage buffers the groundwater recharge process

Accurate estimations of water balance are needed in semi-arid and sub-humid tropical regions, where water resources are scarce compared to water demand. Evapotranspiration plays a major role in this context, and the difficulty to quantify it precisely leads to major uncertainties in the groundwater recharge assessment, especially in forested catchments. In this paper, we propose to assess the importance of deep unsaturated regolith and water uptake by deep tree roots on the groundwater recharge process by using a lumped conceptual model (COMFORT). The model is calibrated using a 5 year hydrological monitoring of an experimental watershed under dry deciduous forest in South India (Mule Hole watershed). The model was able to simulate the stream discharge as well as the contrasted behaviour of groundwater table along the hillslope. Water balance simulated for a 32 year climatic time series displayed a large year-to-year variability, with alternance of dry and wet phases with a time period of approximately 14 years. On an average, input by the rainfall was 1090 mm year(-1) and the evapotranspiration was about 900 mm year(-1) out of which 100 mm year(-1) was uptake from the deep saprolite horizons. The stream flow was 100 mm year(-1) while the groundwater underflow was 80 mm year(-1). The simulation results suggest that (i) deciduous trees can uptake a significant amount of water from the deep regolith, (ii) this uptake, combined with the spatial variability of regolith depth, can account for the variable lag time between drainage events and groundwater rise observed for the different piezometers and (iii) water table response to recharge is buffered due to the long vertical travel time through the deep vadose zone, which constitutes a major water reservoir. This study stresses the importance of long term observations for the understanding of hydrological processes in tropical forested ecosystems. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Using a structural approach to identify relationships between soil and erosion in a semi-humid forested area, South India

Biogeochemical and hydrological cycles are currently studied on a small experimental forested watershed (4.5 km(2)) in the semi-humid South India. This paper presents one of the first data referring to the distribution and dynamics of a widespread red soil (Ferralsols and Chromic Luvisols) and black soil (Vertisols and Vertic intergrades) cover, and its possible relationship with the recent development of the erosion process. The soil map was established from the observation of isolated soil profiles and toposequences, and surveys of soil electromagnetic conductivity (EM31, Geonics Ltd), lithology and vegetation. The distribution of the different parts of the soil cover in relation to each other was used to establish the dynamics and chronological order of formation. Results indicate that both topography and lithology (gneiss and amphibolite) have influenced the distribution of the soils. At the downslope, the following parts of the soil covers were distinguished: i) red soil system, ii) black soil system, iii) bleached horizon at the top of the black soil and iv) bleached sandy saprolite at the base of the black soil. The red soil is currently transforming into black soil and the transformation front is moving upslope. In the bottom part of the slope, the chronology appears to be the following: black soil > bleached horizon at the top of the black soil > streambed > bleached horizon below the black soil. It appears that the development of the drainage network is a recent process, which was guided by the presence of thin black soil with a vertic horizon less than 2 in deep. Three distinctive types of erosional landforms have been identified: 1. rotational slips (Type 1); 2. a seepage erosion (Type 2) at the top of the black soil profile; 3. A combination of earthflow and sliding in the non-cohesive saprolite of the gneiss occurs at midslope (Type 3). Types 1 and 2 erosion are mainly occurring downslope and are always located at the intersection between the streambed and the red soil-black soil contact. Neutron probe monitoring, along an area vulnerable to erosion types 1 and 2, indicates that rotational slips are caused by a temporary watertable at the base of the black soil and within the sandy bleached saprolite, which behaves as a plane of weakness. The watertable is induced by the ephemeral watercourse. Erosion type 2 is caused by seepage of a perched watertable, which occurs after swelling and closing of the cracks of the vertic clay horizon and within a light textured and bleached horizon at the top of black soil. Type 3 erosion is not related to the red soil-black soil system but is caused by the seasonal seepage of saturated throughflow in the sandy saprolite of the gneiss occurring at midslope. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The good, the bad and the ugly of bone-anchored prostheses: Guideline to assess true clinical outcomes

The aim of this study is to share the key elements of an evaluation framework to determine the true clinical outcomes of bone-anchored prostheses. Scientists, clinicians and policy makers are encouraged to implement their own evaluations relying on the proposed framework using a single database to facilitate reflective practice and, eventually, robust prospective studies.

