La incidencia del acuerdo de paz entre Perú y Ecuador sobre la redefinición de los intereses geopolíticos ecuatorianos hacia Colombia periodo 1998 - 2007

La presente monografía parte de dos premisas para analizar la incidencia del acuerdo de paz entre Perú y Ecuador como un factor que redefine los intereses geopolíticos y securitarios Ecuatorianos hacia Colombia. La primera premisa es su problema fronterizo con Perú y la segunda un cambio de agenda externa con unos intereses específicos después de 1998. En éste orden de ideas, se plantea como cuerpo de investigación identificar la identidad nacional ecuatoriana y la importancia que tiene su frontera: se analiza la política exterior de Ecuador y los hechos históricos que lo han llevado a establecer estrategias para fortalecer su política interna y así mismo crear una agenda internacional propia.

Fomento de las certificaciones del talento humano y la biotecnología en las cadenas de las TIC

Teniendo en cuenta que las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicación (TIC) son incuestionables y están ahí, formando parte de la cultura tecnológica que nos rodea y con la que debemos convivir Incluimos en el concepto TIC, la biotecnología y la acreditación de procesos y certificación de talento humano en la prestación de servicios de salud teniendo en cuenta la importancia de los mismos en el desarrollo de nuestras regiones y a nivel nacional. La biotecnología y la acreditación en salud a través del tiempo han sido temas Cambiantes, siguiendo el ritmo de los continuos avances científicos y en un marco de globalización económica y cultural, contribuyen a la rápida obsolescencia de los conocimientos y a la emergencia de nuevos valores, provocando continuas transformaciones en nuestras estructuras económicas, sociales y culturales, e incidiendo en casi todos los aspectos de nuestra vida. La biotecnología comprende una amplia variedad de conocimientos y tecnologías que incluyen disciplinas básicas y aplicadas, logrando un impacto positivo en el progreso socioeconómico de los países que se han interesado en fortalecer el desarrollo y aplicación de la biotecnología en sus mercados. Por otro lado la acreditación de los diferentes servicios de salud y la certificación del talento humano en nuestro país se ha venido perfeccionando guiado por estándares competentes a nivel mundial lo que nos da una ventaja para la promoción, venta y reconocimiento de nuestros servicios de salud a nivel internacional.

Análisis de las relaciones colombo-brasileras en materia de mantenimiento y consolidación de cooperación en seguridad durante el período 2003-2010

Colombia y Brasil a pesar de ser países fronterizos han tenido una relación distante, debido en parte, a las diferentes prioridades que cada uno tiene, sin embargo, ambas naciones en los últimos años, se han preocupado por su seguridad, dando como resultado un acercamiento de forma significativa para los países en cuestión.

El calentamiento global como amenaza a la seguridad: el caso de Tuvalu y sus repercusiones internacionales

El calentamiento global trae consigo unos supuestos que antes no se contemplaban en las relaciones internacionales. La vulnerabilidad de algunos Estados frente al fenómeno en términos de seguridad, como lo es el caso de Tuvalu, hace que la supervivencia de ciertos países se vea amenazada.

Análisis de la influencia de los sistemas intra sociales en la evolución del concepto de seguridad humana y su aplicación en la política exterior canadiense. Período 1995 - 2008

La presente monografía analiza la evolución del concepto de seguridad humana y su aplicación en la política exterior canadiense en el período 1995 - 2008 desde un enfoque sistémico. Así pues, se estudia la influencia que ejercieron los insumos intrasociales en la importancia que se le otorgó a dicho concepto en la agenda internacional de Canadá.

Reintegro y permanencia universitaria en Bogotá : el caso de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Distrital, 2000-2009

El presente trabajo de investigación, estudia a través del caso de la cohorte del 2000 de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Distrital, el tipo de coyuntura que le permitió a este grupo de jóvenes reingresar a la Universidad y culminar la carrera al haber tenido que abandonarla en un primer momento, por problemas socio-económicos y/o académicos. Por medio del estudio del reintegro universitario, este trabajo se enmarca en el campo, poco explorado, de la existencia y efectividad de medidas de "segundas oportunidades" educativas que las instituciones de educación superior le ofrecen a estudiantes que por problemas de orden estructural se ven obligados a abandonar la Universidad.

Alcances y desafíos del proceso de hermanamiento “Sister Cities" desarrollado por la ciudad de Santa Marta en el marco de su proceso de internacionalización: 1978- 2013.

