The Key Factors In Fabrication Of High-Quality Ordered Macroporous Copper Film

The template-directed fabrication of highly-ordered porous film is of significant importance in implementation of the photonic band gap structure. The paper reports a simple and effective method to improve the electrodeposition of metal porous film by utilizing highly-ordered polystyrene spheres (PSs) template. By surface-modification method, the hydrophobic property of the PSs template surfaces was changed into hydrophilic one. It was demonstrated that the surface modi. cation process enhanced the permeability of the electrolyte solution in the nanometer-sized voids of the colloidal template. The homogeneously deposited copper film with the highly-ordered voids in size of less than 500 nm was successfully obtained. In addition, it was found that large defects, such as microcracks in the template, strongly influenced the macroporous films quality. An obvious preferential growth in the cracked area was observed. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Occurrence of whale sharks in coastal waters in the Indian Ocean: an interesting coincidence

Salinity, temperature and pressure are parameters which govern the oceanographic state of a marine water body and together they make up density of seawater. In this contribution we will focus our interest on one of these parameters, the salinity: accuracy in relation to different purposes as well as observation technique and instrumentation. We will also discuss the definition of salinity. For example most of the Indian Ocean waters are within the salinity range from 34.60-34.80, which emphasize the importance of careful observations and clear definitions of salinity, in such a way that it is possible to define water masses and predict their movements. In coastal waters the salinity usually features much larger variation in time and space and thus less accuracy is sometimes needed. Salinity has been measured and defined in several ways over the past century. While early measurements were based on the amount of salt in a sea water sample, today the salinity of seawater is most often determined from its conductivity. As conductivity is a function of salinity and temperature, determination involves also measurement of the density of seawater is now more precisely estimated and thus the temperature. As a result of this method the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS) was developed. The best determination of salinity from conductivity and the temperature measurements gives salinity with resolution of 0.001 psu, while the accuracy of titration method was about ± 0.02‰. Because of that, even calculation of movements in the ocean is also improved.

Product Service Systems and supply network relationships: An exploratory case study

Purpose - In recent years there has been increasing interest in Product Service Systems (PSSs) as a business model for selling integrated product and service offerings. To date, there has been extensive research into the benefits of PSS to manufacturers and their customers, but there has been limited research into the effect of PSS on the upstream supply chain. This paper seeks to address this gap in the research. Design/methodology/approach - The research uses case-based research which is appropriate for exploratory research of this type. In-depth interviews were conducted with key personnel in a focal firm and two members of its supply chain, and the results were analysed to identify emergent themes.b Findings - The research has identified differences in supplier behaviour dependent on their role in PSS delivery and their relationship with the PSS provider. In particular, it suggests that for a successful partnership it is important to align the objectives between PSS provider and suppliers. Originality/value - This research provides a detailed investigation into a PSS supply chain and highlights the complexity of roles and relationships among the organizations within it. It will be of value to other PSS researchers and organizations transitioning to the delivery of PSS. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Strategies for designing and developing services for manufacturing firms

Product/service-systems (PSS) are in effect an approach to designing integrated products and services with a focus on both customer and product life cycle activities. A range of service-oriented design strategies can be found in current literature, from product-oriented DfX approaches to more customer-oriented approaches, such as integrated solutions. In this article, design strategies related to different types of services are mapped. Case studies from two industrial companies are used to confront the existing literature in order to improve the understanding of how manufacturing companies may align their product and service development activities with their business strategies. © 2010.

Influencing factors of successful transitions towards product-service systems: A simulation approach

Product-Service Systems (PSS) are new business strategies moving and extending the product value towards its functional usage and related required services. From a theoretical point of view the PSS concept is known since a decade and many Authors reported reasonable possible success factors: higher profits over the entire life-cycle, diminished environmental burden, and localization of required services. Nevertheless the PSS promises remain quantitatively unproven relaying on a simple theory that involves a few constructs with some empirical grounding, but that is limited by weak conceptualization, few propositions, and/or rough underlying theoretical logic. A plausible interpretation to analyze the possible evolution of a PSS strategy could be considering it as a new business proposition competing on a traditional Product-Oriented (PO) market, assumed at its own equilibrium state at a given time. The analysis of the dynamics associated to a possible transition from a traditional PO to a PSS strategy allows investigating the main parameters and variables influencing an eventual successful adoption. This research is worthwhile because organizations undergoing fundamental PSS strategy are concerned about change and inertia key processes which, despite equilibrium theory and because of negative feedback loops, could undermine, economically, the return of their PSS proposition. In this paper Authors propose a qualitative System Dynamics (SD) approach by considering the PSS as a perturbation of an existing PO market featured by a set of known parameters. The proposed model incorporates several PSS factors able to influence the success of a PSS proposition under a set of given and justified assumptions, attempting to place this business strategy in a dynamic framework.

