920 resultados para (13)CD(3) OH


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采用低温荧光光谱测试方法,研究了MBE生长的轻掺硅GaAs材料的杂质特性,并结合Hall测量结果,讨论了MBE关键生长条件V/II束流比等对Si在GaAs中掺杂特性的影响,研究表明掺杂元素Si在GaAs中起两性(施主或受主)杂质作用,适当提高V/II束流比可以抑制Si的自补偿效应,从而减小载流子的补偿度,进一步提高迁移率。通过优化生长条件,本实验已获得了杂质浓度小于10~(13) cm~(-3),77 K下迁移率大于1.6 X 10~5cm~2/V.s的高纯、高迁移率GaAs材料。

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报道了用MBE生长轻掺Si高迁移率GaAs材料的杂质补偿特性实验研究。已得到77K温度下迁移率为16.2×10~4cm~2/(V·s)的GaAs材料。样品的Hall测量结果表明:在较低的杂质浓度范围(1×10~(13)cm~(-3)<n<1×10~(15)cm~(-3))内,在大体相同的生长温度(590℃左右)下,选择适当的生长速率Gr会增强对浅受主杂质的抑制作用,同时也会一致Si的自补偿效应,减小杂质的补偿度N_a/N_d之值,从而提高MBE外延GaAs材料的迁移率。

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We present some results on the effect of initial buffer layer on the crystalline quality of Cubic GaN epitaxial layers grown on GaAs(100) substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Photoluminescence and Hall measurements were performed to characterize the electrical and optical properties of cubic GaN. The crystalline quality subsequently grown high-temperature (HT) cubic GaN layers strongly depended on thermal effects during the temperature ramping process after low temperature (LT) growth of the buffer layers. Atomic force microscope (AFM) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) were employed to investigate this temperature ramping process. Furthermore, the role of thermal treatment during the temperature ramping process was identified. Using the optimum buffer layer, the full width at half maxim (FWHM) at room temperature photoluminescence 5.6 nm was achieved. To our knowledge, this is the best FWHM value for cubic GaN to date. The background carrier concentration was as low as 3 x 10(13) cm(-3). (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

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植物源杀菌剂的开发应用以及从植物中寻找杀菌活性物质作为先导化合物,是目前杀菌研究领域的热点之一。本文以蓼科植物虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.) 为材料,研究了虎杖提取物的杀菌活性和作用机理,确定了虎杖中的有效杀菌活性成分,并以此为先导化合物进行了衍生物合成与结构活性关系的研究。 不同溶剂提取物制备与杀菌活性测定结果表明,乙醇适合作为虎杖植物杀菌剂的提取溶剂,提取率高,对多种植物病原真菌具有广谱的杀菌和抑菌活性,除对黄瓜白粉病(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)表现出很好的防治效果外,对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、玉米小斑病菌(Helminthosporium maydis)、葡萄炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoconia solani)等也具有很好的抑制作用。虎杖回流提取物对黄瓜白粉病的杀菌作用以保护作用为主,兼具一定的治疗作用,并且具有一定的内吸活性,持效期约为4-7 d。温室试验结果表明,虎杖乙醇回流提取物10%可溶性液剂对黄瓜白粉病的EC90值为172.83 mg/L,田间小区试验表明该制剂在800-1600 mg/L的浓度下,对黄瓜白粉病的防效达到76.3-93.4%,具有较好的应用前景。 对苹果腐烂病菌的抑菌作用机理表明,虎杖乙醇提取物对该病原菌有明显的抑制作用,能够抑制蛋白质、葡萄糖等菌体细胞内物质的合成,从而使病菌代谢速度减慢,抑制其生长。虎杖提取物还能够使几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶这两种细胞壁相关水解酶的活性升高,降解细胞壁而破坏菌体结构,使菌体自溶。 过测定虎杖乙醇回流提取物对黄瓜体内等一些防御酶和病程相关蛋白活性的影响,表明在40 mg/L和400 mg/L浓度下,虎杖乙醇提取物能够使黄瓜叶片内的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶等不同程度的升高,从而在一定程度上提高植物对病原真菌的抗病能力。 通过生物活性跟踪测定以及pH梯度提取法确定了虎杖中的主要杀菌活性成分为蒽醌类化合物大黄素(emodin)和大黄素甲醚(physcion),结构通过了HPLC-MS和1H NMR确认,并且通过HPLC确定了虎杖乙醇回流提取物中二者的含量分别为3.28%和1.11%。 以虎杖中的有效成份之一的大黄素为原料,通过羟基的甲基化反应合成了包括已知物大黄素甲醚在内的11个大黄素衍生物,其中5个化合物为首次报道,并进行了初步结构活性关系研究。结果表明通过对大黄素3-OH位置以短直链烷基取代,其衍生物对黄瓜白粉病的活性大大提高,其中以甲基取代的衍生物大黄素甲醚的活性为母体大黄素的16.7倍,而以取代苄基修饰的衍生物的活性没有明显提高。一些目标化合物的活性明显优于三唑酮。研究中还意外发现大黄素的甲基化衍生物三甲氧基大黄素在4000 mg/L时能够明显抑制甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食与生长发育,而大黄素和大黄素甲醚则无此作用。

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辽东山区森林是辽宁省重要的水源涵养基地与用材林资源,在维系区域内生态环境和林产品的可持续供应方面占据十分重要的战略位置。该区的天然林已基本绝迹,因此该区的森林生态恢复具有重要意义。 已有研究表明,影响辽东山区森林更新演替最主要的环境因素是光环境。核桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、黄菠萝(Phellodendron amurense)和红松(Pinus koraiensis)是阔叶红松林的优势树种;这些树种幼苗对光环境的适应性差异,在群落演替和森林生态恢复中发挥重要作用。 本论文采用人为控制遮光试验测定了核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝幼苗对光环境的响应,同时,采用自然光环境试验和人为控制遮光试验相结合的手段测定了红松幼苗对光环境的适应性。人为控制遮光试验设置的光环境类似于自然中的典型林窗、林缘和林下的光环境;在人为控制遮光试验中,研究材料于2007年4月末栽植于4个不同光环境(全光、全光的60%、30%和15%,分别记为FI、II、LI和WI处理)下,在2007年7~9月测定了树种幼苗的光合生理、叶片特征、生长和冠层形态特征等方面的变化,结果表明: 1)不同光环境处理区内的光合有效辐射(PAR)具有显著差异,形成一定的光强梯度,而气温,相对湿度和土壤含水量差异并不显著。全光处理区内的日平均PAR为842.4μmol∙m-2∙s-1,最大PAR为1884.1μmol∙m-2∙s-1,显著高于其它处理区。 2)生长在高光强下4个树种幼苗的叶片有较高的光合能力(Amax),随生长光强的下降,Amax显著下降;光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)也表现出随着生长光强的下降而降低的趋势。核桃楸和水曲柳净光合速率Pn的日变化最大值约为16μmol∙m-2∙s-1,黄菠萝的约为13μmol∙m-2∙s-1,这与温带阔叶树种叶片的最大净光合速率Pn在10~15μmol∙m-2∙s-1范围内的结论相符;3个苗龄红松针叶的Pn日变化均呈单峰型,没有光合“午休”现象,峰值出现在11:00~13:00期间。 3)4个树种幼苗的比叶重(LMA)和单位叶面积鲜重(LFA)均随着光环境的降低而下降;三个阔叶树种幼苗的叶长L、叶宽W、叶周长C和单叶面积A均具有随着光强的降低而呈增大的趋势,表明叶片通过调节叶片的形态来适应多变的光环境。 4)不同光环境对阔叶树种幼苗的植株冠形和生长有显著影响,而红松幼苗植株冠形和生长的变化无明显的规律性。 综上,本研究得出以下结论:○1.通过可塑性分析和模糊隶属函数分析,核桃楸和黄菠萝较水曲柳能适应更宽的光强幅度;同时,核桃楸和黄菠萝较水曲柳的需光性更强,核桃楸和黄菠萝的需光性差异不大。○2.与3年、5年生红松相比,7年生红松对光强的适应幅度最小;同时,7年生红松的需光性强于3年和5年生红松。○3.本研究结果支持前人的观点:红松在幼年阶段能耐一定程度的遮光,在全光的20%~60%光条件下生长较好,随着年龄的增大,红松的需光性增加。