La evolución de los enfoques de la cooperación internacional y de los procesos de internacionalización de las ciudades han contribuido activamente al desarrollo territorial. Los hermanamientos como una herramienta clave para el intercambio social, político, económico, técnico y académico entre ciudades, se han convertido en uno de los métodos más utilizados para el accionar internacional. Bajo ese contexto, se analizará la influencia del proceso de internacionalización de Santa Marta en la implementación del hermanamiento “Sister Cities” con Miami Beach. Lo anterior, pretende demostrar que el proceso de internacionalización de la ciudad de Santa Marta, desde 1989 hasta la actualidad, ha influido directamente en el hermanamiento entre las dos ciudades, obviando oportunidades y beneficios. Finalmente, a partir del resultado de la investigación se sugerirá una alternativa de solución para la optimización del acuerdo entre las dos ciudades.

To think museology today

In the present text we intend to analyse 5 basic documents that translate the Museological Thinking in our century and that, chiefly, have led professionals of the area to apply this “science” in a less hermetic way and to understand its practice. The option to study and analyse the documents results from the fact that they influence present day museological practice and thinking. It is impossible to speak of museology nowadays without referring to one of these documents, not to mention a few nations that have even modified and/or created specific laws for the management of their preservationist cultural policy. Anyway, we are aware that this text intends only to carry out a preliminary approach to the documents, in the sense that the wealth of its content would allow us to slowx over an infinity of issues that they raise. I specifically refer to the documents produced at UNESCO Regional Seminar on the Role of Museums in Education, which took place in Rio de Janeiro in 1958; at the Santiago Round Table in 1972, in Chile; at the 1rst New Museology International Workshop, in Quebec, Canada, 1984; at the Oaxtepec Meeting, in Mexico 1984; and at the Caracas Meeting in 1992. These are documents elaborated within the ICOM –International Council of Museums. These documents are the result of a joint reflection by professionals who seek the evolution of ideas within their areas of action, recognising that in order to do so it is necessary to leave the cocoon of the museological institutions and try to discuss their conceptual advances with professionals of related areas. It is important to be capacitated to reuse these advances in their areas of action. This is the recognition of the importance of interdisciplinarity for the museological context.

Multiple-model fault tolerant control of terminal unites of HVAC Systems

In this work, a fault-tolerant control scheme is applied to a air handling unit of a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system. Using the multiple-model approach it is possible to identify faults and to control the system under faulty and normal conditions in an effective way. Using well known techniques to model and control the process, this work focuses on the importance of the cost function in the fault detection and its influence on the reconfigurable controller. Experimental results show how the control of the terminal unit is affected in the presence a fault, and how the recuperation and reconfiguration of the control action is able to deal with the effects of faults.

Reading the world through words: cultural themes in heritage Chinese language textbooks

This paper explores the social and cultural knowledge embedded in the textbooks for language and literacy education in a Chinese heritage language school, the Zhonguo School, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It examines how Chinese language arts textbooks introduce the child reader to cultural knowledge considered legitimate and valued in China as well as in Chinese diasporan communities. Furthermore, it looks at the construction of cultural knowledge in Chinese language textbooks in relation to the mainstream ideology to which immigrant children are exposed in and out of mainstream school classrooms. It looks at how the power relationship between legitimate cultural knowledge in majority and minority contexts is established and to what extent it affects language minority students' literacy practices in mainstream school and heritage language school contexts. Data sources are the Chinese textbooks used from kindergarten to Grade 5 in a Chinese heritage language school.

Independence referendums: who should vote and who should be offered citizenship?

In this EUDO CITIZENSHIP Forum Debate, several authors consider the interrelations between eligibility criteria for participation in independence referendum (that may result in the creation of a new independent state) and the determination of putative citizenship ab initio (on day one) of such a state. The kick-off contribution argues for resemblance of an independence referendum franchise and of the initial determination of the citizenry, critically appraising the incongruence between the franchise for the 18 September 2014 Scottish independence referendum, and the blueprint for Scottish citizenship ab initio put forward by the Scottish Government in its 'Scotland's Future' White Paper. Contributors to this debate come from divergent disciplines (law, political science, sociology, philosophy). They reflect on and contest the above claims, both generally and in relation to regional settings including (in addition to Scotland) Catalonia/Spain, Flanders/Belgium, Quebec/Canada, Post-Yugoslavia and Puerto-Rico/USA.