A framework for designing product service systems

In this competitive globalizing scenario, manufacturers are adopting a strategy of bundling products and services into an integrated solution to create sustainable competitive advantage. Servitizing manufacturers are increasingly transforming their processes and practices to build product-service systems (PSS). During this transformation they require substantial support to face stringent challenges. Research in the PSS domain is heading towards the development of a design theory and methodology that facilitates the systematic creation of viable PSS conceptual designs. In this paper, various proposed design methods are reviewed and research gaps are summarized. Primarily, it has been observed that the importance of the capabilities of the stakeholders involved in designing PSS has not been noted in the proposed methods. Regarding this capability view point, a framework for designing PSS has been proposed. This framework highlights the important features required in designing PSS such as co-creation, responsibilities and competences. Every step in the framework has been explained with a case study involving laser systems used for manufacturing cutting operation.

Defining product-service network configurations and location roles: A current and future state analysis framework for international engineering operations

Many manufacturing firms have developed a service dimension to their product portfolio. In response to this growing trend of servitisation, organisations, often involved in complex, long-lifecycle product-service system (PSS) provision, need to reconfigure their global engineering networks to support integrated PSS offerings. Drawing on parallel concepts in 'production' networks, the idea of 'location role' now becomes increasingly complex, in terms of service delivery. As new markets develop, locations in a specific region may need to grow/adapt engineering service 'competencies' along the value chain, from design and build to support and service, in order to serve future location-specific requirements and, potentially, those requirements of the overall network. The purpose of this paper is to advance understanding of how best to design complex multi-organisational engineering service networks, through extension of the 'production' network location role concept to a PSS context, capturing both traditional engineering 'design and build' and engineering 'service' requirements. Copyright © 2012 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Stakeholder engagement in early stage product-service system development for healthcare informatics

This paper presents the findings from four case studies on stakeholder engagement in new health information and communication technology (ICT) product-service system (PSS) development. The degree of connectivity between the new health ICT PSS and its intended operating environment has emerged to be an important contextual factor that may impact the decision of stakeholder engagement in the early stage development process. Along with the proposition of a four-level framework to guide stakeholder identification for new PSS development, three stakeholder engagement propositions that are based on the degree of connectivity are developed. Analysis has shown that there can be two types of connectivity: data and process. Moreover, each connectivity type can be characterized by how much the new PSS is connected with its environment: independent if there is no linkage, linked if it interfaces with, or incorporated if it is embedded into. Furthermore, depending upon whether and to what extent the PSS has data and process connectivity with its intended operating environment, the stakeholder engagement needs in early stage development vary. The propositions presented in this paper provide important directions for future work exploring PSS characterization and stakeholder engagement decision in early stage new PSS development in the healthcare industry. © 2013 PICMET.

Improvement of GaN-based light emitting diodes performance grown on sapphire substrates patterned by wet etching - art. no. 684107

An effective approach to enhance the light output power of InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LED) was proposed using pyramidal patterned sapphire substrates (PSS). The sapphire substrates were patterned by a selective chemical wet etching technique. GaN-based LEDs were fabricated on patterned sapphire substrates through metal organic chemical deposition (MOCVD). The LEDs fabricated on patterned sapphire substrates exhibit excellent device performance compared to the conventional LEDs fabricated on planar sapphire substrates in the case of the same growth and device fabricating conditions. The light output power of the LEDs fabricated on patterned sapphire substrates was about 37% higher than that of LEDs on planar sapphire substrates at an injection current of 20 mA. The significant enhancement is attributable to the improvement of the quality of GaN-based epilayers and improvement of the light extraction efficiency by patterned sapphire substrates.

Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy Growth of Semipolar, 10(1)over-bar(3)over-barGaN on Patterned m-Plane Sapphire

We have investigated the hydride vapor-phase epitaxy growth of (10 (1) over bar(3) over bar)-oriented GaN thick films on patterned sapphire substrates (PSSs) (10 (1) over bar0). From characterization by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, double-crystal X-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence (PL), it is determined that the crystalline and optical qualities of (10 (1) over bar(3) over bar) GaN epilayers grown on the cylindrical PSS are better than those on the flat sapphire. However, two main crystalline orientations (10 (1) over bar(3) over bar) and (11 (2) over bar2) dominate the GaN epilayers grown on the pyramidal PSS, demonstrating poor quality. After etching in the mixed acids, these (10 (1) over bar(3) over bar) GaN films are dotted with oblique pyramids, concurrently lining along the < 30 (3) over bar2 > direction, indicative of a typical N-polarity characteristic. Defect-related optical transitions of the (10 (1) over bar(3) over bar) GaN epilayers are identified and detailedly discussed in virtue of the temperature-dependent PL. In particular, an anomalous blueshift-redshift transition appears with an increase in temperature for the broad blue luminescence due to the thermal activation of the shallow level.

