Caracterização geológica e geotécnica dos complexos vulcânicos antigo e intermédio da Ilha da Madeira

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para aprofundar o conhecimento geológico e geotécnico das formações vulcânicas da ilha da Madeira. Por razões de ordem técnica, apenas foi possível proceder à caracterização geológica e geotécnica de três dos cinco afloramentos, inicialmente previstos. As amostras estudadas pertencem aos Complexos Vulcânicos Antigo e Intermédio, definidos pela nova vulcano-estratigrafia da ilha da Madeira, cuja carta geológica se encontra em fase de publicação. Foca-se, inicialmente, a ilha da Madeira, enquadrando-a no espaço e no tempo geológico e apresentando a sua vulcano-estratigrafia. Seguem-se os estudos geológicos e geotécnicos, indispensáveis, para caracterizar as amostras escolhidas. Neste capítulo e numa primeira fase, é efectuada uma caracterização geológica das amostras em estudo, sendo, seguidamente, abordado o acompanhamento realizado durante a execução dos ensaios realizados in situ e em laboratório, bem como, os resultados obtidos, segundo as normas em vigor, com vista a caracterizar geotecnicamente as amostras escolhidas. Na fase de discussão, faz-se uma análise aos resultados obtidos das caracterizações geológicas e geotécnicas, procurando relações existentes e comparando-as a outras já existentes na ilha da Madeira e no arquipélago das Canárias. Por fim apresenta-se a caracterização geológica e geotécnica das três amostras. A ter em consideração que o presente trabalho, representa apenas um pequeno contributo, pretendendo acrescentar os resultados obtidos a alguns já existentes e a outros que advirão, tendo em conta que a este nível existe pouca informação relativa a arquipélago da Madeira.

Contributo para a caracterização geológica e geotécnica dos diferentes complexos vulcânicos da Ilha da Madeira

Este trabalho permite oferecer uma contribuição para a caracterização geológica-geotécnica dos três complexos vulcânicos da ilha da Madeira, através de sete amostras de material geológico, pertencentes a quatro das sete unidades vulcano-estratigráficas presentes na ilha. São estudados materiais da Unidade do Porto da Cruz (CVI 1), da Unidade da Encumeada (CVM 1), da Unidade dos Lombos (CVS 1) e da Unidade do Funchal (CVS 2), correspondendo a rochas vulcânicas muito alteradas, solos sedimentares, tufos, basaltos e mugearitos, respectivamente. No âmbito da caracterização geológica, é efectuada uma classificação litológica do material amostrado. Também é realizado um estudo das descontinuidades dos maciços onde se efectuaram as amostragens, em função dos parâmetros atitude, espaçamento, abertura, rugosidade, preenchimento, extensão e n.º de famílias de descontinuidades. No âmbito da caracterização geotécnica, é realizada uma campanha de ensaios laboratoriais aos materiais rochosos e terrosos, de forma a determinar uma série de parâmetros geotécnicos. Os ensaios realizados para as amostras de solo são: análise granulométrica; determinação do teor em água; determinação do teor em cinzas e matéria orgânica; determinação da densidade das partículas; determinação do equivalente de areia; e determinação dos limites de consistência (limites de Atterberg). Para as amostras de rochas, são efectuados ensaios para a determinação dos seguintes parâmetros: absorção de água à pressão atmosférica; massa volúmica aparente seca; resistência à compressão uniaxial; módulo de deformabilidade; e resistência à compressão deduzida através da dureza de ressalto de Schmidt. Após a caracterização geológica-geotécnica dos materiais amostrados, é efectuada uma análise de resultados, bem como uma comparação com resultados de outras referências bibliográficas. Este trabalho é um contributo para um banco de dados geológicos e geotécnicos sobre os complexos vulcânicos da ilha da Madeira, deixando em aberto a continuidade de estudos nesta temática.

Implementação da rotina de unfolding para determinação de distribuição de tamanho de grãos esféricos via distribuição de interceptos lineares e de área de seção

Na unfolding method of linear intercept distributions and secction área distribution was implemented for structures with spherical grains. Although the unfolding routine depends on the grain shape, structures with spheroidal grains can also be treated by this routine. Grains of non-spheroidal shape can be treated only as approximation. A software was developed with two parts. The first part calculates the probability matrix. The second part uses this matrix and minimizes the chi-square. The results are presented with any number of size classes as required. The probability matrix was determined by means of the linear intercept and section area distributions created by computer simulation. Using curve fittings the probability matrix for spheres of any sizes could be determined. Two kinds of tests were carried out to prove the efficiency of the Technique. The theoretical tests represent ideal cases. The software was able to exactly find the proposed grain size distribution. In the second test, a structure was simulated in computer and images of its slices were used to produce the corresponding linear intercept the section area distributions. These distributions were then unfolded. This test simulates better reality. The results show deviations from the real size distribution. This deviations are caused by statistic fluctuation. The unfolding of the linear intercept distribution works perfectly, but the unfolding of section area distribution does not work due to a failure in the chi-square minimization. The minimization method uses a matrix inversion routine. The matrix generated by this procedure cannot be inverted. Other minimization method must be used

Otimização do processo de síntese do aluminato de cobalto via método de polimerização de complexos (MPC) através do planejamento fatorial fracionado