Degree of Conversion and Temperature Increase of a Composite Resin Light Cured with an Argon Laser and Blue LED

Different light sources and power densities used on the photoactivation process may provide changes in the degree of conversion (DC%) and temperature ( T) of the composite resins. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the DC (%) and T (degrees C) of the microhybrid composite resin (Filtek (TM) Z-250, 3M/ESPE) photoactivated with one argon laser and one LED (light-emitting diode) with different power densities. For the KBr pellet technique, the composite resin was placed into a metallic mould (2-mm thickness, 4-mm diameter) and photoactivated as follows: a continuous argon laser (CW) and LED LCUs with power density values of 100, 400, 700, and 1000 mW/cm(2) for 20 s. The measurements for DC (%) were made in a FTIR spectrometer Bomen ( model MB 102, Quebec, Canada). Spectroscopy ( FTIR) spectra for both uncured and cured samples were analyzed using an accessory of the reflectance diffusion. The measurements were recorded in absorbance operating under the following conditions: 32 scans, 4 cm(-1) resolution, 300 to 4000-cm(-1) wavelength. The percentage of unreacted carbon double bonds (% C=C) was determined from the ratio of absorbance intensities of aliphatic C=C (peak at 1638 cm(-1)) against an internal standard before and after the curing of the specimen: aromatic C-C (peak at 1608 cm(-1)). For T (degrees C), the samples were created in a metallic mould (2-mm thickness, 4-mm diameter) and photoactivated for 20 s. The thermocouple was attached to the multimeter allowing temperature readings. The DC (%) and T (degrees C) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey`s test (p < 0.05). The degree of conversion values varied from 35.0 to 50.0% ( 100 to 1000 mW/cm(2)) for an argon laser and from 41.0 to 49% (100 to 1000 mW/cm(2)) for an LED. The temperature change values varied from 1.1 to 13.1 degrees C (100 to 1000 mW/cm(2)) for an argon laser and from 1.9 to 15.0 degrees C (100 to 1000 mW/cm(2)) for an LED. The power densities showed a significant effect on the degree of conversion and changes the temperature for both light-curing units.

Effect of power densities and irradiation times on the degree of conversion and temperature increase of a microhybrid dental composite resin

The different parameters used for the photoactivation process provide changes in the degree of conversion (DC%) and temperature rise (TR) of the composite resins. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the DC (%) and TR of the microhybrid composite resin photoactivated by a new generation LED. For the KBr pellet technique, the composite resin was placed into a metallic mould (1-mm thickness and 4-mm diameter) and photoactivated as follows: continuous LED LCU with different power density values (50-1000 mW/cm(2)). The measurements for the DC (%) were made in a FTIR Spectrometer Bomen (model MB-102, Quebec-Canada). The spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra for both uncured and cured samples were analyzed using an accessory for the diffuse reflectance. The measurements were recorded in the absorbance operating under the following conditions: 32 scans, 4-cm(-1) resolution, and a 300 to 4000-cm(-1) wavelength. The percentage of unreacted carbon-carbon double bonds (% C=C) was determined from the ratio of the absorbance intensities of aliphatic C=C (peak at 1638 cm(-1)) against an internal standard before and after the curing of the specimen: aromatic C-C (peak at 1608 cm-1). For the TR, the samples were made in a metallic mould (2-mm thickness and 4-mm diameter) and photoactivated during 5, 10, and 20 s. The thermocouple was attached to the multimeter to allow the temperature readings. The DC (%) and TR were calculated by the standard technique and submitted to ANOVA and Tukey`s test (p < 0.05). The degree of conversion values varied from 35.0 (+/- 1.3) to 45.0 (+/- 2.4) for 5 s, 45.0 (+/- 1.3) to 55.0 (+/- 2.4) for 10 s, and 47.0 (+/- 1.3) to 52.0 (+/- 2.4) for 20 s. For the TR, the values ranged from 0.3 (+/- 0.01) to 5.4 (+/- 0.11)degrees C for 5 s, from 0.5 (+/- 0.02) to 9.3 (+/- 0.28)degrees C for 10 s, and from 1.0 (+/- 0.06) to 15.0 (+/- 0.95)degrees C for 20 s. The power densities and irradiation times showed a significant effect on the degree of conversion and temperature rise.