935 resultados para ALS-inhibitors


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With the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer so great, an effective chemopreventive agent could have a profound impact on the lives of men. Despite decades of searching for such an agent, physicians still do not have an approved drug to offer their patients. In this article, we outline current strategies for preventing prostate cancer in general, with a focus on the 5-α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) finasteride and dutasteride. We discuss the two landmark randomized, controlled trials of finasteride and dutasteride, highlighting the controversies stemming from the results, and address the issue of 5-ARI use, including reasons why providers may be hesitant to use these agents for chemoprevention. We further discuss the recent US Food and Drug Administration ruling against the proposed new indication for dutasteride and the change to the labeling of finasteride, both of which were intended to permit physicians to use the drugs for chemoprevention. Finally, we discuss future directions for 5-ARI research.

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BACKGROUND: Small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACi) hold promise as anticancer agents for particular malignancies. However, clinical use is often confounded by toxicity, perhaps due to indiscriminate hyperacetylation of cellular proteins. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms by which HDACi trigger differentiation, cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis of cancer cells could inform development of more targeted therapies. We used the myelogenous leukemia line K562 as a model of HDACi-induced differentiation to investigate chromatin accessibility (DNase-seq) and expression (RNA-seq) changes associated with this process. RESULTS: We identified several thousand specific regulatory elements [~10 % of total DNase I-hypersensitive (DHS) sites] that become significantly more or less accessible with sodium butyrate or suberanilohydroxamic acid treatment. Most of the differential DHS sites display hallmarks of enhancers, including being enriched for non-promoter regions, associating with nearby gene expression changes, and increasing luciferase reporter expression in K562 cells. Differential DHS sites were enriched for key hematopoietic lineage transcription factor motifs, including SPI1 (PU.1), a known pioneer factor. We found PU.1 increases binding at opened DHS sites with HDACi treatment by ChIP-seq, but PU.1 knockdown by shRNA fails to block the chromatin accessibility and expression changes. A machine-learning approach indicates H3K27me3 initially marks PU.1-bound sites that open with HDACi treatment, suggesting these sites are epigenetically poised. CONCLUSIONS: We find HDACi treatment of K562 cells results in site-specific chromatin remodeling at epigenetically poised regulatory elements. PU.1 shows evidence of a pioneer role in this process by marking poised enhancers but is not required for transcriptional activation.

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INTRODUCTION: Malignant gliomas frequently harbor mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene. Studies suggest that IDH mutation contributes to tumor pathogenesis through mechanisms that are mediated by the neomorphic metabolite of the mutant IDH1 enzyme, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). The aim of this work was to synthesize and evaluate radiolabeled compounds that bind to the mutant IDH1 enzyme with the goal of enabling noninvasive imaging of mutant IDH1 expression in gliomas by positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS: A small library of nonradioactive analogs were designed and synthesized based on the chemical structure of reported butyl-phenyl sulfonamide inhibitors of mutant IDH1. Enzyme inhibition assays were conducted using purified mutant IDH1 enzyme, IDH1-R132H, to determine the IC50 and the maximal inhibitory efficiency of the synthesized compounds. Selected compounds, 1 and 4, were labeled with radioiodine ((125)I) and/or (18)F using bromo- and phenol precursors, respectively. In vivo behavior of the labeled inhibitors was studied by conducting tissue distribution studies with [(125)I]1 in normal mice. Cell uptake studies were conducted using an isogenic astrocytoma cell line that carried a native IDH1-R132H mutation to evaluate the potential uptake of the labeled inhibitors in IDH1-mutated tumor cells. RESULTS: Enzyme inhibition assays showed good inhibitory potency for compounds that have iodine or a fluoroethoxy substituent at the ortho position of the phenyl ring in compounds 1 and 4 with IC50 values of 1.7 μM and 2.3 μM, respectively. Compounds 1 and 4 inhibited mutant IDH1 activity and decreased the production of 2-HG in an IDH1-mutated astrocytoma cell line. Radiolabeling of 1 and 4 was achieved with an average radiochemical yield of 56.6 ± 20.1% for [(125)I]1 (n = 4) and 67.5 ± 6.6% for [(18)F]4 (n = 3). [(125)I]1 exhibited favorable biodistribution characteristics in normal mice, with rapid clearance from the blood and elimination via the hepatobiliary system by 4 h after injection. The uptake of [(125)I]1 in tumor cells positive for IDH1-R132H was significantly higher compared to isogenic WT-IDH1 controls, with a maximal uptake ratio of 1.67 at 3 h post injection. Co-incubation of the labeled inhibitors with the corresponding nonradioactive analogs, and decreasing the normal concentrations of FBS (10%) in the incubation media substantially increased the uptake of the labeled inhibitors in both the IDH1-mutant and WT-IDH1 tumor cell lines, suggesting significant non-specific binding of the synthesized labeled butyl-phenyl sulfonamide inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the feasibility of developing radiolabeled probes for the mutant IDH1 enzyme based on enzyme inhibitors. Further optimization of the labeled inhibitors by modifying the chemical structure to decrease the lipophilicity and to increase potency may yield compounds with improved characteristics as probes for imaging mutant IDH1 expression in tumors.