Unusual RNA plant virus integration in the soybean genome leads to the production of small RNAs

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is known to be a major force in genome evolution. The acquisition of genes from viruses by eukaryotic genomes is a well-studied example of HGT, including rare cases of non-retroviral RNA virus integration. The present study describes the integration of cucumber mosaic virus RNA-1 into soybean genome. After an initial metatranscriptomic analysis of small RNAs derived from soybean, the de novo assembly resulted a 3029-nt contig homologous to RNA-1. The integration of this sequence in the soybean genome was confirmed by DNA deep sequencing. The locus where the integration occurred harbors the full RNA-1 sequence followed by the partial sequence of an endogenous mRNA and another sequence of RNA-1 as an inverted repeat and allowing the formation of a hairpin structure. This region recombined into a retrotransposon located inside an exon of a soybean gene. The nucleotide similarity of the integrated sequence compared to other Cucumber mosaic virus sequences indicates that the integration event occurred recently. We described a rare event of non-retroviral RNA virus integration in soybean that leads to the production of a double-stranded RNA in a similar fashion to virus resistance RNAi plants.

Local Politicizations : A Comparison of Finns and French Practicing Democracy

This study examines how do the processes of politicization differ in the Finnish and the French local contexts, and what kinds of consequences do these processes have on the local civic practices, the definitions and redefinitions of democracy and citizenship, the dynamics of power and resistance, and the ways of solving controversies in the public sphere. By means of comparative anthropology of the state , focusing on how democracy actually is practiced in different contexts, politicizations the processes of opening political arenas and recognizing controversy are analyzed. The focus of the study is on local activists engaged in different struggles on various levels of the local public spheres, and local politicians and civil servants participating in these struggles from their respective positions, in two middle-size European cities, Helsinki and Lyon. The empirical analyses of the book compare different political actors and levels of practicing democracy simultaneously. The study is empirically based on four different bodies of material: Ethnographic notes taken during a fieldwork among the activities of several local activist groups; 47 interviews of local activists and politicians; images representing different levels of public portrayals from activist websites (Helsinki N=274, Lyon N=232) and from city information magazines (Helsinki-info N=208, Lyon Citoyen N= 357); and finally, newspaper articles concerning local conflict issues, and reporting on the encounters between local citizens and representatives of the cities (January-June in 2005; Helsingin Sanomat N=96 and Le Progrès N= 102). The study makes three distinctive contributions to the study of current democratic societies: (1) a conceptual one by bringing politicization at the center of a comparison of political cultures, and by considering in parallel the ethnographic group styles theory by Nina Eliasoph and Paul Lichterman, the theory on counter-democracy by Pierre Rosanvallon and the pragmatist justification theory by Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot; (2) an empirical one through the triangulation of ethnographic, thematic interview, visual, and newspaper data through which the different aspects of democratic practices are examined; and (3) a methodological one by developing new ways of analyzing comparative cases an application of Frame Analysis to visual material and the creation of Public Justification Analysis for analyzing morally loaded claims in newspaper reports thus building bridges between cultural, political, and pragmatic sociology. The results of the study indicate that the cultural tools the Finnish civic actors had at their disposal were prone to hinder more than support politicization, whereas the tools the French actors mainly relied on were frequently apt for making politicization possible. This crystallization is defined and detailed in many ways in the analyses of the book. Its consequences to the understanding and future research on the current developments of democracy are multiple, as politicization, while not assuring good results as such, is central to a functioning and vibrant democracy in which injustices can be fixed and new directions and solutions sought collectively.