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随着工农业的快速发展,土壤重金属尤其Cd和Pb污染日益严重。筛选和培育具有重金属低积累特性的农作物排异品种被认为是当前应对土壤重金属污染最为合理和有效的途径之一。本文通过盆栽试验、大田试验和砂培试验,研究了大白菜品种对Cd和Pb的吸收和积累的品种差异、对Cd、Pb胁迫的响应以及大白菜安全生产的调控技术,得出以下结论: 1) 盆栽梯度试验中,80种大白菜地上部对Cd的吸收存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。在3种Cd处理下(1.0, 2.5和5.0 mg/kg),80种大白菜Cd含量浓度范围分别为(mg/kg) 0.22–2.46, 0.90–14.10和2.03–18.01, 其平均值分别为 0.79, 3.76 和6.79 mg/kg DW。大白菜对Cd胁迫具有较强的耐性。大田试验中,15种大白菜的富集系数和转运系数与盆栽梯度试验的结果基本一致。排异植物的筛选和鉴定标准包括:(1)该植物的地上部和根部的Cd含量都很低或者可食部位低于有关标准;(2) 富集系数(BF) < 1.0;(3) 转运系数(TF) < 1.0;(4)该植物具有较高的Cd耐性,在较高的Cd污染下能够正常生长且生物量无显著下降。采用此标准,结合盆栽梯度试验和大田试验结果,北京新3号、绿星70和丰源新3号可鉴定为Cd排异品种。秋傲和赛新5号具有排异Cd特性,但其对Cd的耐性较差。 2) 盆栽梯度试验中,在Pb投加浓度为500和1500 mg/kg处理下,30种大白菜地上部对Pb的吸收存在显著差异 (p < 0.05),其Pb浓度的范围分别为:0.52–8.68 和1.86–16.20 mg/kg, 其平均值分别为3.01 和6.87 mg/kg DW。并且,随着Pb浓度的增加,白菜地上部Pb含量有随之增加的趋势。大白菜对Pb具有较强的耐性。低浓度的Pb处理对大白菜的生物具有一定的促进作用。结合盆栽试验和大田试验的结果,秋傲、世博秋抗和福星80可鉴定为Pb排异大白菜品种。 3) 砂培试验中,在Cd和Pb胁迫下,大白菜地上部的丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先下降后上升接着下降的趋势,酸菜王的SOD活性要高于北京新3号SOD的活性。随着Pb处理浓度的增加,福星80地上部的SOD活性随之增加,而绿星大棵菜地上部的SOD活性先下降后增加。在不同梯度的Cd处理下,大白菜地上部的可溶性蛋白(SP)含量未见显著降低,甚至有所增加,而在不同梯度的Pb处理下,大白菜地上部的SP含量有所降低。 4) 施用改良剂可升高土壤的pH值和降低土壤中的有效态Cd,从而对大白菜的生长具有促进作用。施用改良剂可显著降低大白菜对Cd和Pb的吸收和累积。

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通过溶液培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd)处理对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响、不同生长代谢水平对向日葵Cd积累的影响、硫(S)对向日葵幼苗Cd积累的调控,并对相关代谢产物进行了分析。结果表明: 1)随着Cd处理浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗对Cd的吸收显著增加;根中积累的Cd明显高于叶和茎,各浓度处理根部的Cd含量分别为叶和茎的37.8 - 63.0倍和29.4 - 41.0倍。Cd胁迫显著抑制向日葵幼苗生长和叶绿素合成,当Cd浓度达1.0 mg•L-1 时,整株植物生物量和总叶绿素含量分别为对照的55.9%和52.6%。Cd胁迫下向日葵幼苗中游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量显著增加,1.0 mg•L-1 Cd浓度时,根中含量分别为对照的4.0、5.8倍。向日葵幼苗可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶活性变化与Cd胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系,可溶性蛋白含量在0.05 mg•L-1 Cd浓度时达到最大值,叶、茎、根中的过氧化物酶活性分别在0.1、0.1和0.05 mg•L-1 Cd浓度时达到最大值。 2)向日葵幼叶中的Cd含量远远高于成熟叶片,最高可达成熟叶片Cd含量的5.8倍;幼苗地上部Cd积累与生长量呈线性正相关(R2=0.9858),证明Cd积累主要发生在植物的生长发育阶段,停止生长的组织或器官积累镉的速率显著降低(甚至停止)。 3)营养液缺S处理显著降低向日葵幼苗对Cd的积累,叶、茎、根Cd含量分别减少对照的30.5%、53.6%、31.4%,说明S是影响向日葵Cd积累的关键因素,而且不同器官对缺S的敏感程度不同,表现为:茎>根>叶。叶面喷施雾化谷胱甘肽(GSH)使向日葵地上部分Cd含量显著增加,为对照的1.4倍;但单独喷施半胱氨酸(Cys)或GSH的前体氨基酸(Cys、谷氨酸、甘氨酸)并没有增加向日葵Cd积累,说明GSH合成与向日葵的Cd积累密切相关。 4)通过对植物相关代谢产物分析发现,有机酸和非蛋白巯基(NPT)在向日葵幼苗中的含量分布不同,其中草酸和植物螯合肽(PC)分别占到总有机酸和NPT的90%、85%以上。有机酸和PC合成的前体物质(Cys、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸、GSH)含量的高低对向日葵幼苗Cd积累没有影响;但幼苗叶和茎中的PC含量和Cd积累呈线性正相关(R叶2=0.958,R茎2=0.9994),而且各器官PC含量为:根≥茎、叶,说明PC是向日葵Cd积累的关键物质。

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土壤重金属污染是影响农业可持续发展和生态环境的重要问题,而通过生物标记物方式对污染土壤进行早期诊断已成为环境科学领域的研究热点。本文以M&S营养液为培养介质,以拟南芥为供试材料,以错配修复基因MutS 2 homolog (atMSH2),atMSH3,atMSH7,细胞增殖核抗原1 和2 (atPCNA1和atPCNA2)为检测目的基因,分别采用半定量反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术、克隆及测序技术研究了Cd在不同胁迫水平(0,0.125,0.25,1.0,3.0 mg•L-1 )上对上述错配修复相关基因表达和atMSH2基因突变的影响,并与拟南芥幼苗形态、生理指标的毒性效应进行比较分析,筛选出对Cd污染胁迫敏感的生物标记物。主要结果如下: 1. 不同浓度(0,0.125,0.25,1.0,3.0 mg•L-1 )Cd处理7天后,拟南芥幼苗叶片数、地上部鲜重变化与对照相比差异均不显著;而根长随Cd胁迫强度的增加明显降低; 2. 不同浓度(0,0.125,0.25,1.0,3.0 mg•L-1 )Cd处理7天后,叶绿素含量变化与对照相比差异均不显著; 地上部可溶性蛋白含量随Cd浓度的增加变化明显,0.125 mg•L-1 Cd处理下,地上部可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,而在0.25,1.0和3.0 mg•L-1 Cd时降低,但仍高于对照; 3. 地上部atMSH2,atPCNA1,atPCNA2基因表达量的变化与Cd胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系,分别在0.125mg•L-1,0.25mg•L-1和0.125mg•L-1 Cd时达到最大值。地上部可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势与atMSH2,atPCNA1,atPCNA2基因表达量的变化相似,均可作为对Cd污染胁迫敏感的潜在生物标记物。 4. 对不同浓度(0,0.125,0.25,1.0,3.0 mg•L-1 )Cd处理7天后,拟南芥atMSH2基因PCR后的扩增产物进行回收、纯化、克隆和测序。测序结果表明,0.25 mg•L-1 Cd处理拟南芥atMSH2基因在第8个和第9个外显子之间的内含子有一个碱基转换;在1.0 mg•L-1 Cd处理下,拟南芥在第10个外显子有一个碱基转换。

