Neutron irradiation-infrared based measurement method for interstitial oxygen in heavily boron-doped silicon

A novel method, based on an infrared absorption and neutron irradiation technique, has been developed for the determination of interstitial oxygen in heavily boron-doped silicon. The new procedure utilizes fast neutron irradiated silicon wafer specimens. On fast neutron irradiation, the free carriers of high concentration in silicon can be trapped by the irradiated defects and the resistivity increased. The resulting calibration curve for the measurement of interstitial oxygen in boron-doped silicon has been established on the basis of the annealing behaviour of irradiated boron-doped CZ silicon.

Boron diffusion in Ge+ premorphized and BF2+ implanted Si(001)

The annealing behavior of Si implanted with Ge and then BF2 has been characterized by double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXRD) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The results show that annealing at 600 degrees C for 60 minutes can only remove a little damage induced by implantation and nearly no redistribution of Ge and B atoms has occurred during the annealing. The initial crystallinity of Si is fully recovered after annealing at 950 degrees C for 60 minutes and accompanied by Ge diffusion. Very shallow boron junction depth has been formed. When annealing temperature rises to 1050 degrees C, B diffusion enhances, which leads to a deep diffusion and good distribution of B atoms into the Si substrate. The X-ray diffraction (004) rocking curves from the samples annealed at 1050 degrees C for 60 minutes display two SiGe peaks, which may be related to the B concentration profiles.

In-situ Boron-doped Low-stress LPCVD Polysilicon for Micromechanical Disk Resonator

Polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) has been used as an important structural material for microelectro-mechnical systems (MEMS) because of its compatibility with standard integrated circuit (IC) processes. As the structural layer of micromechanical high resonance frequency (high-f) and high quality factor (high-Q) disk resonators, the low residual stress and low resistivity are desired for the polysilicon thin films. In the present work, we investigate the effect of deposition and annealing conditions on the residual stress and resistivity for in-situ deposited low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) polysilicon films. Low residual stress (-100 MPa) was achieved in in-situ boron-doped polysilicon films deposited at 570 degrees C and annealed at 1000 degrees C for 4 hr. The as-deposited amorphous polysilicon films were crystallized by the rapid thermal annealing and have the (111)-preferred orientation, the low tensile residual stress is expected for this annealed film, the detailed description on this work will be reported soon. The controllable residual stress and resistivity make these films suitable for high-Q and bigh-f micro-mechanical disk resonators.

In-Situ Boron and Aluminum Doping and Their Memory Effects in 4H-SiC Homoepitaxial Layers Grown by Hot-Wall LPCVD

The in-situ p-type doping of 4H-SiC grown on off-oriented (0001) 4H-SiC substrates was performed with trimethylaluminum (TMA) and/or diborane (B2H6) as the dopants. The incorporations of Al and B atoms and their memory effects and the electrical properties of p-type 4H-SiC epilayers were characterized by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Hall effect measurements, respectively. Both Al- and B-doped 4H-SiC epilayers were p-type conduction. It was shown that the profiles of the incorporated boron and aluminum concentration were in agreement with the designed TMA and B2H6 flow rate diagrams. The maximum hole concentration for the Al doped 4H-SiC was 3.52x10(20) cm(-3) with Hall mobility of about 1 cm(2)/Vs and resistivity of 1.6 similar to 2.2x10(-2) Omega cm. The heavily boron-doped 4H-SiC samples were also obtained with B2H6 gas flow rate of 5 sccm, yielding values of 0.328 Omega cm for resistivity, 5.3x10(18) cm(-3) for hole carrier concentration, and 7 cm(2)/VS for hole mobility. The doping efficiency of Al in SiC is larger than that of B. The memory effects of Al and B were investigated in undoped 4H-SiC by using SIMS measurement after a few run of doped 4H-SiC growth. It was clearly shown that the memory effect of Al is stronger than that of B. It is suggested that p-type 4H-SiC growth should be carried out in a separate reactor, especially for Al doping, in order to avoid the join contamination on the subsequent n-type growth. 4H-SiC PiN diodes were fabricated by using heavily B doped epilayers. Preliminary results of PiN diodes with blocking voltage of 300 V and forward voltage drop of 3.0 V were obtained.

Photoluminescence and Raman scattering correlated study of boron-doped silicon nanowires

Boron-doped (B-doped) silicon nanowires (SiNWS) have been prepared and characterized by Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL). B-doped SiNWS were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), using diborane (B2H6) as the dopant gas. Raman spectra show a band at 480cm(-1),which is attributed to amorphous silicon. Photoluminescence at room temperature exhibits three distinct emission peaks at 1.34ev, 1.42ev, 1.47ev. Possible reason for these is suggested.

research on user-centered design and recognition pen gestures

Pen-based user interface has become a hot research field in recent years. Pen gesture plays an important role in Pen-based user interfaces. But it’s difficult for UI designers to design, and for users to learn and use. In this purpose, we performed a research on user-centered design and recognition pen gestures. We performed a survey of 100 pen gestures in twelve famous pen-bases systems to find problems of pen gestures currently used. And we conducted a questionnaire to evaluate the matching degree between commands and pen gestures to discover the characteristics that a good pen gestures should have. Then cognition theories were applied to analyze the advantages of those characteristics in helping improving the learnability of pen gestures. From these, we analyzed the pen gesture recognition effect and presented some improvements on features selection in recognition algorithm of pen gestures. Finally we used a couple of psychology experiments to evaluate twelve pen gestures designed based on the research. It shows those gestures is better for user to learn and use. Research results of this paper can be used for designer as a primary principle to design pen gestures in pen-based systems.