Vaikuttavuusyhteiskunta : Sosiaalisten olojen arvostelusta vaikutusten todentamiseen

Evaluation practices have pervaded the Finnish society and welfare state. At the same time the term effectiveness has become a powerful organising concept in welfare state activities. The aim of the study is to analyse how the outcome-oriented society came into being through historical processes, to answer the question of how social policy and welfare state practices were brought under the governance of the concept of effectiveness . Discussions about social imagination, Michel Foucault s conceptions of the history of the present and of governmentality, genealogy and archaeology, along with Ian Hacking s notions of dynamic nominalism and styles of reasoning, are used as the conceptual and methodological starting points for the study. In addition, Luc Boltanski s and Laurent Thévenot s ideas of orders of worth , regimes of evaluation in everyday life, are employed. Usually, evaluation is conceptualised as an autonomous epistemic culture and practice (evaluation as epistemic practice), but evaluation is here understood as knowledge-creation processes elementary to different epistemic practices (evaluation in epistemic practices). The emergence of epistemic cultures and styles of reasoning about the effectiveness or impacts of welfare state activities are analysed through Finnish social policy and social work research. The study uses case studies which represent debates and empirical research dealing with the effectiveness and quality of social services and social work. While uncertainty and doubts over the effects and consequences of welfare policies have always been present in discourses about social policy, the theme has not been acknowledged much in social policy research. To resolve these uncertainties, eight styles of reasoning about such effects have emerged over time. These are the statistical, goal-based, needs-based, experimental, interaction-based, performance measurement, auditing and evidence-based styles of reasoning. Social policy research has contributed in various ways to the creation of these epistemic practices. The transformation of the welfare state, starting at the end of 1980s, increased market-orientation and trimmed public welfare responsibilities, and led to the adoption of the New Public Management (NPM) style of leadership. Due to these developments the concept of effectiveness made a breakthrough, and new accountabilities with their knowledge tools for performance measurement and auditing and evidence-based styles of reasoning became more dominant in the ruling of the welfare state. Social sciences and evaluation have developed a heteronomous relation with each other, although there still remain divergent tendencies between them. Key words: evaluation, effectiveness, social policy, welfare state, public services, sociology of knowledge

Ferrolysis induced soil transformation by natural drainage in Vertisols of sub-humid South India

In sub-humid South India, recent studies have shown that black soil areas (Vertisols and vertic Intergrades), located on flat valley bottoms, have been rejuvenated through the incision of streambeds, inducing changes in the pedoclimate and soil transformation. Joint pedological, geochemical and geophysical investigations were performed in order to better understand the ongoing processes and their contribution to the chemistry of local rivers. The seasonal rainfall causes cycles of oxidation and reduction in a perched watertable at the base of the black soil, while the reduced solutions are exported through a loamy sand network. This framework favours a ferrolysis process, which causes low base saturation and protonation of clay, leading to the weathering of 2:1 then 1:1 clay minerals. Maximum weathering conditions occur at the very end of the wet season, just before disappearance of the perched watertable. Therefore, the by-products of soil transformation are partially drained off and calcareous nodules, then further downslope, amorphous silica precipitate upon soil dehydration. The ferrolysed area is fringing the drainage system indicating that its development has been induced by the streambed incision. The distribution of C-14 ages of CaCO3 nodules suggests that the ferrolysis process started during the late Holocene, only about 2 kyr B.P. at the studied site and about 5 kyr B.P. at the watershed outlet. The results of this study are applied to an assessment of the physical erosion rate (4.8x10(-3) m/kyr) since the recent reactivation of the erosion process. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nimbyn muunnelmia. Yhteinen hyvä ja oma etu etelä-haagalaisten mielipiteissä alueen kaavamuutoksesta.