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干扰素(IFNs)是最早发现的具有广泛用途的一类细胞因子,IFN-α通过JAK/STAT信号途径调控机体一系列生理和病理反应。至今尚未发现类干扰素的小分子。我们前期研究发现天然产物毛蕊异黄酮可激活干扰素诱导的JAK/STAT信号途径。为发现类干扰素小分子、获得小分子探针,本课题拟建立成熟的JAK/STAT信号途径的筛选模型,合成毛蕊异黄酮及其类似物,研究这些化合物的构效关系,进而尝试通过共价键标记生物素或香豆素来直接研究它们与相关受体的作用。 从异香草醛出发经7步合成反应得到了毛蕊异黄酮。采用平行合成策略得到异黄酮类化合物;采用分支式合成策略,以取代苯乙酸作为合成砌块,获得具有与异黄酮类似结构的香豆素、3-芳基喹诺酮。与分离得到的黄酮类化合物,构建了一个包括异黄酮、黄酮、香豆素、3-芳基喹诺酮在内的化合物库。 建立了包含IFN-α刺激反应元件 (ISRE)的荧光素酶报告基因体系,通过筛选化合物库中的化合物,发现异黄酮骨架为激活JAK/STAT信号途径必须结构、毛蕊异黄酮7-位酚羟基被取代后活性丧失。根据以上结果,对毛蕊异黄酮3′-位标记物的合成进行了初步尝试。 发现山茱萸科植物青荚叶(Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) Dietr.)有抑制蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酯酶1B(PTP1B)的活性。从其地上部分95%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部分分离得到5个化合物,应用波谱方法及与已知品对照的手段鉴定它们为p-menth-2-en-1β, 4β, 8-triol (Z-1)、blumenol A (Z-2)、2′,3′,4′,5′,6′-五羟基查尔酮(Z-3)、洋芹素7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Z-4)、木犀草素7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Z-5). Interferons (IFNs) are one kind of cytokines with broad functions. IFN-α mediates series physiological and pathological changes of human body via JAK/STAT pathway. Untill now, no IFNs-like small molecules are discovered. In our preliminary experiment, the natural product calycosin has been observed to activate JAK/STAT pathway. Therefore, we establish a luciferase reporter gene system and synthesize calycosin and its analogues to reveal their structure-activity relationship (SAR). Besides, in order to prove that calycosin activates JAK/STAT pathway through IFN receptor, we attempted to tag it with biotin or coumarin by covalent bonding. Calycosin was synthesized from isovanillin via seven steps. Other isoflavones were obtained by parallel synthesis; coumarins and quinolones were prepared through divergent synthesis, using substituted phenylacetic acids as building blocks. Combing with natural flavones, a small molecule library was established. A luciferase reporter gene system, consisting of 5 copies of the ISRE (interferon-stimulated response element), was used for screening of small molecules from that library. We found that the core-structure of isoflavone was necessary, and if the 7-OH is substituted, the activity slumps. According to our observation, we tried to tag biotin or coumarin at 3′-OH of calycosin. The 95% ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) Dietr. showed protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity. Five compounds were isolated. On the basis of spectral data or by comparison with authentic samples, they were identified as p-menth-2-en-1β,4β,8-triol (1), blumenol A (2), 2′,3′,4′,5′,6′-pentahydroxychalcone (3), apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), and luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5).

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5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU)是一种抗代谢药物,广泛用于临床治疗结直肠癌、胃癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症,但其首过代谢显著、亲脂性较低,选择性差、毒副作用大。为克服这些缺点人们对5-FU进行了大量的修饰工作,包括小分子修饰以及与各种载体形成微球、微囊、纳米粒、共价前药等。 环糊精(Cyclodextrin,简称CD),可被结肠中的糖苷酶特异性地降解成小分子糖,而胃和小肠中由于缺乏相应的酶而使环糊精不被降解,这一特性在结肠药物的靶向输送及释放中有重要应用价值。环糊精中含有丰富的羟基,易进行化学修饰,将药物与环糊精通过共价键结合制成前药,使其在胃和小肠中不降解,而在盲结肠中被特异性的酶降解释出药物,达到结肠靶向释药的目的。研究表明,环糊精作为一种前药载体为结肠靶向释药和缓释、控释系统提供了一种有效的手段。 本工作选择5-氟尿嘧啶为模型药物、β-环糊精作为载体,通过中间体5-FU羧酸衍生物的制备及其与β-环糊精的偶联,合成了系列5-FU-β-CD前体药物,并利用紫外、红外、质谱、核磁、元素分析、热分析等手段对其进行结构表征。同时,还研究了前体药物的体外释药性质。具体内容包括: 1. 含有羧基的5-FU衍生物中间体的合成:(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-乙酸(FUAC)、3-(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-丙酸(FUPC)、5-(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-戊酸(FUVC)的合成。 2. 中间体5-FU的羧酸衍生物与β-CD的偶联:分别通过以6-OTs-β-CD为中间体的取代法和活化酯法,合成了第一面取代和第二面取代的5-FU-β-CD大分子前体药物。在二面取代的前体药物制备中,通过改变原料的比例,合成了系列不同取代度(DS)的2-[(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-乙酰基] -β-环糊精结合物。 3. 对上述前体药物进行体外释放研究:分别考察了前体药物在不同pH缓冲溶液中的水解行为及其在小鼠胃肠道人工体液中的酶解行为,并通过UV-Vis及HPLC对前体药物释放情况进行检测分析。 5-Fluorouracil(5-Fu), commonly known as a broad-spectrum antineoplastic drug, has been widely used in the treatment of various kinds of cancer including colon cancer for 40 years. However, this antitumor agent exhibits serious adverse effects, such as their marrow toxicity, gastrointestinal reaction and low selectivity in their clinical use. In order to improve its antitumor activity and reduce its toxicity, the compound was modified in various ways, including the formation of conjugated prodrugs with kinds of carrier, microsphere and nanoparticles etc. Cyclodextrins(CDs) are known to be barely capable of being hydrolyzed and only slightly absorbed in passing through the stomach and small intestine; however they are fermented into small saccharides by colonic microflora and thus absorbed as small saccharides in the large intestine. This biodegradation property of CDs may be useful as a colon-targeting carrier, and thus CD prodrugs may serve as a source of site-specific delivery of drugs to colon. It was demonstrated that prodrugs of CDs can provide a versatile means for construction of not only colon targeted delivery systems, but also delayed release systems. 5-Fluorouracil was taken as a model drug and β-CD as the carrier in this study. Series prodrugs of 5-FU was prepared through the preparation of reactive 5-FU derivatives containing carboxyl group and coupling to hydroxyl groups of CD. The structures of the conjugates were charactered by using IR, UV–vis, ESI-MS, 1H, 13C-NMR spectra, elemental analyses, and thermal analysis. In vitro hydrolysis behavior in aqueous solution and in rat gastrointestinal tract contents of the conjugates were also investigated. The main content of this dissertation includes following aspects: 1. The preparation of 5-FU derivatives containing carboxyl group: 5-Fluorouracil- acetic acid(FUAC)、3-(5-FU-1)-propionic acid (FUPC)、and 5-(5-FU-1)-valeric acid(FUVC). 2. The coupling of 5-FU derivatives to β-CD: 5-FU was selectively conjugated onto the primary or secondary hydroxyl groups of β-CD through an ester linkage, by the substitution of 6-OTs-β-CD and the activated ester method respectively. For the secondary face conjugation, the degree of substitution(DS) can be controlled by changing the mole ratio of the starting materials(FUAC and β-CD). 3. In vitro release behavior of the conjugates in aqueous solution and in rat gastro- intestinal tract contents of the conjugates were investigated, and the reaction was monitored and analyzed by using UV-Vis and HPLC methods.

