A Question of Legitimacy? A Dynamic Perspective on Multinational Firm Control

The control and coordination of a network of geographically and culturally dispersed subsidiaries is one of the most prominent challenges in international management. However, many empirical findings on the effectiveness of various control mechanisms and combinations thereof are still counterintuitive. This study uses longitudinal case studies and cross-sectional interview data to extend control theory by examining why, how, and in what sequence large multinational firms (MNCs) implement controls in their networks of foreign subsidiaries. Our analysis draws from literature on institutional theory, embeddedness, and organizational power to demonstrate that MNC headquarters need to overcome institutional duality when implementing their controls abroad. We find that headquarters do so by using social controls, primarily as a way of legitimizing and institutionalizing their process and output controls that are implemented subsequently.

Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of the noncapsulated Haemophilus influenzae:Adaptation and pathogenesis in the human airways

The human respiratory tract contains a highly adapted microbiota including commensal and opportunistic pathogens. Noncapsulated or nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a human-restricted member of the normal airway microbiota in healthy carriers and an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. The duality of NTHi as a colonizer and as a symptomatic infectious agent is closely related to its adaptation to the host, which in turn greatly relies on the genetic plasticity of the bacterium and is facilitated by its condition as a natural competent. The variable genotype of NTHi accounts for its heterogeneous gene expression and variable phenotype, leading to differential host-pathogen interplay among isolates. Here we review our current knowledge of NTHi diversity in terms of genotype, gene expression, antigenic variation, and the phenotypes associated with colonization and pathogenesis. The potential benefits of NTHi diversity studies discussed herein include the unraveling of pathogenicity clues, the generation of tools to predict virulence from genomic data, and the exploitation of a unique natural system for the continuous monitoring of long-term bacterial evolution in human airways exposed to noxious agents. Finally, we highlight the challenge of monitoring both the pathogen and the host in longitudinal studies, and of applying comparative genomics to clarify the meaning of the vast NTHi genetic diversity and its translation to virulence phenotypes.

Critical Nodes In Directed Networks

Critical nodes—or “middlemen”—have an essential place in both social and economic networks when considering the flow of information and trade. This paper extends the concept of critical nodes to directed networks and in doing so identify strong and weak middlemen.
Node contestability is introduced as a form of competition in networks; a duality between uncontested intermediaries and middlemen is established. The brokerage power of middlemen is formally expressed and a general algorithm is constructed to measure the brokerage power of each node from the networks adjacency matrix. Augmentations of the brokerage power measure are discussed to encapsulate relevant centrality measures. Furthermore, we extend these notions and provide measures of the competitiveness of a network.
We use these concepts to identify and measure middlemen in two empirical socio-economic networks, the elite marriage network of Renaissance Florence and Krackhardt’s advice net- work.

Cuidar na "Entrada na reforma": uma intervenção conducente à promoção da saúde de indivíduos e de famílias

ENQUADRAMENTO: Ao longo do ciclo vital, os indivíduos e as suas famílias estão em constante desenvolvimento. Os acontecimentos de vida transicionais, pelos fenómenos de mudança e adaptação que envolvem, são em grande parte responsáveis por esse processo e dada a vulnerabilidade em saúde a que os poderá expor; constituem momentos cruciais de intervenção para a Enfermagem (Meleis, 2010). A “entrada na reforma” constitui um desses acontecimentos que, quando não devidamente preparado, poderá pôr em causa o processo de envelhecimento activo (Fonseca, 2004a; Veríssimo, 2008). Estudar os efeitos que esta transição exerce nas vivências dos indivíduos e das suas famílias, ajudará a compreender a forma como esta poderá comprometer o envelhecimento e, simultaneamente, poderá trazer um conhecimento mais profícuo para aquele que deverá ser o cuidar de indivíduos e famílias num período da “entrada na reforma”. OBJECTIVO: Conhecer as vivências percepcionadas pelos indivíduos e suas famílias durante o processo de transição originado pela “entrada na reforma”, de forma a apresentar estratégias e linhas orientadoras de intervenção de Enfermagem, conducentes à promoção do seu estado de saúde. MÉTODO: O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas fases. Uma primeira, de carácter quantitativo, na qual foi aplicado um questionário a 432 indivíduos, que se encontravam aposentados há menos de cinco anos. A selecção da amostra foi conseguida pelo método “bola de neve” e os dados obtidos foram analisados com recurso ao programa SPSS17 e à técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Uma segunda fase, de carácter qualitativo, na qual foram entrevistadas 14 famílias de indivíduos que tinham percepcionado alterações e/ou dificuldades, na primeira fase deste estudo. A análise da informação sustentou-se num referencial teórico de interaccionismo simbólico e numa metodologia de investigação narrativa, contando com o auxílio do Nvivo8. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: As características sócio-demográficas, os motivos da aposentação e as expectativas que detinham relativamente à “entrada na reforma”, interferiram na forma como os indivíduos viveram a transição. Para os protagonistas, as principais alterações e/ou dificuldades percepcionadas na referida vivência foram a adaptação à alteração das rotinas diárias (26,5%), a dificuldade em ocupar o tempo (14,7%) e a diminuição do poder económico (14,0%) e as famílias constituíram a principal fonte de apoio (71,5%), para fazer face às mesmas. As famílias percepcionaram uma idêntica mudança e traduziram-na por uma dualidade de significados que se identificou com percepções de ganho e de perda, para as suas vidas. Os significados reaprender a “estar”, a “sentir” e a “ser”, traduziram o processo de adaptação a que estiveram sujeitos. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA DA ENFERMAGEM: Cuidar no período da “entrada na reforma” deverá obedecer a um modelo de intervenção muito próprio que se harmonize, não apenas com a singularidade dos indivíduos e famílias que protagonizam este acontecimento de vida, mas, também, e de forma muito particular, com a especificidade das mudanças que essa vivência transicional lhes possa vir a suscitar.