Tässä pro gradu-tutkielmassa tutkitaan yhdestä Helsingissä tehdystä kaavamuutoksesta jätettyjä kirjallisia mielipiteitä. Työ jäsentyy (not in my backyard) käsitteen ympärille. Työssä tutkitaan, mihin yhteisiin hyviin vedoten haagalaiset vastustavat alueensa täydennysrakentamista ja kuinka legitiimiä suora omaan taloudelliseen tai muuhun etuun vetoaminen on jätetyissä mielipiteissä. Nimby-käsite on kotoisin Yhdysvalloista, liberaalin politiikka-käsityksen maasta ja on alkujaan ollut jokseenkin vähäosaisten muodostaman ympäristöliikkeen taisteluhuuto. Käsitteen siirtyminen suomalaista täydennysrakentamiskaavaa jäsentäväksi käsitteeksi ei ole sujunut ongelmitta. Työssä osoitetaan termin ongelmallisuuden johtuvan osittain tästä siirtymästä. Termiin liittyvät ristiriidat helpottavat, kun käsitettä käyttää kuvailevana käsitteenä ja pyrkii tietoisesti eroon sen leimaavasta puolesta. Nimby-tutkimuksen valtavirrasta poiketen tässä työssä lähestytään käsitettä ”nimbyjen” itsensä lähtökohdista. Tästä seuraten yksi tämän työn tuloksista on uudenlainen erilaisten nimby-tyypien luokittelu. Tutkittujen mielipiteiden perusteella on olemassa 1) Nimby tiukasti paikkaan sidonnaisena ilmiönä eli ”paikallinen nimby”, 2)Nimby markkina-argumentaationa eli ”markkinanimby”, 3) Nimby edustuksen ongelmana eli ”edustusnimby” ja 4) Nimby liberaalin demokratiakäsityksen määrittämänä vaikuttamisena eli ”liberaali nimby”. Työn keskeiset teoreettiset työkalut toimittavat ranskalaiset Luc Boltanski ja Laurent Thévenot oikeuttamisen maailmojen teoriallaan ja sen laajennuksella, Thévenot’n käsityksellä poliittisen elämän kieliopeista. Suurin osa haagalaisista oikeuttaa kaavamuutoksen vastustamisensa johonkin yhteisen hyvän määritelmään vedoten. Tällaisista mielipiteistä valtaosa hyödyntää kodin maailman keinoja: vetoaa alueen perinteiseen miljööseen, vehreyteen ja toivoo muuttumattomuutta. Myös markkinoiden maailmaan vetoava taloudellinen argumentaatio ja tehokkuutta painottava teollinen argumentaatio ovat yleisiä, kuten muissakin Suomea koskevissa tutkimuksissa on havaittu. Kodin maailman suurempi osuus ja paikallisuuden vahvempi merkitys on yksi tämän työn havainnoista. Työn tulosten puoli liittyy poliittiseen toimintaan ja poliittiseen kulttuuriin. Nimby-liikkeet mielletään Pierre Rosanvallonia seuraten vastademokraattisiksi toimijoiksi. Mielipiteistä suuri osa, yli 40 prosenttia operoi ensisijaisesti omaan etuun vetoavan liberaalin kieliopin piirissä. Tämä on kiinnostava mahdollinen muutos suomalaisessa poliittisessa kulttuurissa, joka vaatii selvästi lisää tutkimusta.

Arvojen markkinat : Oikeuttavat arvomaailmat suomalaisten suuryritysten yritysvastuupuheessa