THE EFFECT OF PASSIVATION OF BORON DOPANTS BY HYDROGEN IN NANO-CRYSTALLINE AND MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON FILMS

It is well known that the value of room-temperature conductivity sigma(RT) of boron-doped silicon films is one order lower than that of phosphorus-doped silicon films, when they are deposited in an identical plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition system. We use surface acoustic wave and secondary-ion mass spectrometry techniques to measure the concentration of total and electrically active boron atoms. It is shown that only 0.7% of the total amount of incorporated boron is electrically active. This is evidence that hydrogen atoms can passivate substitutional B-Si bonds by forming the neutral B-H-Si complex. By irradiating the boron-doped samples with a low-energy electron beam, the neutral B-H-Si complex converts into electrically active B-Si bonds and the conductivity can be increased by about one order of magnitude, up to the same level as that of phosphorus-doped samples.

Stress and resistivity controls on in situ boron doped LPCVD polysilicon films for high-Q MEMS applications

The simultaneous control of residual stress and resistivity of polysilicon thin films by adjusting the deposition parameters and annealing conditions is studied. In situ boron doped polysilicon thin films deposited at 520 ℃ by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) are amorphous with relatively large compressive residual stress and high resistivity. Annealing the amorphous films in a temperature range of 600-800 ℃ gives polysilicon films nearly zero-stress and relatively low resistivity. The low residual stress and low resistivity make the polysilicon films attractive for potential applications in micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) devices, especially in high resonance frequency (high-f) and high quality factor (high-Q MEMS resonators. In addition, polysilicon thin films deposited at 570 ℃ and those without the post annealing process have low resistivities of 2-5 mΩ·cm. These reported approaches avoid the high temperature annealing process (> 1000℃), and the promising properties of these films make them suitable for high-Q and high-f MEMS devices.

Boron-doped silicon film as a recombination layer in the tunnel junction of a tandem solar cell

Boron-doped hydrogenated silicon films with different gaseous doping ratios (B_2H_6/SiH_4) were deposited in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. The microstructure of the films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The electrical properties of the films were characterized by their room temperature electrical conductivity (σ) and the activation energy (E_a). The results show that with an increasing gaseous doping ratio, the silicon films transfer from a microcrystalline to an amorphous phase, and corresponding changes in the electrical properties were observed. The thin boron-doped silicon layers were fabricated as recombination layers in tunnel junctions. The measurements of the Ⅰ-Ⅴ characteristics and the transparency spectra of the junctions indicate that the best gaseous doping ratio of the recombination layer is 0.04, and the film deposited under that condition is amorphous silicon with a small amount of crystallites embedded in it. The junction with such a recombination layer has a small resistance, a nearly ohmic contact, and a negligible optical absorption.

Light induced rapid thermal diffusion of boron atom in silicon

国家自然科学基金

Study on optical band gap of boron-doped nc-Si : H film

The optical band gap (E-g) of the boron (B)-doped hydrogenated nano-crystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) films fabricated using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was investigated in this work. The transmittance of the films were measured by spectrophotometric and the E-g was evaluated utilizing three different relations for comparison, namely: alphahnu=C(hnu-E-g)(3), alphahnu=B-0(hnu-E-g)(2), alphahnu=C-0(hnu-E-g)(2). Result showed that E-g decreases with the increasing of Boron doping ratio, hydrogen concentration, and substrate's temperature (T-s), respectively. E-g raises up with rf power density (P-d) from 0.45W.cm(-2) to 0.60w.cm(-2) and then drops to the end. These can be explained for E-g decreases with disorder in the films.

Boron diffusion in Ge+ premorphized and BF2+ implanted Si(001)

The annealing behavior of Si implanted with Ge and then BF2 has been characterized by double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXRD) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The results show that annealing at 600 degrees C for 60 minutes can only remove a little damage induced by implantation and nearly no redistribution of Ge and B atoms has occurred during the annealing. The initial crystallinity of Si is fully recovered after annealing at 950 degrees C for 60 minutes and accompanied by Ge diffusion. Very shallow boron junction depth has been formed. When annealing temperature rises to 1050 degrees C, B diffusion enhances, which leads to a deep diffusion and good distribution of B atoms into the Si substrate. The X-ray diffraction (004) rocking curves from the samples annealed at 1050 degrees C for 60 minutes display two SiGe peaks, which may be related to the B concentration profiles.

Effects of silicon incorporation on composition, structure and electric conductivity of cubic boron nitride thin films

We have achieved in-situ Si incorporation into cubic boron nitride (c-BN) thin films during ion beam assisted deposition. The effects of silicon incorporation on the composition, structure and electric conductivity of c-BN thin films were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical measurements. The results suggest that the content of the cubic phase remains stable on the whole with the incorporation of Si up to a concentration of 3.3 at.%, and the higher Si concentrations lead to a gradual change from c-BN to hexagonal boron nitride. It is found that the introduced Si atoms only replace B atoms and combine with N atoms to form Si-N bonds, and no evidence of the existence of Si-B bonds is observed. The resistance of the Si-doped c-BN films gradually decreases with increasing Si concentration, and the resistivity of the c-BN film with 3.3 at.% Si is lowered by two orders of magnitude as compared to undoped samples.