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本学位论文由两部分共3章组成。第一部分分别报道2种藏药唐古特瑞香和大果大戟化学成分的研究成果,从2种药用植物共分离鉴定了60个不同的化合物,其中12个为新结构,特别有意义的是发现了2个具有同一新骨架的二萜化合物。第二部分概述了大戟科植物多环二萜的研究进展。 第一部分包括第1和2章。在这2章中分别报道了唐古特瑞香(Daphne tangutica Maxim)和大果大戟(Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f. Fl)化学成分的分离纯化与结构鉴定。实验采用正、反相硅胶柱层析、薄层制备及HPLC等分离方法,从唐古特瑞香的根皮中共分离出32个化合物,通过红外、质谱及核磁共振等波谱方法鉴定了其中的31个,结构类型分别属于瑞香二萜类、木脂素类、香豆素类、苯丙素类及甾体类,其中有三个新的瑞香二萜型化合物,经波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为1,2a-二氢-20-棕榈酰瑞香毒素、1,2a-二氢-5b-羟基-6a,7a-环氧-树脂大戟醇-14-苯甲酸酯及1,2b-二氢-5b-羟基-6a,7a-环氧-树脂大戟醇-14-苯甲酸酯,另外还有13个已知化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。从大果大戟的根部共分离出33个化合物,鉴定了其中的30个,其主要成分为种类丰富的二萜,包括巨大戟烷型、续随子烷型、对映-阿替生烷型、对映-贝壳杉烷型、对映-松香烷型、ent-trachylobane型、对映-异海松烷型及一新骨架五环二萜ent-wallichane型,另外还有香豆素、甾体、三萜和一些简单的小分子化合物。其中新化合物有9个,经波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为5-O-(2E,4E,6E)-癸三烯酰基-3,20-O-二乙酰基巨大戟醇、5-O-(2E,4Z)-癸二烯酰基-3-O-乙酰基-20-去氧巨大戟醇、3-O-(2E,4Z)-癸二烯酰基-5b,6b-氧-交京大戟醇、7-苯甲酰氧基-3,5,15-三乙酰基-续随子醇、ent-trachylobane-3-one-17-oic-acid、3α-羟基-对映-阿替斯-16-烯-14-酮、3α,6-二羟基-对映-异海松-7-烯-2,15-二酮、wallichanol A 和 wallichanol B,其中,wallichanol A 和 wallichanol B属于一新骨架类型的五环二萜。除此以外,另有13个已知化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。 第2部分即第3章,首次概述了大戟属植物中多环二萜的化学和药理研究进展。 This dissertation is composed by two parts. The first part reports the phytochemical investigation of two Tibetan medicine plants, Daphne tangutica Maxim and Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f. Fl. Sixty different compounds including ten new compounds and two novel diterpenoids possessing a new carbon skeleton were isolated and identified. The second part is a review about the progress of studies on the polycyclic diterpeniods of the plant family of Euphorbia. The first part consists two chapters, which expatiate on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from D. tangutica and E. wallichii. Thirty-one compounds were isolated from the root barks of D. tangutica by methods of column chromatography (silica gel, including reversed phase), preparative TLC and HPLC, and their structure were identified as nine daphnane diterpenes, six lignans, nine cumarin derivatives, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, a steroids and a benzoate on the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR, MS and NMR. Among them, three are new diterpenes with skeleton of daphnane and the structure were determined as 1,a-dihydro-20-palimoyl-daphnetoxin, 1,2a-dihydro-5b- hydroxy-6a,7a-epoxy-resiniferonol-14-benzoate and 1,2b-dihydro-5b-hydroxy- 6a,7a-epoxy-resiniferonol-14-benzoate. In addition, thirteen known ones were isolated from this plant for the first time. Isolation of the roots of E. wallichii yielded thirty compounds, twenty-four of them were elucidated as diterpenoids, which belong to different skeleton types of ingenol, lathyrane, ent-atisane, ent-kaurane, ent-abietane, ent-trachylobane, ent-isopimarane and a new pentacyclic skeleton ent-wallichane respectively. The remains including a cumarine, a triterpenoid, a steroid and three compounds with small molecule. Nine new compounds were characterized as 5-O-deca-2E,4E,6E- trienoyl-3,20-O-diacetylingenol, 5-O-deca-2E,4Z-dienoyl-3-O-acetyl-20- deoxyingenol, 3-O-deca-2E,4Z-dienoyl-jolkinol-5b,6b-oxide, 7-benzoyl-3,5,15- triacetyl-7-hydroxylathyrol, ent-trachylobane-3-one-17-oic-acid, 3α-hydroxy-ent- atis-16-en-14-one, 3α,6-dihydroxy-ent-isopimarane-7-en-2,15-dione, wallichanol A and wallichanol B, respectively, by means of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Among them, wallichanol A and wallichanol B were two notable novel pentacyclic diterpenoids processing a new rearranged carbon skeleton. And more, thirteen ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter summarizes the research development on chemistry and pharmacology of polycyclic diterpenes from the plant family of Euphorbia for the first time.