The research in this thesis addresses the question of corporate legitimation and values. It studies moral speech in Finnish companies' social responsibility reports and annual reports. The managerial rhetoric has been examined as a means of building and maintaining legitimacy. The companies studyed are the ten biggest companies that repordted on social responsibility in 2004, and the analysed data consists of the companie's reporting from 1998 to 2008. The theoretical and analytical framework is provided by Luc Boltanski's and Laurent Thévenot's theory of justification. The theory is focused on systems of moral thinking and argumentation, so called "orders of worth". The study shows how these moral schemes were used in the legitimation process. Special attention is paid on the ways that compromises are made between different orders of worth, such as the market, civic and green order. The study shows that the focus of legitimation has shifted towards societal and environmental themes. The values of market and industry, profits and efficiency, however, remain the strongest basis for organizational legitimation in Finnish companies. The economic crisis of 2008 had a visible impact on the moral rhetoric, especially in the Finnish forestry sector. Large layoffs questionned the companies' traditional role and made companies adopt a more market-centered and project-based moral rhetoric. New inspirational and project-centered moral speech emerged as the companies were less able to present themselves as nation-based, traditional actors in the Finnish society.

Lihan syömisen oikeudesta - Miksi kaupunginvaltuutetut riitelevät kasvisruokapäivästä?

Pro gradu tutkimuksessani tarkastellaan Helsingin, Espoon, Tampereen ja Jyväskylän kaupunginvaltuustoissa käytyjä kasvisruokapäiväkeskusteluja. Työn tavoitteena ja tarkoituksena on selvittää, mistä valtuustosaleissa käydyissä kasvisruokapäiväkeskusteluissa oikeastaan on kysymys. Minkä puolesta argumentoivat kasvisruokapäivän puolustajat ja mitä puolustavat kasvisruokapäivän vastustajat, jotka jyrkästi nousevat aloitetta vastaan? Kaupunginvaltuustoissa käydyt kasvisruokapäiväkeskustelut poikkeavat tavanomaisista valtuustokeskusteluista, sillä ne ovat sekavia ja poikkeuksellisen emotionaalisesti latautuneita. Keskustelun aikana syntyy voimakas ristiriita-asetelma, jossa osapuolet eivät ymmärrä toisiaan, vaan puhuvat toistensa ohi. Tutkimukseni tarkoituksena on ottaa selvää tämän omalaatuisen poliittisen keskustelun perimmäisestä luonteesta. Työn taustalla on kysymys lihan syönnin monimutkaisesta asemasta maailmassa, jossa ekologisuuden nimissä kuluttamista tulisi vähentää. Lihan syöntiä tulisi vähentää sen epäekologisuuden tähden, mutta miten saadaan kulutus laskuun tilanteessa, jossa lihan syönnistä on vasta vähän aikaa sitten tullut jokaisen suomalaisen perusoikeus. Pohdin työssäni ruoan ja syömisen asemaa nyky-yhteiskunnassa sekä erityisesti lihan monimerkityksisyyttä ja sen syömisen problemaattisuutta. Tutkimukseni osallistuu keskusteluun siitä, mitä tapahtuu, kun ekologisuuden nimissä kuluttajakansalaisten elämäntapoja saatetaan joutua rajoittamaan. Tarkastelen aineistoani hyödyntämällä Laurent Thévenot´n teoriaa kolmesta yhteisyyden kieliopista sekä Luc Boltanskin ja Laurent Thévenot´n teoriaa oikeuttamisen maailmoista. Teorioiden avulla selvitän, miten kasvisruokapäivän puolustajat ja vastustajat rakentavat argumenttinsa. Tutkimukseni tuloksena selviää, että kasvisruokapäivän puolustajat rakentavat yhteiselämää vetoamalla ekologiseen maailmaan, jolloin kommunikointi perustuu ajatukselle yhteisestä hyvästä. Sen sijaan kasvisruokapäivän vastustajat rakentavat argumenttinsa liberaalin kieliopin varaan, jolloin tavoitteena on oman edun saavuttaminen. Kasvisruokapäiväkeskustelussa kysymys on kulttuurisodasta, jossa törmäävät vaatimus yksilön valinnan vapaudesta ja vaatimus valinnan vapauden rajoittamisesta ympäristön hyvinvoinnin nimissä. Kysymys on hyvin perustavanlaatuisista lähtökohtaeroista, erilaisista ”pyhistä”, joiden yhteensovittaminen on vaikeaa. Keskustelussa syntyvä konflikti johtuu siitä, että ekologinen pakko on niin merkittävällä tavalla ristiriidassa klassisten länsimaisten vapausoikeuksien kanssa. Tutkimuksen analyysiosassa pyrin selvittämään, miten nämä keskenään ristiriitaiset arvolähtökohdat ovat syntyneet. Tutkimukseni lopuksi kysyn, voivatko tällaiset ”kulttuurisodat” yleistyä ja paisua, jos ekologinen paine kasvaa ja markkinavoimat jatkavat voittokulkuaan.

Formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in South India, links with paleo-monsoon and pedological conditions: Clues from Sr isotopes, U-Th series and REEs

The influence of the pedogenic and climatic contexts on the formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in a climosequence in the Western Ghats (Karnataka Plateau, South West India) has been studied. Along the climosequence, the current mean annual rainfall (MAR) varies within a 80 km transect from 6000 mm at the edge of the Plateau to 500 mm inland. Pedogenic carbonates occur in the MAR range of 500-1200 mm. In the semi-arid zone (MAR: 500-900 mm), carbonates occur (i) as rhick hardpan calcretes on pediment slopes and (ii) as nodular horizons in polygenic black soils (i.e. vertisols). In the sub-humid zone (MAR: 900-1500 mm), pedogenic carbonates are disseminated in the black soil matrices either as loose, irregular and friable nodules of millimetric size or as indurated botryoidal nodules of centimetric to pluricentimetric size. They also occur at the top layers of the saprolite either as disseminated pluricentimetric indurated nodules or carbonate-cemented lumps of centimetric to decimetric size. Chemical and isotopic (Sr-87/Sr-86) compositions of the carbonate fraction were determined after leaching with 0.25 N HCl. The corresponding residual fractions containing both primary minerals and authigenic clays were digested separately and analyzed. The trend defined by the Sr-87/Sr-86 signatures of both labile carbonate fractions and corresponding residual fractions indicates that a part of the labile carbonate fraction is genetically linked to the local soil composition. Considering the residual fraction of each sample as the most likely lithogenic source of Ca in carbonates, it is estimated that from 24% to 82% (55% on average) of Ca is derived from local bedrock weathering, leading to a consumption of an equivalent proportion of atmospheric CO2. These values indicate that climatic conditions were humid enough to allow silicate weathering: MAR at the time of carbonate formation likely ranged from 400 to 700 mm, which is 2- to 3-fold less than the current MAR at these locations. The Sr, U and Mg contents and the (U-234/U-238) activity ratio in the labile carbonate fraction help to understand the conditions of carbonate formation. The relatively high concentrations of Sr, U and Mg in black soil carbonates may indicate fast growth and accumulation compared to carbonates in saprolite, possibly due to a better confinement of the pore waters which is supported by their high (U-234/U-238) signatures, and/or to higher content of dissolved carbonates in the pore waters. The occurrence of Ce, Mn and Fe oxides in the cracks of carbonate reflects the existence of relatively humid periods after carbonate formation. The carbonate ages determined by the U-Th method range from 1.33 +/- 0.84 kyr to 7.5 +/- 2.7 kyr and to a cluster of five ages around 20 kyr, i.e. the Last Glacial Maximum period. The young occurrences are only located in the black soils, which therefore constitute sensitive environments for trapping and retaining atmospheric CO2 even on short time scales. The maximum age of carbonates depends on their location in the climatic gradient: from about 20 kyr for centimetric nodules at Mule Hole (MAR = 1100 mm/yr) to 200 kyr for the calcrete at Gundlupet (MAR = 700 mm/yr, Durand et al., 2007). The intensity of rainfall during wet periods would indeed control the lifetime of pedogenic carbonates and thus the duration of inorganic carbon storage in soils. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On some results of A. E. Livingston and coefficient problems for concave univalent functions

We consider functions that map the open unit disc conformally onto the complement of a bounded convex set. We call these functions concave univalent functions. In 1994, Livingston presented a characterization for these functions. In this paper, we observe that there is a minor flaw with this characterization. We obtain certain sharp estimates and the exact set of variability involving Laurent and Taylor coefficients for concave functions. We also present the exact set of variability of the linear combination of certain successive Taylor coefficients of concave functions.