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Anhand eines schulischen Dokumentes zur Methode des Trainingsraums werden Anspruch und Umsetzung der Methode analysiert. Der Trainingsraum verspricht Lehrerinnen und Lehrern eine Methode an die Hand zu geben, um Unterrichtsstörungen erzieherisch in den Griff zu bekommen und vor allem: fortlaufenden Unterricht zu ermöglichen. Das Beispiel zeigt, inwieweit eine Verlagerung des Disziplinierungsproblems in den Trainingsraum doch wieder an den Ort des Geschehens - den Klassenraum - zurückführt. (DIPF/Autor)

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Einführung in die Diskussion zwischen Johannes Twardella und Andreas Wernet über Wernets Buch "Pädagogische Permissivität". (DIPF/Autor)

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Der Artikel ist eine Analyse der an deutschen Hochschulen zunehmenden Graduiertenschulen. Am Beispiel des Trainingsprogramms für DoktorandInnen und Post-Docs aller Disziplinen an der Goethe Universität in Frankfurt/M. wird gezeigt, wie sich die Ausbildung von ForscherInnen verändert. Als Ausbildungsstätte verstanden bieten die Universitäten Kurse und Workshops an, die für eine wissenschaftliche Karriere als notwendig angesehen werden. Dabei gerät die Krise der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis als Generierung des Neuen vermehrt aus dem Blick. (DIPF/Orig.)

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Das Verbundstudium der nordrhein-westfälischen Fachhochschulen bietet über 3000 Studierenden die Möglichkeit, in einer Kombination von Präsenz- und Selbststudium neben dem Beruf zu studieren. Das Institut für Verbundstudien koordiniert und organisiert die Kooperationsprozesse der Hochschulen und engagiert sich mit seinem Bereich Hochschuldidaktik und Fernstudienentwicklung als Entwicklungs- und Kompetenzzentrum im Bereich der Neuen Medien und des E-Learnings. Zur Verbreitung und Verstetigung der digitalen Lehr- und Lernangebote sowie der Optimierung der Kooperations- und Supportstrukturen hat das Institut eine Onlinebefragung von 200 Lehrenden zur Situation und den Perspektiven des E-Learnings im Verbundstudium durchgeführt. Die Studie zeigt, dass für die Lehrenden auch zukünftig die gedruckte Lerneinheit das zentrale Element der Lehre sein wird. Sie sehen Bedarf zur Ergänzung und Anreicherung des Studiums sowie des Lernens und wünschen sich zur Unterstützung der Lehre ergänzende digitale Elemente vor allem in folgenden Bereichen: Kommunikation, Ergänzungen zu Lerneinheiten (Linklisten, Übungen, ergänzende Medien und Materialien), übergreifendes Glossar. Die Ergebnisse der Onlinebefragung sind die Grundlage des von den Gremien des Verbundstudiums beschlossenen E-Learning-Konzepts. Die von den Lehrenden gewünschten digitalen Elemente und Funktionen sind im Rahmen der Entwicklung durch den Bereich Hochschuldidaktik und Fernstudienentwicklung in der E-Learning-Umgebung VS-online umgesetzt worden. Zurzeit werden die bereitgestellten Elemente und Funktionen von den einzelnen Verbundstudiengängen mit Beiträgen und Inhalten gefüllt. (DIPF/Orig.)

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Der diagnostische Blick ist einserseits notwendige Voraussetzung zur Festellung von sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf bzw. entwicklungsspezifischen Förderangeboten, andererseits verengt sich eben dadurch professionelle Wahrnehmung. Sonderpädagogen entgehen dieser Aporie nicht. (Autor)

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Im Anschluß an das narrative Verständnis der Zeit bei Paul Ricoeur und Wilhelm Schapp entwickelt der Text die These, daß Lebenszeit die Summe der erzählten und erzählbaren Geschichten ist, die wir über uns und die wir einander zu erzählen haben. Wenn diese These Geltung besitzt, plausibel und nachvollziehbar ist, dann sind Sonderpädagogen Geschichtenerzähler. Allerdings (re-)konstruieren sie nur eine Geschichte, nämlich die der Behinderung. Nur in diesem Fokus sind andere Menschen sonderpädagogisch überhaupt interessant. Dieser unauflösliche Widerspruch fundiert Sonderpädagogik. Fatal im Sinne von „end-gültig“ist die Konsequenz für den so Erzählten: wer nur eine Geschichte von sich zu erzählen hat, über wen es nur eine Geschichte zu erzählen gibt, der ist arm dran. Behinderung ist ein Geschichtsmonopol. Dem ist nur durch disziplinkritische Auswilderung zu entgehen. Die pädagogische Aufgabe liegt in der Eröffnung eines Horizontes von Geschichten. Dies kann die verengenden institutionellen und organisatorischen Fragestellungen gegenwärtiger inklusiver Bewegungsforschung erweitern und ergänzen. Es ist dabei gleichgültig, ob dies zu einer Neubestimmung von akademischer Sonderpädagogik oder ihrer Substituierung führt. Die weißen Handschuhe auszuziehen gilt es allemal. (DIPF/Orig.)

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Hormesis is the name given to the stimulatory effects caused by low levels of potentially toxic agents. When this phenomenon was first identified it was called the Arndt-Schulz Law or Hueppe's Rule, because it was thought to occur generally. Although this generalisation is not accepted today, there has never been more evidence in its support, justifying a re-examination of the phenomenon. Evidence from the literature shows that not only has growth hormesis been observed in a range of taxa after exposure to a variety of agents, but also that the dose-response data have a consistent form. While there are a number of separate hypotheses to explain specific instances of hormesis, the evidence presented here suggests that different examples might have a common explanation, and the possibility of a general theory is considered.

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Estudio de los ejemplares incluidos como Dicranella varia en nuestros herbarios para difeenciar D. howe L. Se han seguido los caracteres dados por NYHOLM & CRUNDWELL, 1977.

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Con esta nota, siguiendo en parte a SMITH 1978, se rectitica la determinación de Zygodon baumgartneri Malta, identificado como Z. viridissimus (Dicks.) R. Brown en los herbarios BCB y BCF, y llamaremos Z. baumgartneri Malta fo. mediterranea (Malta) comb. nov. a las especies de Z. viridissimus (Dicks.) R. Brown fo. mediterranea Malta.

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An abundance of genetic, histopathological, and biochemical evidence has implicated the neuronal protein, alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) as a key player in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, the so-called synucleinopathies, of which Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent. Development of disease appears to be linked to events that increase the intracellular concentration of alpha-syn or cause its chemical modification, either of which can accelerate the rate at which it forms aggregates. Examples of such events include increased copy number of genes, decreased rate of degradation via the proteasome or other proteases, or altered forms of alpha-syn, such as truncations, missense mutations, or chemical modifications by oxidative reactions. Aggregated forms of the protein, especially newly formed soluble aggregates, are toxic to cells, so that one therapeutic strategy would be to reduce the rate at which such oligomerization occurs. We have therefore designed several peptides and also identified small molecules that can inhibit alpha-syn oligomerization and toxicity in vitro. These compounds could serve as lead compounds for the design of new drugs for the treatment of PD and related disorders in the future.