硅铝酸盐纳米管（imogolite）的合成与组装

纳米管是重要的一维纳米材料，在催化、分离、光电子材料、生物医药、超分子组装及复合材料等领域的应用前景广阔。探索新型的纳米管材料、研究它们的性质以及与高分子体系的杂化行为对该领域的发展具有重要意义。 Imogolite是一种纳米管状结构的硅铝酸盐，结构规整、具有独特的亲水性以及在水溶液中的分散性，是一种理想的纳米管研究对象。本论文采用正硅酸乙酯水解法合成了imogolite纳米管。使用光学显微镜，TEM，SEM，FTIR，WAXD，TGA等手段系统地研究了imogolite纳米管的生长机理、imogolite纳米管在液滴干燥过程中的自组装行为、imogolite纳米管与聚电解质的组装行为，以及imogolite纳米管/水溶性聚合物体系在液滴干燥过程中的组装行为。 Imogolite纳米管在液滴蒸发过程中可发生有序排列的自组装行为，这与液滴干燥过程中的毛细管流动、表面张力效应及润湿性质等有关。在空气中干燥imogolite液滴时，溶液浓度、pH、离子强度均会影响纳米管在液滴干燥斑中的聚集形态。低浓度液滴干燥后形成的取向纳米管束结构很好地验证了环状干燥斑的形成机理。而在乙醇气氛下干燥imogolite液滴时，毛细管流动被抑制，体系的表面能降低，因此可获得在基底上单根均匀分散的imogolite纳米管。 利用上述结果，首次实现了对合成imogolite纳米管聚合生长过程的直接观察。发现imogolite纳米管在生长过程中，直径尺寸均匀稳定；而长度的多分散性始终存在，且长度多分散性指数小于2。聚合反应初期，纳米管数量和长度均增长迅速；反应后期，纳米管长度和体系浓度的增大致使纳米管运动受限，反应为扩散控制，但体系内仍有大量imogolite短管生成并持续生长，使纳米管数量和长度在反应后期仍可继续增长。这表明合成imogolite纳米管是由扩散控制的硬棒状分子单元逐步聚合形成。 基于imogolite纳米管独特的表面性质，研究了imogolite与水溶性聚合物之间的组装行为。首次发现imogolite纳米管能够与聚电解质(PAA，PAH，PSS，PDDA)在水溶液中组装形成稳定的微米管结构。此类微米管是由椭球形的囊泡相互连接形成的超分子组装体。微米管结构稳定，骨架为无规的imogolite纳米管，聚电解质起粘结作用。微米管的形成不依赖于聚电解质的电荷性质或氢键作用，但聚电解质的浓度和分子量、聚电解质与imogolite的配比、温度、外力场以及pH均能够影响微米管的生长及最终形态。 聚阴离子聚电解质PAA和PSS与imogolite纳米管之间存在较强的相互作用，这阻碍了纳米管在液滴蒸发过程中的自组装行为，使其无法有序排列。Imogolite纳米管在PEO液滴干燥过程中的自组装行为与PEO浓度、分子量和端基性质有关。对于低浓度PEO体系，PEO能通过被氧化的端羟基与imogolite纳米管相互作用，吸附到imogolite纳米管外壁的PEO分子可以改变纳米管的排列间距。这表明在聚合物/imogolite体系中，通过改变聚合物分子的结构参数，可调控imogolite纳米管在液滴干燥过程中的排列方式。