Julkisen oikeuttamisen analyysi sosiologisena tutkimusmenetelmänä

Artikkelissa esitellään uusi julkisen keskustelun tutkimiseen kehitetty analyysimenetelmä, julkisen oikeuttamisen analyysi (JOA). JOA perustuu Luc Boltanskin ja Laurent Thévenot'n oikeuttamisteorian seitsemän "maailman" – inspiraation, kodin, maineen, kansalaisuuden, markkinoiden, teollisuuden ja ekologian – muodostamalle analyysikehikolle. Se tutkii keskusteluissa esiintyvien vaateiden moraalisia oikeutuksia, niiden yhdistelmiä ja tapoja kiistää ja tuomita kiistakumppaneiden oikeutuksia. JOA:n avulla voidaan kvalitatiiviseen tekstianalyysiin yhdistää myös kvantitatiivista luokittelua, jolloin menetelmä soveltuu suurtenkin aineistojen analyysiin. JOA:n käyttöä havainnollistetaan artikkelissa kahden tutkimusesimerkin avulla. Ensimmäinen esimerkki käsittelee Helsingin Sanomissa globalisaatiosta vuosina 1999–2005 käydyn keskustelun osapuolten, erityisesti kansalaisyhteiskunnan sekä taloudellisen ja poliittisen eliitin, argumentteja ja niille annettuja oikeutuksia. Tämän esimerkin kautta kuvataan erilaisten oikeuttamisyhdistelmien ilmaisuvoimaa yhteiskunnallisten kiistakysymysten moraalisten ulottuvuuksien analysoimisessa. Toinen esimerkki keskittyy paikallisiin kiistoihin Suomessa ja Ranskassa tarkastelemalla kansalaisten ja kaupungin edustajien esittämiä oikeutuksia paikallislehdistössä. Tämä esimerkki osoittaa JOA:n vahvuudet vertailevan tutkimuksen työkaluna.

Integrability and singularity structure of predator‐prey system

The ‘‘extended’’ ARS (Ablowitz, Ramani, and Segur) algorithm is introduced to characterize a dynamical system as Painlevé or otherwise; to that end, it is required that the formal series—the Laurent series, logarithmic, algebraic psi series about a movable singularity—are shown to converge in the deleted neighborhood of the singularity. The determinations thus obtained are compared with those following from the α method of Painlevé. An attempt is made to relate the structure of solutions about a movable singularity with that of first integrals (when they exist). All these ideas are illustrated by a comprehensive analysis of the general two‐dimensional predator‐prey system.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 August 2010-30 September 2010

This article documents the addition of 229 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Acacia auriculiformis x Acacia mangium hybrid, Alabama argillacea, Anoplopoma fimbria, Aplochiton zebra, Brevicoryne brassicae, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Delphacodes detecta, Tumidagena minuta, Dictyostelium giganteum, Echinogammarus berilloni, Epimedium sagittatum, Fraxinus excelsior, Labeo chrysophekadion, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, Paratrechina longicornis, Phaeocystis antarctica, Pinus roxburghii and Potamilus capax. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Acacia peregrinalis, Acacia crassicarpa, Bruguiera cylindrica, Delphacodes detecta, Tumidagena minuta, Dictyostelium macrocephalum, Dictyostelium discoideum, Dictyostelium purpureum, Dictyostelium mucoroides, Dictyostelium rosarium, Polysphondylium pallidum, Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium koreanum, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium wushanese and Fraxinus angustifolia.