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本学位论文报道了西藏产三种藏族传统植物药材的化学成分研究。论文由四章组成,前三章是实验部分,分别报道了尼泊尔黄堇(Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl.)、藏波罗花(Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague)和全缘叶绿绒蒿(Meconopsis interifolia Franch.)的化学成分研究结果。从这三种青藏高原药用植物中共分离鉴定出33 个化合物,其中1 个是新化合物。第四章概述了罂粟科紫堇属植物的化学和药理研究进展。 第一章为尼泊尔黄堇的化学成分研究。通过正、反相硅胶柱色谱等分离方法从药用植物尼泊尔黄堇的地上部分共分离纯化得到12 个化合物。运用MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、HMBC、NOESY 等现代波谱学方法将它们的结构鉴定为:刺罂粟碱(1) , 普托品(2) , 新那亭(3) , 斯可任(4) , tetrahydrothalifendine (5) ,9-methyl-decumbenine C (6),tetrahydroberberrubine (7),隐品碱(8),α-别隐品碱(9),6,7-methylenedioxy-1(2H)-oxoisoquinolinone (10),6-丙酮基-5,6 -二氢血根碱(11)和β-谷甾醇(12)。其中化合物6 为新化合物,为首次发现的分子骨架上C-9 位连有甲基的苯肽异喹啉类型生物碱。另外,除化合物1 和2 外,其它9 个生物碱(3~11)均为首次从该种植物中分离得到。同时,我们还对对尼泊尔黄堇中的总生物碱进行了串联质谱分析。 第二章为藏波罗花的化学成分研究。从该药用植物的地上部分共分离得到16个化合物,通过理化常数和波谱数据鉴定为:异佛手柑内酯(1),6-甲氧基当归素(2),欧前胡素(3),花椒毒内酯(4),珊瑚菜素(5),水合氧化前胡素(6),rivulobirin A (7),齐墩果酸甲酯(8),咖啡酸甲酯(9),银桦酸(10),(D)-boschniakinic acid (11),对羟基苯甲酸(12) , tert-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(R)-heraclenol (13) , 5-methoxy-8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxypsoralen (14),前胡苷V(15)和苯乙醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(16)。所有以上化合物均为首次从该种植物中分离得到。另外我们还首次对藏波罗花挥发油的化学成分进行了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析,共鉴定出39 个挥发性成分。 第三章为全缘叶绿绒蒿化学成分的分离鉴定。从传统藏药材全缘叶绿绒蒿地上部分共分离纯化出8 个化合物。通过理化常数和波谱数据将他们的结构分别鉴定为:去甲血根碱(1),β-谷甾醇(2),3-羟基-齐墩果烷-12(13)-烯-30-酸(3),6-丙酮基-5,6-二氢血根碱(4),木犀草素(5),胡萝卜苷(6),quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7)和普托品(8)。其中化合物1,4 和7 为首次从该种药用植物中分离得到。 第四章为综述,总结和归纳了近年来罂粟科紫堇属植物的化学和药理研究进展。 This dissertation consists of four parts. The first, second and third parts report the studies on the chemical constituents from the medicinal plants of Corydalis hendersonii, Incarvillea younghusbandii and Meconopsis interifolia. The forth part reviews the progress of the studies on Corydalis species. The first chapter is about the isolations and identifications of alkalids from the aerial parts of C. hendersonii which is a traditional Tibetan medicine to treat febrifuge, high blood pressure and hepatitis. A new isoquinoline alkaloid, 9-methyl-decumbenine C (6), together with ten known alkaloids, stylopine (1), protopine (2), canadine (3), scoulerine (4), tetrahydrothalifendine (5), tetrahydroberberrubine (7), cryptopine (8), α-allocryptopine (9), 6,7-methylenedioxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone (10) and 6-acetonyl-5,6-dihydrosanguinarine (11), and β-sitosterol (12) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the total alkaloids were analyzed by ESI-MSn. The second chapter is about the isolations and identifications of chemical constituents from the aerial parts of I. younghusbandii. Sixteen compounds were isolated and purified by normal and reversed phase silica gel column chromatography. By spectral analysis, there structures were identified as isobergapten (1), sphondin (2), imperatorin (3), xanthotoxin (4), phellopterin (5), heraclenol (6), rivulobirin A (7), methyl oleanolate (8), methyl caffeate (9), grevillic acid (10), (D)-boschniakinic acid (11), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (12), tert-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(R)-heraclenol (13), 5-methoxy-8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxypsoralen (14), decuroside Ⅴ(15), and phenylethyl-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (16). All of these compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.By the way, the chemical components of the essential oil from I. younghusbandii were analyzed by GC-MS for the first time. The third chapter is about the the isolations and identifications of the chemical constituents of M. interifolia. Eight compounds were isolated and identified as norsanguinarine (1), β-sitosterol (2), 3-hydroxyolean-12(13)-en-30-oic acid (3), 6-acetonyl-5,6-dihydrosanguinarine (4), luteolin (5), daucosterol (6), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7) and protopine (8). The compounds 1, 4 and 7 were isolated from this herb for the first time. The last chapter is a review of the research progress of the studies on Corydalis species, which includes the chemical constituents in this genus and their pharmacology.