层层组装制备低介电常数超薄膜

低介电常数材料可作为微电子器件的层间或是导线间的绝缘材料，以提高微电子芯片的信号传输速率。在聚合物材料中引入氟元素或引入空洞可以有效降低聚合物材料介电常数。本文利用层层组装的方法在聚合物中引入空洞以降低聚合物材料的介电常数。这样，不仅能够获得低介电常数材料，而且可以得到超薄膜，对于降低电子元件的尺寸、提高芯片的信号传输速率具有实际的应用价值。 对具有笼状结构的八苯代聚倍半硅氧烷（OPS）采取先用发烟硝酸硝化为带有硝基的产物ONPS，然后再以水合肼作为还原剂将硝基还原为胺基的两步反应方法，制得了带有胺基的聚倍半硅氧烷（OAPS）。用NMR、FTIR方法对合成过程从原料、中间产物、及目标产物进行跟踪分析证明反应结束后，OAPS仍然具有完整的笼状结构，并且胺基化很完全。另外，利用发烟硫酸作为磺化试剂，采用一步合成的方法制得了磺化OPS（SOPS）。经NMR、FTIR表征，确认了SOPS的结构，磺酸基是在苯环上Si的间位发生了取代。经XPS分析得知，OPS上约有91％的苯环参与了磺化反应。在合适的条件下SOPS与OAPS都可以溶于水，分别带有负电荷与正电荷。 然后，利用合成的SOPS与聚丙烯胺(PAH)进行组装。当PAH溶液的pH值小于7.5时，SOPS在PAH溶液中产生脱落现象。通过调节PAH溶液的pH值，可以控制SOPS在PAH溶液中的脱落现象。当PAH溶液的pH值为9.0时，SOPS在PAH溶液中不再脱落。紫外数据表明，尽管组装过程中SOPS在PAH溶液中会有部分脱落，但这并不影响SOPS/PAH复合多层膜的组装。当溶液的pH为3.0时，OAPS溶于水中并带有正电荷。带有负电荷的聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠（PSS）、聚丙烯酸（PAcA）分别与带有正电荷的OAPS实现层层组装。经过QCM、Contact Angle、XPS、UV等方法表征，证明OAPS/PSS与OAPS/PAcA复合多层膜组装过程中生长均匀，并且多层膜厚度可控。用椭圆偏振的方法测得OAPS/PAcA多层膜的折光指数，运用Maxwell方程将其转化为介电常数为2.01，较纯聚丙烯酸的介电常数（2.56）有明显的降低。加热处理OAPS/PAcA多层膜，红外（FTIR）光谱数据显示OAPS与PAcA间发生了交联反应，形成新的酰胺键。紫外可见（UV-Vis）光谱数据也表明，加热后的OAPS/PAcA多层膜在强酸性溶液中的稳定性较加热前的样品有极大的提高。 合成了聚酰胺酸，并将其制成可溶于水的聚酰胺酸三乙胺盐（PAAs）。调节PAAs溶液的pH值为7.5，使之带有负电荷，可以与带有正电荷的OctaAmmonium（OA-POSS）纳米粒子进行组装。QCM数据显示，当OA-POSS的pH为4.5时，PAAs与OA-POSS的组装量相当，组装量比较大。UV-Vis、XPS数据表明，OA-POSS与PAAs可以实现层层组装，并且组装均匀，可控。加热交联后，PAAs能够很容易地转化为聚酰亚胺（PI）。 调节溶液的pH值，使豇豆花叶病毒（CPMV）表面带有负电。以聚阳离子的聚二烯丙基二甲基胺盐酸盐（PDDA）和聚丙烯胺（PAH）作为插层材料可以实现PAAs与CPMV的层层组装，制得复合多层膜[PDDA/CPMV+(PDDA/PAAs)m]n和[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]n。QCM、UV-Vis数据表明，多层组装膜的厚度可以通过改变[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]或[PDDA/CPMV+(PDDA/PAAs)m]的组装循环层数进行调节。而且，薄膜中CPMV与PAAs的比例也可以通过改变（PAH/PAAs）或（PDDA/PAAs）的循环个数进行调节。得到组装多层膜后，将其进行加热处理。FTIR数据显示，以PAH、PDDA作为插层所制备得到的CPMV/PAAs复合多层膜经过加热处理后，PAAs向PI的转化非常完全。用椭圆偏振的方法测试加热交联前后的多层膜样品[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]n的厚度及折光指数，可以得知，加热处理后，薄膜的厚度稍有降低。将折光指数用Maxwell方程转化为介电常数为2.32，这一数值比纯聚酰亚胺的介电常数值（3.40）降低很多，归因于聚酰亚胺中引入带有空洞结构的CPMV，使聚酰亚胺的密度降低，从而降低材料的介电常数。

电化学发光方法及其应用的研究

本文简要评述了电化学发光的发展过程及研究现状，介绍了关于电化学发光的一些基本理论。采用电化学、光谱等方法对电化学发光方法及其应用进行了研究。主要结果如下：1．利用聚苯乙烯磺酸钠（PSS）和硅溶胶制备的复合物膜固定发光试剂吡啶钌。将吡啶钌固定化后不仅可以减少试剂的消耗，而且还可以简化实验装置。以吡啶钌／三丙胺体系研究了固定在PSS一二氧化硅复合物膜中吡啶钌的循环伏安及电化学发光行为。固定的毗咤钉的电化学及电化学发光行为均受到膜中PSS含量的强烈影响。另外，PSS可大大提高电化学发光强度。将吡陡钉修饰电极在流动注射分析体系中用于草酸、三丙胺和NADH的检测，具有高的灵敏度，快速的响应以及良好的稳定性。2．利用苯磺酸重氮盐的电化学还原和静电吸附作用，在苯磺酸修饰玻碳电极上形成毗咤钉单层膜。此单层膜进行可逆的表面反应，并与三丙胺反应产生电化学发光。考虑到电极的稳定性，电化学发光是源自固定的毗咤钉，而不是脱附的毗咤钉。检测三丙胺线性范围从5μmol／L到1mmol／L，检测限为1μmol／L（S/N=4）。另外，苯磺酸单层膜可作为优良的基底用于吡啶钌多层膜的制备。3．将吡啶钌固定到玻碳电极上的Eastman-AQ55D-二氧化硅复合物膜中，研制了一种具有长期稳定性和快速响应的电化学发光传感器。并研究了固定在复合物膜中的吡啶钌的电化学和电化学发光性质。以此修饰电极在流动注射分析体系中检测了草酸、三丙胺和氯丙嗦，具有高的灵敏度。由于强烈的静电相互作用和Eastman-AQ55D低疏水性，传感器在干燥状态下放置两个月，没有观察到明显的响应降低。对电极进行100次电位扫描后，电流响应只降低5％。4．利用碳糊电极这种最简单的有机溶剂修饰电极，成功地实现了邻菲咯琳钉／过硫酸根体系在水溶液中的电化学发光。只有当电位足够负时，才能观察到由电生的Ru（Phen）3＋与强氧化性中间体S。＃''反应产生的电化学发光。与Ru（bpy）S2＋O82-扩一电化学发光相比，Ru（phen）32＋／S2O82-电化学发光在水溶液中更稳定，并且它不受碳糊电极存放的影响。检测S2O82-线性范围从5 * 10-6mol／L到2*10-3mol／L。S2O82-浓度高于20mmol／L时，电化学发光强度急剧下降。5，研制了一种微型光纤电化学发光检测器，其结构简单，所需样品体积小，而且发光效率高。将透光的金网固定到光纤末端表面作为工住电极，参比电极和对电极固定到光纤侧端，从而形成自包含的三电极体系。使用网栅电极可以增大电极面积，提高光收集效率。对电极与光纤末端共同形成了一个微型反应池，避免了额外添加样品池，并允许进行微量（体积约10 μL）电化学发光检测。检测草酸和氯丙嚓，线性范围分别为1*10-6mol／L-1*10-3mol／L和5*10-6mol／L-5*10-4mol／L，检测限分别为5*10-7mol／L和1*10-6mol／L（S／N＝3）。

基于联合分离原子模型的电离理论

采用微扰静态(PSS)模型近似处理极化和结合能效应,并引入了相对论效应、能量损失效应和库仑偏转效应修正的ECPSSR理论是描述直接库仑电离过程最成功的理论,但对于低能离子入射时,其结果明显低于实验值.采用联合分离原子(USA)模型替代ECPSSR中的PSS模型,考虑分子轨道效应得到了基于USA模型的电离理论——MECUSAR理论.对部分碰撞系统进行了计算,得到的碰撞截面与实验结果基本符合.结合OBKN(Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers formulas of Nikolaev)电子俘获模型,对MECUSAR理论进行了进一步修正,使其能对不同电荷态的入射离子进行计算.

A ionization theory based on united and separated atom model

The direct Coulomb ionization process can be generally well described by the ECPSSR theory, which bases on the perturbed-stationary- state(PSS) and accounts for the energy-loss, Coulomb-deflection, and relativistic effects. But the ECPSSR calculation has significant deviations for heavy projectile at low impinging energies. In this paper we propose a new modified ECPSSR theory, i.e. MECUSAR, in which PSS is replaced by an united and separated atom model, and molecule-orbit effect is considered. The MECUSAR calculations give better agreement with the experimental data at lower impinging energies, and agree with the ECPSSR calculations at high energies. By using OBKN (Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers formulas of Nikolaev) theory to describe the contribution of the electron capture, we further modified the proposed MECUSAR theory, and calculated the target ionization cross sections for different charge states of the projectile.