Ensino profissional rural como ferramenta ao serviço das dificuldades de aprendizagem

Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino de Economia e Contabilidade, Universidade de Lisboa, 2011

On righteousness and dignity : two challenging issues since early modern times

Concepts such as righteousness, equality, tolerance and freedom are nowadays considered fundamental issues that should prevail in any society. Balance and righteousness thrive however on a very thin layer. We are, in fact, living in an era of duality and antithetical paradigms. This essay approaches two Renaissance authors who dealt with the same matters in their works, at a very different time and through different ways of reflection: Thomas More and Sir Walter Raleigh.

O papel da interactividade na construção da narrativa em role-playing games digitais

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Comunicação Social como parte dos requisitos para obtenção de grau de mestre em Audiovisual e Multimédia.

Convex optimization framework for intermediate deadline assignment in soft and hard real-time distributed systems

It is generally challenging to determine end-to-end delays of applications for maximizing the aggregate system utility subject to timing constraints. Many practical approaches suggest the use of intermediate deadline of tasks in order to control and upper-bound their end-to-end delays. This paper proposes a unified framework for different time-sensitive, global optimization problems, and solves them in a distributed manner using Lagrangian duality. The framework uses global viewpoints to assign intermediate deadlines, taking resource contention among tasks into consideration. For soft real-time tasks, the proposed framework effectively addresses the deadline assignment problem while maximizing the aggregate quality of service. For hard real-time tasks, we show that existing heuristic solutions to the deadline assignment problem can be incorporated into the proposed framework, enriching their mathematical interpretation.

A experiência de marca na fidelização do consumidor: o caso Starbucks Portugal

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Comunicação Social como parte dos requisitos para obtenção de grau de mestre em Publicidade e Marketing.

Entre o palco e o ecrã: feras amestradas: comédia musical negra à portuguesa: intermédia

Trabalho de Projeto submetido à Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Teatro - especialização em Encenação

Evolution and biogenesis of microtubule-derived structures

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia Celular pelo Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Perspectives of Identity in Julio Cortázar’s Rayuela

My aim was to produce a dissertation, based on Rayuela, which focuses on Cortázar’s questioning of identity. With this objective in mind, I have studied some of the salient elements in the novel that relate to this topic and the subsequent, interrelated, areas of study that arose in doing so. The cities of Paris and Buenos Aires are placed in contrast within the novel and reflect a dichotomy that reflects Oliveira’s condition as a “foreigner,” (more specifically as a South American in Europe). This duality is further reflected in Cortázar’s use of gender, and the development of the notions of active and passive, and an investigation into the traditional modes of thought, symbols, and stereotypes, and an open-ended questioning of their validity. These topics are framed by a notion of Judeo-Christian History that is in many ways flawed and, as such, contrasts with a more intuitive (or “oriental”) perception of reality, which is centred in figures such as la Maga. I found many explicit references to Zen philosophy, and related oriental references, that led me to believe that this area was worthy of further investigation. Rayuela is considered a classic novel within the canon of Spanish language literature. It’s famous “tabla,” like the rules for a game between the writer and the receptor that produce alternative readings, has led to many discussions regarding the novel’s structure and form, and also created a certain amount of polemic with the use of concepts such as the “lector hembra.” Many consider Cortázar a greater short story writer than a novelist, but nevertheless this novel had a profound effect on young readers upon its publication, much to Cortázar’s surprise, and continues to attract readers, dealing as it does with issues that continue to be relevant to many people.

The impact of the Board of Director's composition on companies performance

The impact of the Board of Directors’ composition on companies’ performance This paper studies the impact that the board of directors’ composition has on companies’ performance in the Italian market. The research has been carried out by using a sample of 10 Italian companies, across different market sectors, over a period of 10 years (2005-2014). The characteristics of the BoD taken into consideration are the following: board size, board diversity (% of female directors), board independence and CEO duality. Results from the sample data collected concluded that these factors have a statistically significant impact on the performance of the companies that have been analysed.

Differential peptide binding to CD40 evokes counteractive responses.

The antigen-presenting cell-expressed CD40 is implied in the regulation of counteractive immune responses such as induction of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10, respectively. The mechanism of this duality in CD40 function remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether such duality depends on ligand binding. Based on CD40 binding, we identifed two dodecameric peptides, peptide-7 and peptide-19, from the phage peptide library. Peptide-7 induces IL-10 and increases Leishmania donovani infection in macrophages, whereas peptide-19 induces IL-12 and reduces L. donovani infection. CD40-peptide interaction analyses by surface plasmon resonance and atomic force microscopy suggest that the functional differences are not associated with the studied interaction parameters. The molecular dynamic simulation of the CD40-peptides interaction suggests that these two peptides bind to two different places on CD40. Thus, we suggest for the first time that differential binding of the ligands imparts functional duality to CD40.

Notch tumor suppressor function

Cancer development results from deregulated control of stem cell populations and alterations in their surrounding environment. Notch signaling is an important form of direct cell-cell communication involved in cell fate determination, stem cell potential and lineage commitment. The biological function of this pathway is critically context dependent. Here we review the pro-differentiation role and tumor suppressing function of this pathway, as revealed by loss-of-function in keratinocytes and skin, downstream of p53 and in cross-connection with other determinants of stem cell potential and/or tumor formation, such as p63 and Rho/CDC42 effectors. The possibility that Notch signaling elicits a duality of signals, involved in growth/differentiation control and cell survival will be discussed, in the context of novel approaches for cancer therapy