A ionization theory based on united and separated atom model

The direct Coulomb ionization process can be generally well described by the ECPSSR theory, which bases on the perturbed-stationary- state(PSS) and accounts for the energy-loss, Coulomb-deflection, and relativistic effects. But the ECPSSR calculation has significant deviations for heavy projectile at low impinging energies. In this paper we propose a new modified ECPSSR theory, i.e. MECUSAR, in which PSS is replaced by an united and separated atom model, and molecule-orbit effect is considered. The MECUSAR calculations give better agreement with the experimental data at lower impinging energies, and agree with the ECPSSR calculations at high energies. By using OBKN (Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers formulas of Nikolaev) theory to describe the contribution of the electron capture, we further modified the proposed MECUSAR theory, and calculated the target ionization cross sections for different charge states of the projectile.