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LUCC是全球变化研究的核心主题之一,也是社会经济可持续发展的关键问题。改革开放后四川的社会经济发展非常快,在各种因素的驱动下,土地利用/覆盖发生了深刻变化。目前四川省缺乏基于实际调查数据的、全域性的、具有连续时间序列的LUCC和驱动力分析及土地可持续利用研究成果,这对我们从全局上把握全省土地利用现状、发展变化趋势,利用土地政策参与宏观调控,实现长期可持续发展目标,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会极为不利。本研究针对这一问题,选取全川八大土地利用类型作为研究对象,研究了全省1996年到2006年的土地利用/覆盖格局和变化情况,分析了不同尺度的驱动因素,对全省农用地和建设用地的集约利用状况、潜力进行了分析评价,并提出相应的对策措施。 1.1996年-2006年10年来整个省域的土地利用/覆盖格局变化。 (1)1996年-2006年全省的土地利用/覆盖格局 1996年,全省是一个以农用地为主的土地利用/覆盖格局,林地和牧草地属于优势覆盖类型(合占69.17%),居民点及工矿用地和交通用地合占只有3%左右。 2000年的LUCC格局较为明显的特点是耕地所占比重下降0.4个百分点,水域和未利用土地所占比重有所下降,牧草地保持不变,其余地类所占比重有所上升。 与2000年相比,2004年林草地的优势格局进一步得到强化(合占比重达到70.23%)。耕地面积占幅员面积的比重下降0.83个百分点,略有下降的有未利用土地、水域和牧草地。值得关注的是在“退耕还林还草”的大背景下,牧草地占幅员面积的比重下降0.04个百分点。 到2006年,仍为林草地为主导优势的格局,二者合占上升0.15%。在城市化快速推进的背景下,居民点及工矿用地中的城市用地和建制镇用地占比重超过15%,农村居民点占比重降至76%。交通用地中农村道路占比重降至57.8%,公路用地占比重升至37.5%。五个地貌区的土地利用/覆盖格局与全省的变化基本一致。值得关注的是盆西平原区的交通用地上升幅度和盆地丘陵区的未利用土地的开发利用力度明显大于其它地貌区。 (2)1996-2006年10年间土地利用/覆盖格局的变化 1996-2000年4年间,耕地、水域和未利用地三个地类下降,年均减少0.75、0.19和0.32个百分点。其中耕地年均减少49229.0公顷,约一半流向林地,13.77%流向园地,约20%流向建设用地。另外5个地类面积增长,增长绝对量最大的是林地,年均增长40063.7公顷,交通用地增幅最大,4年年均增长达1.95%。 2001-2004年是西部大开发逐步推进、“退耕还林还草”项目全面展开和土地整理深入实施的关键期,LUCC更为深刻。耕地、未利用地、水域和牧草地四个地类面积下降,其余地类按增长幅度依次是园地、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地和林地。耕地加速下降,年均降幅达到1.59%,其减少去向主要是林地(占66.75%)和园地(占19.84%),其增加来源主要是未利用地、园地和水域。交通用地的增幅最大,为3.96%,其增加主要来源于耕地、未利用土地和林地,分别占49.96%、16.63%和13.09%。居民点及工矿用地增长幅度为3.12%。 从1996年到2006年的10年间,耕地、未利用地、水域和牧草地下降幅度分别为10.36%、3.61%、1.34%和0.26%。园地增幅达23.61%。绝对面积增长最大的则是林地,达630733.3公顷。交通用地和居民点及工矿用地增幅也较大,分别为15.00%和9.31%。 10年间年均总变化量为310326.6公顷,2000年-2004年之间变化最大(为356865.8公顷),高于平均变化量,而1996-2000年间和2004-2006年间都小于平均变化量。 (3)10年间不同地貌区的LUCC变化 盆西平原区的特点是园地大幅上升达77%,居民点及工矿用地和交通用地也大幅上升,耕地、未利用地下降幅度大,该区耕地、水域、未利用地的减少强度和园地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地的上升强度均居五区第一;盆地丘陵区的特点是牧草地下降幅度大,为-36.89%,交通用地、园地和林地上升幅度较大,该区耕地减少、未利用地减少、林地增加、居民点及工矿用地和交通用地增加的变化强度均居五区相应地类增减的第二位;盆周山地区的特点是耕地减少较多,交通用地和园地增长较大,该区林地变化强度居各区第一位,牧草地和水域变化强度居各区第二位,耕地、居民点及工矿用地和未利用地居各区第三位;川西南山地区的特点是园地、耕地、交通用地和居民点及工矿用地变化幅度大,另外四个地类变化较小。该区减少的牧草地占全省牧草地减少的97.91%,变化强度居各个地貌区的第一位,园地相对变化强度居五区的第二位;川西北高山高原区的特点是耕地大幅下降、园地大幅上升,交通用地升幅也较大,其余地类变化不大。值得注意的是,该区牧草地和水域面积增加,与全省该地类的变化相反。其余地类的相对变化强度均是五个地貌区中最小的。 用变化强度分值考量变化强度,盆西平原区的变化强度最大,盆地丘陵区和盆周山地区的变化强度相当,川西北高山高原区的变化强度则要小得多。 (4)1996年及2006年全省土地利用/覆盖格局的景观生态学分析 全省是以自然景观占优势(占约70%)、农业景观为补充、建设用地景观居于从属地位的土地利用景观格局。景观多样性和均匀度不高。到2006年,全省总的景观格局并无大的改变。总体情况是随着时间的推移和人类活动的加强,区内景观优势度上升、多样性和均匀度变小。但斑块数减少,斑块面积和斑块孔隙度有所增大。斑块的形状指数和分维数均有所下降,表明受人为干扰有加剧的趋势。反映景观格局结构的破碎度指数有轻微下降。景观指数的变化表明全省土地利用有缓慢集中、规模聚集的趋势。 (5)三大生态建设工程对土地利用/覆盖变化的影响 1996-2006年间LUCC与三大生态建设工程实施的耦合分析,发现退耕工程对耕地、林地、牧草地等地类覆盖变化的影响最大,天保工程次之,长防工程最小。 2.四川省LUCC驱动力分析 (1)总体分析: 从整体上分析,人为因素对区域整体LUCC的影响从1996年的63.32%增加到2006年的66.99%,变得日益强烈。同时人为因素影响强度表现出明显的区域差异,地势平缓、经济区位条件好的区域其人为影响强度明显较高。 政策体制转变下的经济高速增长、快速的城市化、工业化过程和生态建设是四川省LUCC宏观尺度的驱动因素。区域的LUCC主要受到了由内向外(从城市到乡村)和由外向内(从山顶向平地)两种作用力的共同推动。局部尺度上,如距离交通线、水利线、中心城市的远近,地形凸起、大型独立项目落址、重污染项目的阻隔等,甚至一些乡规民俗等因素也会成为LUCC的驱动影响因素。在较小的尺度上,人类个体行为选择对LUCC的影响也是存在的。   根据驱动因子的特性作者将其划分为驱变、阻变、良性、惰性因子等类型。 (2)分地貌区的驱动因子分析 各地貌区都存在城市化、工业化、生态工程实施、自然灾害等驱动因子,但主次不一。对于盆西平原和盆地丘陵区,城市化、工业化是前两位的因子,而对另外三个地貌区,生态工程实施和产业结构调整则成为第第一、二位的驱动因子。 (3)分地类的驱动因子分析(以坡耕地为例) 分坡度的耕地变化分析发现,耕地减少主要集中在2°以下的平地、15°-25°和25°以上三个坡度级,是其它坡度级耕地减幅的三倍左右。这表明耕地减少受城市化进程和“退耕还林还草”工程驱动影响尤为巨大。 3.土地利用格局优化、集约利用评价和可持续利用及对策研究 (1)土地利用格局优化的战略选择及调整预测 土地利用格局调整的战略是农业生产用地、建设用地和生态及其他用地占幅员的比重分别稳定在13%、7%和80%左右,重点是三大类别内部二级和三级地类的合理调整。 (2)全省土地集约利用评价 全省农用地利用集约度为0.46,总体上集约度不高,处于较适度利用阶段。建设用地利用集约度为0.38,处于较适度利用阶段。集约利用提升空间较大。 农用地的潜力主要在于加强土地保育、完善利用制度、提高单产。城市建设用地的包括存量潜力、强度潜力、结构潜力,空间很大。农村居民点整理潜力可以逐步挖掘。 (3)新增建设用地集约利用的统筹安排 据测算,到2020年,四川省城市建设用地需求量在463850-492360hm2之间,城镇各业新增建设用地规模为361276.79hm2,占用耕地200565.94 hm2。2004-2020年间四川省农村居民点整理潜力33.86万hm2。农村居民点建设用地需求量为70.57万公顷。 (4)土地集约利用措施与坡耕地可持续利用战略 提出了土地集约利用的措施。在对坡耕地生态系统结构与功能分析的基础上,提出坡耕地可持续利用战略与生态恢复战略,并从技术和政策层面提出了坡耕地合理利用和生态退耕的措施和建议。 LUCC is one of the key questions of global change and sustainable development of society. After the opening and reform of China, the society and economy of Sichuan Province developed very fast ,the land-use/cover changed very strong droved by many factors .But nowadays we have no constant spatial-temporal study and driving force analysis about the whole province based on investigation. And it is lack of land sustainable utilization study based on correlative study. So we choose all the land resource in Sichuan, combine RS and GIS and field investigation, and take statistic-mathematic means and system analysis, to study the LUCC patterns and different scale driving force of different physiognomy regions, land cover types and periods; to analyze the current situation and potential of land resource intensive utilization, and gave out corresponding measurements. We found that forest and grassland are the dominant cover types of Sichuan provincial land –use/cover pattern, and becoming more and more stronger from 1996 to 2006,the natural landscape is the metric and occupy 70%,the diversity and evenness index are not high; the totally change quantity from 2000 to 2004 is the biggest; cultivated land especially steep cultivated land ,garden plot, forestry land ,settlement and industry land and traffic land changed relative stronger; among five physiognomy regions ,the changing intensity of PEN XI PING YUAN QU is the biggest, CHUAN XI BEI GAO SHAN GAO QU is smallest; under the background of policy system changing, the fast developing of economy, fast urbanization and industrialization and ecology construction are the macro-scale driving force of Sichuan provincial LUCC; to compare the impacts of “TUI GENG GONG CHENG” on LUCC especially to cultivated land ,forestry land and grassland is strongest, “TIAN BAO GONG CHENG ” is stronger,“ HANG FANG GONG CHENG” is smallest; the intensive utilization level of farmland and construction land of whole province is relative moderation, there is huge potential to excavate and fulfill the increasing demand of construction land;we must take synthetic measurements to accelerate the sustainable utilization of land resource, including administrative, economical ,technological and ecological policies.