In the ceramics industry are becoming more predominantly inorganic nature pigments. Studies in this area allow you to develop pigments with more advanced properties and qualities to be used in the industrial context. Studies on synthesis and characterization of cobalt aluminate has been widely researched, cobalt aluminate behavior at different temperatures of calcinations, highlighting especially the temperatures of 700, 800 and 900° C that served as a basis in the development of this study, using the method of polymerization of complex (CPM), economic, and this method applied in ceramic pigment synthesis. The procedure was developed from a fractional factorial design 2 (5-2) in order to optimize the process of realization of the cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4), having as response surfaces the batch analysis data of Uv-vis spectroscopy conducted from the statistic software 7.0, for this were chosen five factors as input variables: citric acid (stoichiometric manner), puff or pyrolysis time (h), temperature (° C), and calcinations (° C/min), at levels determined for this study. By applying statistics in the process of obtaining the CoAl2O4 is possible the study of these factors and which may have greater influence in getting the synthesis. The pigments characterized TG/DSC analyses, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) in order to establish the structural and morphological aspects of pigment CoAl2O4, among the factors studied it were found to statically with increasing calcinations temperature 700°< 800 <900 °C, the bands of Uv-vis decrease with increasing intensity of absorbance and that with increasing time of puff or pyrolysis (h) there is an increase in bands of Uv-vis proportionally, the generated model set for the conditions proposed in this study because the coefficient of determination can explain about 99.9% of the variance (R²), response surfaces generated were satisfactory, so it s possible applicability in the ceramics industry of pigments

Propriedade fotoluminescente da ZrO2: Tb+3, Eu+3, Tm+3 obtida pelo método de polimerização de complexos

Recent studies are investigating a new class of inorganic materials which arise as a promising option for high performance applications in the field of photoluminescence. Highlight for rare earth (TR +3 ) doped, which have a high luminous efficiency, long decay time and being able to emit radiation in the visible range, specific to each element. In this study, we synthesized ZrO2: Tb +3 , Eu +3 , Tm +3 nanoparticles complex polymerization method (CPM). We investigated the influences caused by the heat treatment temperature and the content of dopants in zirconia photoluminescent behavior. The particles were calcined at temperature of 400, 500 and 600 ° C for two hours and ranged in concentration of dopants 1, 2, 4 and 8 mol% TR +3 . The samples were characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence of measurements and uv-visible of spectroscopies. The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the tetragonal and cubic phases in accordance with the content of dopants. The photoluminescence spectra show emission in the region corresponding simultaneous to blue (450 nm), green (550 nm) and red (615 nm). According to the results, ZrO2 particles co-doped with rare earth ions is a promising material white emission with a potential application in the field of photoluminescence

Estimativa da área foliar de crotalaria juncea l. a partir de dimensões lineares do limbo foliar

Knowledge of the leaf area plant are needed for agronomic and physiological studies involving plant growth. The aim of this study was to obtain a mathematical model using linear measures of leaf dimensions, which will allow the estimation of leaf area of Crotalaria juncea L. Correlation studies were conducted involving real leaf area (Sf) and leaf length (C), maximum leaf width (L) and the product between C and L. All tested models (linear, exponential or geometric) provided good estimation of leaf area (above 87%). The better fit was attained using linear model, passing or not through the origin. From a practical viewpoint, it is suggested to use the linear model involving the C and L product, using a linear coefficient equal to zero. Estimation of leaf area of Crotalaria juncea L. can be obtained using the model Sf = 0.7160 x (C*L) with a determination coefficient of 0.9712.

Preparação e carcterização de complexos multicomponentes contendo ciclodextrinas e benznidazol

The benznidazole (BNZ) is the only alternative for Chagas disease treatment in Brazil. This drug has low solubility, which restricts its dissolution rate. Thus, the present work aimed to study the BNZ interactions in binary systems with beta cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl-beta cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), in order to increase the apparent aqueous solubility of drug. The influence of seven hydrophilic polymers, triethanolamine (TEA) and 1-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP) in benznidazole apparent aqueous solubility, as well as the formation of inclusion complexes was also investigated. The interactions in solution were predicted and investigated using phase solubility diagram methodology, nuclear magnetic resonance of protons (RMN) and molecular modeling. Complexes were obtained in solid phase by spray drying and physicochemical characterization included the UV-Vis spectrophotometric spectroscopy in the infrared region, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and dissolution drug test from the different systems. The increment on apparent aqueous solubility of drug was achieved with a linear type (AL) in presence of both cyclodextrins at different pH values. The hydrophilic polymers and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone contributes to the formation of inclusion complexes, while the triethanolamine decreased the complex stability constant (Kc). The log-linear model applied for solubility diagrams revealed that both triethanolamine and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone showed an action cosolvent (both solvents) and complexing (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). The best results were obtained with complexes involving 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and hydroxypropylbeta- cyclodextrin, with an increased of benznidazole solubility in 27.9 and 9.4 times, respectively. The complexes effectiveness was proven by dissolution tests, in which the ternary complexes and physical mixtures involving 1-methyl- 2-pyrrolidone and both cyclodextrins investigated showed better results, showing the potential use as novel pharmaceutical ingredient, that leads to increased benznidazole bioavailability

Estimativa da área foliar de Ageratum conyzoides usando dimensões lineares do limbo foliar

The aim of this research was to obtain a mathematical equation to estimate the leaf area of Ageratum conyzoides based on linear measures of its leaf blade. Correlation studies were done using real leaf area (Sf), leaf length (C) and the maximum leaf width (L), in about 200 leaf blades. The evaluated statistic models were: linear Y = a + bx; simple linear Y = bx; geometric Y = ax(b); and exponential Y = ab(x). The evaluated linear, exponential and geometric models can be used in the billygoat weed leaf area estimation. In the practical sense, the simple linear regression model is suggested using the C*L multiplication product and taking the linear coefficient equal to zero, because it showed weak-alteration on sum of squares error and satisfactory residual analysis. Thus, an estimate of A conyzoides leaf area can be obtained using the equation Sf = 0.6789*(C*L), with a determination coefficient of 0.8630.

Obtenção e caracterização de complexos de inclusão binários e ternários com praziquantel

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Preparação e caracterização de complexos multicomponentes contendo ciclodextrinas com metotrexato

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico