Le “brigand lusitanien” reconsidéré. Analyse du problème de la terre chez Appien

L’étude du “brigandage lusitanien” a donné lieu à une importante activité de recherche depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Pour autant, et malgré une inflexion progressive de l’historiographie moderne vers une approche plus nuancée de l’origine du phénomène, le problème de la terre reste encore aujourd’hui au centre des préoccupations de nombre d’historiens et archéologiques. À partir d’une discussion serrée des principaux passages de Tite-Live, Diodore et surtout Appien, relatifs à la relation que d’aucuns ont voulu établir entre manque et/ou pauvreté de la terre et développement du brigandage chez les Lusitaniens, il est proposé une critique de l’interprétation socio-économique.

Impacto del Programa de Alimentación Escolar en el Trabajo Infantil: Una aproximación desde la toma de decisiones familiares

Esta investigación analiza el impacto del Programa de Alimentación Escolar en el trabajo infantil en Colombia a través de varias técnicas de evaluación de impacto que incluyen emparejamiento simple, emparejamiento genético y emparejamiento con reducción de sesgo. En particular, se encuentra que este programa disminuye la probabilidad de que los escolares trabajen alrededor de un 4%. Además, se explora que el trabajo infantil se reduce gracias a que el programa aumenta la seguridad alimentaria, lo que consecuentemente cambia las decisiones de los hogares y anula la carga laboral en los infantes. Son numerosos los avances en primera infancia llevados a cabo por el Estado, sin embargo, estos resultados sirven de base para construir un marco conceptual en el que se deben rescatar y promover las políticas públicas alimentarias en toda la edad escolar.

Luminescence of Tb(3+) doped TeO(2)-ZnO-Na(2)O-PbO glasses containing silver nanoparticles

Luminescence properties of Tb(3+) doped TeO(2)-ZnO-Na(2)O-PbO glasses containing silver nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated. The absorption band due to the surface plasmon resonance in the NPs was observed. Its amplitude increases with the heat treatment of the samples that controls the nucleation of the NPs. Tb(3+) emission bands centered at approximate to 485, approximate to 550, approximate to 585, and approximate to 623 nm were detected for excitation at 377 nm. The whole spectrum is intensified by the appropriate annealing time of the samples. Enhancement by approximate to 200% of the Tb(3+) luminescence at 550 nm was observed for samples annealed at 270 degrees C during 62 h. This enhancement effect is due to the local field amplitude that increases with the amount of silver NPs and their aggregates. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3010867]

Pseudodifferential operators with C*-algebra-valued symbols: Abstract characterizations

Given a separable unital C*-algebra C with norm parallel to center dot parallel to, let E-n denote the Banach-space completion of the C-valued Schwartz space on R-n with norm parallel to f parallel to(2)=parallel to < f, f >parallel to(1/2), < f, g >=integral f(x)* g(x)dx. The assignment of the pseudodifferential operator A=a(x,D) with C-valued symbol a(x,xi) to each smooth function with bounded derivatives a is an element of B-C(R-2n) defines an injective mapping O, from B-C(R-2n) to the set H of all operators with smooth orbit under the canonical action of the Heisenberg group on the algebra of all adjointable operators on the Hilbert module E-n. In this paper, we construct a left-inverse S for O and prove that S is injective if C is commutative. This generalizes Cordes' description of H in the scalar case. Combined with previous results of the second author, our main theorem implies that, given a skew-symmetric n x n matrix J and if C is commutative, then any A is an element of H which commutes with every pseudodifferential operator with symbol F(x+J xi), F is an element of B-C(R-n), is a pseudodifferential operator with symbol G(x - J xi), for some G is an element of B-C(R-n). That was conjectured by Rieffel.

A role for protein kinase B beta/Akt2 in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes

Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells by promoting the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface. Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) has been implicated in this process. However, the involvement of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt, a downstream target of PI3K in regulation of GLUT4 translocation, has been controversial. Here we report that microinjection of a PKB substrate peptide or an antibody to PKB inhibited insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane by 66 or 56%, respectively. We further examined the activation of PKB isoforms following treatment of cells with insulin or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and found that PKB beta is preferentially expressed in both rat and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, whereas PKB alpha expression is down-regulated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A switch in growth factor response was also observed when 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were differentiated into adipocytes. While PDGF was more efficacious than insulin in stimulating PKB phosphorylation in fibroblasts, PDGF did not stimulate PKB beta phosphorylation to any significant extent in adipocytes, as assessed by several methods. Moreover, insulin, but not PDGF, stimulated the translocation of PKB beta to the plasma membrane and high-density microsome fractions of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These results support a role for PKB beta in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes.