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穗发芽(PHS,preharvest sprouting)是影响禾本科作物生产的重要的灾害之一。收获时期如遇潮湿天气容易导致穗发芽发生。发生穗发芽的种子内部水解酶(主要是α-淀粉酶)活性急剧升高,胚乳贮藏物质开始降解,造成作物产量和品质严重降低。因此,选育低穗发芽风险的品种是当前作物育种工作中面临的重要任务。 青稞(Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare)主要分布于青藏高原,自古以来就是青藏高原人民的主要粮食。近年来,由于青稞丰富的营养成分和特有的保健品质、在燃料工业中的潜力以及在啤酒酿造工业中的利用前景,在发达国家日趋受到重视,掀起综合研究利用的热潮。我国拥有占全世界2/3 以上的青稞资源,具有发展青稞产业的得天独厚的条件。然而,由于青稞收获期间恰逢青藏高原雨季来临,常有穗发芽灾害发生,使青稞生产损失巨大。目前对青稞穗发芽研究很少,适用于育种的穗发芽抗性材料相对缺乏,不能很好的满足青稞穗发芽抗性育种的需要。本研究以青藏高原青稞为材料,对其穗发芽抗性的评价指标和体系进行构建,同时筛选青稞抗穗发芽品种并对其抗性进行评价,还利用分子生物学手段对青稞穗发芽抗性的分子机理进行了初步探讨。主要研究结果如下: 1. 本试验以来自于我国青藏高原地区的青稞为材料,对休眠性测定的温度范围进行探讨,并对各种穗发芽抗性测定方法的对青稞的适用性进行评测。通过探讨温度对13 个不同基因型的青稞籽粒发芽和休眠性表达的影响,对筛选青稞抗穗发芽资源的温度条件进行探索,并初步分析了其休眠性表达的机理。在10,15,20,25,30℃的黑暗条件下,选用新收获的13 个青稞品种为材料进行籽粒发芽实验,以发芽指数(GI)评价其休眠性。结果发现,不同品种对温度敏感性不同,其中温度不敏感品种,在各温度条件下均表现很低的休眠性;而温度敏感品种,其休眠性表达受低温抑制,受高温诱导。15℃至25℃是进行青稞休眠性鉴定的较适宜的温度范围。通过对供试材料发芽后的α-淀粉酶活性,发现温度对青稞种子的休眠性表达的影响至少在一定程度上表现在对α-淀粉酶活性的调控上。随后,对分别在马尔康和成都进行种植的34 份青稞穗发芽指数(SI),穗发芽率(SR),籽粒发芽指数(GI)和α-淀粉酶活性(AA)进行了测定和分析,发现它们均受基因型×栽培地点的极显著影响,且四个参数之间具有一定相关性。GI 参数由于其变异系数较低,在不同栽培地点稳定性好,且操作简便,是较可靠和理想的穗发芽评价参数。SI 参数可作为辅助,区别籽粒休眠性相似的材料(基因型)或全面评价材料(基因型)的穗发芽抗性特征。AA 参数稳定性较差,并且检测方法复杂,因此不建议在育种及大量材料筛选和评价时使用。此外,青稞穗发芽抗性受环境影响较大,评价时应考虑到尽可能多的抗性影响因素及其在不同栽培条件下的变异。 2. 对来自青藏高原的青稞穗发芽抗性特征及其与其它农艺性状间的关系进行研究。通过测定穗发芽指数(SI)、籽粒发芽指数(GI)和α-淀粉酶活性(AA),表明113 份青稞材料的穗发芽抗性具有显著差异。SI、GI 和AA 参数的变幅分别为1.00~8.86、0.01~0.97 和0.00~2.76,其均值分别为4.72、0.63 和1.22。根据SI 参数,六个基因型,包括‘XQ9-5’,‘XQ33-9’,‘XQ37-5’,‘XQ42-9’,‘XQ45-7’和‘JCL’被鉴定为抗性品种。综合SI、GI 和AA 参数,可以发现青稞的穗发芽抗性机制包含颖壳等穗部结构的抗性和种子自身的抗性(即种子休眠性),且供试材料中未发现较强的胚休眠品种,除‘XQ45-7’外,所有品种在发芽第四天均能检测出α-淀粉酶活性。穗部结构和种子休眠的抗性机制因基因型不同而不同,在穗发芽抗性中可单独作用或共同作用。农家品种和西藏群体分别比栽培品种和四川群体的穗发芽抗性强,而在不同籽粒颜色的青稞中未发现明显差异。相关性检验发现,青稞的穗发芽抗性,主要是种子休眠性,与百粒重、开花期、成熟期、穗长、芒长和剑叶长呈显著负相关关系,与株高相关性不显著。农艺性状可以作为穗发芽抗性材料选育中的辅助指标。本试验为青稞穗发芽抗性育种研究提供了必要的理论基础和可供使用的亲本材料。 3. α-淀粉酶是由多基因家族编码的蛋白质,在植物种子萌发时高度表达,与植物种子的萌发能力密切相关。在大麦种子发芽时,高等电点α-淀粉酶的活性远大于低等电点的α-淀粉酶。为了研究不同穗发芽抗性青稞品种中编码高等电点α-淀粉酶Amy1 基因结构与抗性间的关系,我们以筛选得到的抗性品种‘XQ32-5’(TR1)、‘XQ37-5’(TR2)、‘XQ45-7’(TR3),易感品种‘97-15’(TS1)、‘9657’(TS2)以及强休眠大麦品种‘SAMSON’(SAM)为材料,对其Amy1 基因的编码区序列进行克隆和结构分析,并对它们推导的氨基酸序列进行比较。结果显示,青稞Amy1 基因具有三个外显子、两个内含子,编码区中有13 个核苷酸变异位点,均位于2、3 号外显子,2 个变异位点位于2 号外显子。SAM 和TS1 分别在2 号外显子相应位置有5 个相同的碱基(GAACT)的插入片段。相应α-淀粉酶氨基酸序列推导发现,所有核苷酸变异中有8 个导致相应氨基酸残基的改变,其余位点为同义突变。青稞Amy1 基因编码区序列品种间相似度高达99%以上,部分序列变异可能与其穗发芽抗性有关。随后,我们又通过SYBR Green 荧光定量技术对该基因在不同发芽时间(1d~7d)的相对表达水平进行了差异性检测。结果发现,7 天内不能检测到SAM 的Amy1 基因表达,5 个青稞品种间的Amy1 基因的相对表达量均随着发芽时间延长而上升,但上升方式有所不同。弱抗品种该基因表达更早,转录本增加速率更大,且在4~5 天可达到平台期。发芽7 天中,抗性品种总转录水平明显低于易感品种。本研究结果表明,青稞Amy1 基因的转录水平是与其穗发芽抗性高度相关。 我国青藏高原青稞,尤其是农家品种的穗发芽抗性具有丰富的变异,蕴藏着穗发芽抗性育种的宝贵资源。本研究为青稞穗发芽抗性育种建立了合理抗性评价体系,筛选出可供育种使用的特殊材料,阐明了农艺性状可辅助穗发芽抗性育种,同时还对穗发芽抗性与α-淀粉酶基因的结构和表达关系进行分析,为青稞穗发芽抗性资源筛选奠定了基础。 Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is a serious problem in crop production. It often takes place when encountering damp, cold conditions at harvest time and results in the decrease of grain quality and great loss of yield by triggering the synthesis of endosperm degrading enzymes (mostly the α-amylase). Therefore, PHS is regarded as an important criterion for crop breeding. In order to minimize the risk of PHS, resistant genotypes are highly required. Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is the staple food crop in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from of old, where is one of the origin and genetic diversity centers of hulless barley. Recently, interest in hulless barley has been sparked throughout the world due to the demonstrations of its great potential in health food industry and fuel alcohol production. Indeed, hulless barley can also be utilized to produce good quality malt if the appropriate malting conditions are used. In China, overcast and rainy conditions often occur at maturity of hulless barley and cause an adverse on its production and application. PHS resistant genotypes, therefore, are highly required for the hulless barley breeding programs. However, few investigations have been made so far on this issue. The objectives of this study were: 1) to assessment of methods used in testing preharvest sprouting resistance in hulless barley; 2) to evaluate the variability and characteristics of PHS resistance of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China; 3) to select potential parents for PHS resistance breeding; 4) to primarily study on the molecular mechanism of PHS resistance of hulless barley. Our results are as followed: 1. We investigated the temperature effects on seed germination and seed dormancy expression of hulless barley, discussed appropriate temperature range for screening of PHS resistant varieties, and analyzed the mechanism of seed dormancy expression of hulless barley. The dormancy level of 13 hulless barley were evaluated by GI (germination index) values calculating by seed germination tests at temperature of 10,15,20,25,30℃ in darkness. There were great differences in temperature sensitivity among these accessions. The insensitive accessions showed low dormancy at any temperature while the dormancy expression of sensitive accessions could be restrained by low temperature and induced by high temperature. The temperature range of 15℃ to 25℃ was workable for estimating of dormancy level of hulless barley according to our data. Analysis of α-amylase activity showed that the temperature effects on seed germination and the expression of seed dormancy be achieved probable via regulating of α-amylase activity. Furthermore, we evaluated the differences in sprouting index (SI), sprouting rate (SR), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) between Maerkang and Chengdu among 34 accessions of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. These PHS sprouting parameters were significantly affected by accession×location, and they had correlation between each other. GI was the most reliable parameter because of its low CV value, good repeatability and simple operation. SI could assist in differentiating between accessions of similar dormancy or overall evaluation of the resistance. AA was bad in repeatability and had relatively complex testing method, therefore, not appropriate for breeding and evaluation and screening of PHS resistant materials. Besides, since PHS resistance of hulless barley was greatly influenced by its growth environment, possibly much influencing factors and variations between cultivated conditions should be considered. 2. In this study, large variation was found among 113 genotypes of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, based on the sprouting index (SI), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) which derived from sprouting test of intact spikes, germination test of threshed seeds and determination of α-amylase activity, respectively. The range of SI, GI and AA was 1.00~8.86, 0.01~0.97 and 0.00~2.76,the mean was 4.72, 0.63 and 1.22 espectively. Six resistant genotypes, including ‘XQ9-5’, ‘XQ33-9’, ‘XQ37-5’, ‘XQ42-9’, ‘XQ45-7’ and ‘JCL’, were identified based on SI. Integrating the three parameters, it was clear that both hulls and seeds involved in PHS resistance in intact spikes of hulless barley and there was no long-existent embryo dormancy found among the test genotypes. All the genotypes, except ‘XQ45-7’, had detectable α-amylase activity on the 4th day after germination. There was PHS resistance imposed by the hull and seed per se and the two factors can act together or independent of each other. Besides, landraces or Tibet hulless barley had a wider variation and relatively more PHS resistance when compared with cultivars or Sichuan hulless barley. No significant difference was found among hulless barley of different seed colors. The correlation analysis showed PHS resistance was negatively related to hundred grain weight, days to flowering, days to maturity, spike length, awn length and flag length but not related to plant height. This study provides essential information and several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. 3. Alpha-amylase isozymes are encoded by a family of multigenes. They highly express in germinating seeds and is closely related to seed germination ability. In barley germinating seeds, the activity of high pI α-amylase is much higher than low pI α-amylase. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between preharvest sprouting resistance of hulless barley and the gene structure of Amy1 gene which encodes high pI α-amylase. The coding region and cDNA of Amy1 gene of three resistant accessions, including ‘XQ32-5’ (TR1), ‘XQ37-5’ (TR2), ‘XQ45-7’ (TR3), two susceptible accessions ‘97-15’ (TS1), ‘9657’ (TS2) and one highly dormant barley accession ‘SAMSON’ (SAM) was cloned. Analysis of their DNA sequences revealed there were three exons and two introns in Amy1 gene. Thirteen variable sites were in exon2 and exon3, 2 variable sites were in intron2. SAM and TS1 had a GAACT insert segment in the same site in intron2. Only 8 variable sites caused the change of amino acid residues. There were 99% of similarity between the tested hulless barley and some of the variable sites might be related with preharvest sprouting resistance. Then, we investigated the expression level of Amy1 gene in the 7-day germination test. Results of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the relative expression trends of Amy1 gene were the same but had significant differences in the increase fashion between hulless barleys and no detectable expression was found in SAM. Susceptible accessions had earlier expression and faster increase and reached the maximum on day 4 ~ day 5. Besides, total transcripts level was found lower in resistant accessions than susceptible accessions. This study indicated that α-amylase activity was highly related to the transcription level of Amy1 gene which not correlated to missense mutation sites. In conclusion, hulless barley, especially the landraces from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China possesses high degree of variation in PHS performance, which indicates the potential of Tibetan hulless barley as a good source for breeding of resistance to PHS. This study provides several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. Our results also demonstrate that agronomic traits may be used as assistants for PHS resistance selection in hulless barley. Besides, analysis of high pI α-amylase coding gene Amy1 revealed the relative high expression of was Amy1 one of the mainly reason of different PHS resistance level in hulless barley.

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本文从不同厌氧生境中获得7组(C-2、Y-2、L-2 、NZ、H-3、CZ、L-3)具有纤维素降解能力的复合菌系。经过不断传代、淘汰纤维素降解能力降低的菌系,最后得到一组高效、传代稳定的厌氧纤维素分解复合菌系L-3。该菌系可使滤纸在42 h内溃烂,并能在分解纤维素的同时产氢气。对L-3复合菌系的产酶条件进行了研究,结果表明,在实验范围内该菌系的产酶最适条件为:pH 6.5,温度37 ℃,接种量5 %,最佳碳源为滤纸,最佳氮源为硫酸铵。第10天测得羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)、滤纸酶(FPA)、外切葡聚糖酶(C1)、β-葡聚糖苷酶(β-glucodase)的酶活分别为0.216 U/ml、0.101 U/ml、0.132 U/ml、0.002 U/ml,滤纸失重率70.6 %。发酵代谢产物乙醇和丁酸含量分别可达1378 mg/L 、2695 mg/L,发酵产生的气体中氢气含量最高可达70.2 %。DGGE结果表明该菌系主要由14种菌组成,其中有三株菌在发酵前后菌数发生了明显的变化,说明在以滤纸为底物的降解过程中,这三株菌起到了重要作用,对这三株菌进行了分子生物学鉴定,初步定为Clostridium phytofermentans、Clostridium cellulovorans、Desulfovibrio sp。 利用实验室分离得到的纤维素降解菌,最终配制出由10、X-1、X-13、ST-13、L-3组成的好氧-厌氧纤维素降解复合菌剂。以秸秆为发酵底物,菌剂接种量1%,利用复合菌剂预处理后的秸秆,发酵总产气量相对于对照提高了71.62%,甲烷含量最高可达70.08%。 A group of microbial consortia L-3 was isolated from the anaerobic fermentation residue of corn stalk, which could degrade cellulose and produce hydrogen. The CMCase, FPA, C1 and β-glucosidase activity of L-3 could reach to 0.216 U/ml, 0.101 U/ml, 0.132 U/ml and 0.002 U/ml, respectively. In the filter degrading process, the filter paper collapsed in the liquid culture within 42 h and the filter degrading rate could reach to 70.6% in the 13 days, meanwhile, hydrogen was determined and the highest hydrogen content was 70.2%. The optimum cellulase-degrading conditions were filter papaer as the carbon source, (NH4)2SO4 as the nitrogen source, 37 ℃ and pH 6.5 in this experiment. DGGE results showed that the microbial consortia L-3 mainly included 14 strains. The amount of 3 strains were changed during the fermentation. These strains were identified as Clostridium phytofermentans、Clostridium cellulovorans、Desulfovibrio sp by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The cellulose- degrading microbial agent was composed by 10, X-1, X-13, ST-13, L-3 which were isolated in the laboratory. The straw pretreated by cellulose-degrading microbial agent was used to ferment, the total biogas production increased by 72% comparing to the control. The content of methane could reach to 70.08%。