Mannan-binding lectin MBL2 gene polymorphism in chronic hepatitis C: association with the severity of liver fibrosis and response to interferon therapy

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatic disease and of liver transplantation worldwide. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), encoded by the MBL2 gene, can have an important role as an opsonin and complement activating molecule in HCV persistence and liver injury. We assessed the MBL2 polymorphism in 102 Euro-Brazilian patients with moderate and severe chronic hepatitis C, paired for gender and age with 102 HCV seronegative healthy individuals. Six common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene, three in the promoter (H/L, X/Y and P/Q) and three in exon 1 (A, the wild-type, and B, C or D also known as O) were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent hybridization probes. The concentration of MBL in plasma was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The frequency of the YA/YO genotype was significantly higher in the HCV patients compared with the controls (P = 0.022). On the other hand, the genotypes associated with low levels of MBL (XA/XA, XA/YO and YO/YO) were decreased significantly in the patients with severe fibrosis (stage F4), when compared with the patients with moderate fibrosis (stage F2) (P = 0.04) and to the control group (P = 0.011). Furthermore, MBL2 genotypes containing X or O mutations were found to be associated with non-responsiveness to pginterferon and ribavirin treatment (P = 0.023). MBL2 polymorphisms may therefore be associated not only with the development of chronic hepatitis C, but also with its clinical evolution and response to treatment.

The potential role of C-reactive protein in distinguishing cytomegalovirus from tuberculosis and bacterial infections in renal transplant recipients

Introduction: The delay in the diagnosis of infections can be deleterious in renal transplant recipients. Thus, laboratory tests leading to an earlier diagnosis are very useful for these patients. Purpose: To assess the behavior of C-reactive protein (CRP) in renal transplant recipients with a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, tuberculosis (TB) and bacterial infection (BI). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 129 patients admitted at our hospital, from 2006 to 2008 because of CMV, TB or BI, was carried out. Appropriate statistical analysis was done and values were expressed as medians, range. Results: When CRP levels were compared among the groups with CMV disease, TB or BI, the group with CMV disease presented lower levels of CRP (18.4 mg/L, 0.28-44 mg/L) than the TB and BI (p < 0.05) groups. The area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve, distinguishing CMV disease from TB/BI, was 0.96 (p < 0.0001), resulting in 100% sensitivity and 90.63% specificity to detect CMV disease when CRP < 44.5 mg/L. The subgroup analysis of CMV infection showed increasing levels of CRP (0.28, 16 and 29.5 mg/L) in the asymptomatic, symptomatic and invasive disease subgroups, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The measurement of CRP levels may be a useful tool for differentiating CMV infection from the other types (bacterial or TB) of infection in kidney transplant recipients.

Abnormal cell-cycle expression of the proteins p27, mdm2 and cathepsin B in oral squamous-cell carcinoma infected with human papillomavirus

Since the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in oral carcinogenesis is still unclear, the purpose of this study was to verify the association between the expression of p27, mdm2 and cathepsin B and by HPV-related oral lesions. Fifty-five oral biopsies were studied and HPV detection and typing (6/11, 16, 18, 31 and 33) were performed using polymerase chain reaction techniques. The distribution p27, mdm2 and cathepsin B was determined by immunohistochemistry. Twenty-one (38%) out of the 55 oral lesions tested positive for HPV, of which 6(33%) were HPV 6/11, 1 (5%) was HPV 16,14 (72%) were HPV 18 and none was HPV 33/31. Among the 55 biopsies, immunopostivity for p27, mdm2 and cathepsin B was observed in 17 (30.9%), 37 (67.2%) and 37 (67.2%), respectively. Among 21 HPV-positive oral lesions, immunopostivity of mdm2, p27 and cathepsin B was found, respectively, in 6 (33%) out of 18 benign lesions (BL), 4(22%) out of 18 potential malignant epithelial lesions (PMEL) and 11(57.9%) out of 19 malignant lesions (ML). High-risk HPV types may be associated with oral carcinoma, by cell-cycle control dysregulation, contributing to oral carcinogenesis and the overexpression of mdm2, p27 and cathepsin B. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Exploring through cover - the integrated interpretation of high resolution aeromagnetic, airborne electromagnetic and ground gravity data from the Grant's Patch area, Eastern Goldfields Province, Archaean Yigarn Craton Part B; Gravity inversion as a

The cost and risk associated with mineral exploration in Australia increases significantly as companies move into deeper regolith-covered terrain. The ability to map the bedrock and the depth of weathering within an area has the potential to decrease this risk and increase the effectiveness of exploration programs. This paper is the second in a trilogy concerning the Grant's Patch area of the Eastern Goldfields. The recent development of the VPmg potential field inversion program in conjunction with the acquisition of high-resolution gravity data over an area with extensive drilling provided an opportunity to evaluate three-dimensional gravity inversion as a bedrock and regolith mapping tool. An apparent density model of the study area was constructed, with the ground represented as adjoining 200 m by 200 m vertical rectangular prisms. During inversion VPmg incrementally adjusted the density of each prism until the free-air gravity response of the model replicated the observed data. For the Grant's Patch study area, this image of the apparent density values proved easier to interpret than the Bouguer gravity image. A regolith layer was introduced into the model and realistic fresh-rock densities assigned to each basement prism according to its interpreted lithology. With the basement and regolith densities fixed, the VPmg inversion algorithm adjusted the depth to fresh basement until the misfit between the calculated and observed gravity response was minimised. The resulting geometry of the bedrock/regolith contact largely replicated the base of weathering indicated by drilling with predicted depth of weathering values from gravity inversion typically within 15% of those logged during RAB and RC drilling.

GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus and other putative hepatitis non A-E viruses

The identification of the major agents causing human hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E Viruses) was achieved during the last 30 years. These viruses are responsible for the vast majority of human viral hepatitis cases, but there are still some cases epidemiologically related to infectious agents without any evidence of infection with known virus, designated as hepatitis non A - E. Those cases are considered to be associated with at least three different viruses: 1 - Hepatitis B Virus mutants expressing its surface antigen (HBsAg) with altered epitopes or in low quantities; 2 - Another virus probably associated with enteral transmitted non A-E hepatitis, called Hepatitis F Virus. Still more studies are necessary to better characterize this agent; 3 - Hepatitis G Virus or GB virus C, recently identified throughout the world (including Brazil) as a Flavivirus responsible for about 10% of parenteral transmitted hepatitis non A-E. Probably still other unknown viruses are responsible for human hepatitis cases without evidence of infection by any of these viruses, that could be called as non A-G hepatitis.

Acidentes de Serviço em Profissionais de Saúde: Identificação, Representações e Comportamentos Face à Exposição Microbiológica Acidental

Este estudo de investigação teve subjacente a preocupação com a exposição microbiológica acidental nos profissionais de saúde, sabendo que os acidentes de trabalho por exposição microbiológica acidental constituem um dos principais riscos de transmissão ocupacional de infecções por contacto com sangue e outros fluidos corporais. Os agentes infecciosos mais frequentemente envolvidos neste tipo de acidente são os vírus da hepatite B, C e o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH). Teve como objectivo identificar e caracterizar os acidentes de trabalho por exposição microbiológica acidental ocorridos nos profissionais de saúde de um Hospital Central da região de Lisboa durante os anos de 2002 a 2006 e conhecer as Representações e os Comportamentos dos profissionais de saúde aquando da ocorrência de uma exposição microbiológica acidental. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório, inserido numa abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Os participantes deste estudo foram os profissionais de saúde (médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos de diagnóstico e terapêutica) que tenham sofrido um acidente de trabalho com exposição microbiológica acidental do ano de 2002 até Julho do ano de 2007, tendo-se constituído uma amostra não probabilística de 20 participantes utilizando a técnica de amostragem por conveniência e que se disponibilizaram a participar no estudo após o Consentimento Informado. Para a realização do estudo optou-se por recorrer a um conjunto de métodos de colheita de dados, privilegiando a análise documental através do questionário epidemiológico de caracterização e análise dos acidentes de trabalho e do processo de saúde individual e da realização de uma entrevista semi-directiva no âmbito da qual se aplicou um questionário de caracterização sócio-demográfica, apoio social e actividades de tempos livres, aspectos relacionados com a percepção sobre os riscos a que se encontram expostos no ambiente hospitalar e com o circuito de notificação do acidente de serviço/trabalho. Elaborou – se um guião de entrevista semi-directiva de acordo com os objectivos da investigação. Optou-se por uma metodologia quantitativa no que diz respeito à análise dos acidentes de trabalho que envolveram exposição microbiológica durante o período em estudo e dos dados sócio-demográficos do questionário aplicado no âmbito da entrevista, através do programa informático pakage estatístico “Statistica/Program for Social Sciences-SPSS” para Windows (versão 12). Posteriormente optou-se por uma metodologia qualitativa no que concerne ao tratamento dos dados relativos às entrevistas efectuadas, que consistiu na análise de conteúdo temático das entrevistas. A análise dos resultados obtidos revelaram que os acidentes de trabalho ocasionados por material perfuro-cortante entre os profissionais de saúde são frequentes devido ao número elevado de manipulação destes instrumentos, principalmente de agulhas e apresentam prejuízos aos profissionais e à Instituição. Verifica-se que dos 305 acidentes notificados, a categoria profissional que tem o maior número de notificações é a dos enfermeiros com 142 acidentes no total dos anos representando 46,6%. A picada acidental é o tipo de acidente mais frequente com 205 acidentes o que representa 67% do total. O instrumento que esteve associado directamente com a ocorrência destes acidentes foram as agulhas (41,6%), nomeadamente as agulhas subcutâneas (18,8%), as agulhas intravenosas (9,4%), as agulhas intramusculares (5%), outras agulhas (8,4%). As lâminas de bisturi representam 13,1% dos acidentes ocorridos nos anos de 2002 a 2006. Estes acidentes podem oferecer riscos à saúde física e mental dos profissionais de saúde, com repercussões psicossociais, levando a mudanças nas relações sociais, familiares e de trabalho. Da forma como o indivíduo vivência e ultrapassa a situação e dos meios encontrados para lidar com o stress provocado pelo acidente, depende o seu bem-estar futuro na profissão e na Organização evitando o turnover. Todos os entrevistados manifestam a percepção que o maior risco na sua actividade é a relacionada com a exposição a agentes biológicos com ênfase na preocupação em adquirir uma doença infecto-contagiosa. A percepção do risco de contaminação através do sangue e fluidos corporais está relacionada com a ideia do VIH conduzir a uma doença fatal e incurável apesar de existir uma perspectiva de esperança e qualidade de vida devido aos avanços das terapêuticas actualmente. Os sentimentos e as emoções ocasionadas após a exposição microbiológica e manifestadas pelos participantes são a ansiedade, o medo, a angústia e a preocupação, raramente referem a frustração e a revolta por se sentirem traídos, daí a importância do apoio social que tiveram por parte da saúde ocupacional, da família e amigos, bem como dos colegas de trabalho, fundamental para ultrapassar um episódio crítico da sua vida. No entanto a representação que têm das doenças como o VIH/SIDA e das hepatites B e C, como podem ser prevenidas e o nível de controlo que sentem exercer sobre os factores de transmissão, reflectem a percepção de que as medidas preventivas podem reduzir o risco de contaminação. Uma das conclusões deste estudo prende-se com a necessidade de reformulação do circuito de notificação dos acidentes de trabalho, com o objectivo de diminuir o tempo e os vários constrangimentos durante o percurso. A análise dos dados referentes aos acidentes de serviço por exposição microbiológica, os relatórios de análise das causas, a selecção e avaliação dos instrumentos aplicados promovem a criação de uma cultura de segurança. Como medidas organizacionais, a prevenção pressupõe o treino e a formação dos profissionais de saúde nos procedimentos de prevenção da transmissão da infecção, o incentivo à notificação das exposições e o desenvolvimento de um sistema adequado de monitorização e gestão das exposições ocupacionais. Sendo que a prevenção destes acidentes passa essencialmente pela introdução de dispositivos médicos com sistemas de segurança, por práticas de trabalho seguras, e pela formação dos profissionais de saúde.

Intestinal helminthes and/or Toxocara infection are unrelated to anti-HBs titers in seven-year-old children vaccinated at birth with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the possible effect of nematode infection on anti-HBs antibody levels in the serum of seven-year-old schoolchildren vaccinated at birth with the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Anti-HBs and anti HBc antibodies were evaluated in the sera of 100 schoolchildren with at least one intestinal nematode and/or a positive serological reaction for anti-Toxocara antibodies and in 95 schoolchildren without intestinal helminthiasis or serum anti-Toxocara antibodies. Both groups were from public elementary schools located on the urban periphery of Vitória, ES, Brazil. Among these 195 children, the median anti-HBs antibody titer was 31.3IU/ml and the frequency of titers less than 10IU/ml was 33.8% (95% CI: 27.1-40.4%). There were no significant differences between the medians of anti-HBs titers or the frequency of titers less than 10IU/ml between the groups with or without helminthes (29.5 and 32.9IU/ml and 33 and 34.7%, respectively; p>0.05). Even when the children with intestinal nematodes and/or anti-Toxocara antibodies and with blood eosinophil counts over 600/mm³ were compared with children without infection from intestinal nematodes and without anti-Toxocara antibodies, with blood eosinophil counts less than 400 eosinophils/mm³, these differences were not significant. None of the children presented anti-HBc antibodies. In conclusion, infections with intestinal nematodes and/or the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies did not interfere with the anti-HBs antibody titers in seven-year-old children vaccinated at birth with the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.